Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GuilhermeAugustoda_M.pdf: 2678513 bytes, checksum: 34afef846ff5c1c96bb5c9b85443853c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente estudo monitorou um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio com o objetivo de caracterizar a microfauna contida na biomassa aderida do reator aeróbio e determinar sua correlação com variáveis físicas e químicas, além de avaliar a redução da toxicidade do afluente do sistema para as espécies Vibrio fischeri e Girardia tigrina. O tratamento de esgoto com características sanitárias foi realizado por sistema em escala piloto constituído por filtro anaeróbio (FA), com volume de 300 L, seguido de biofiltro aeróbio submerso (BAS), com volume de 150 L, ambos preenchidos com meio suporte, seguidos de um decantador (DEC) com volume de 50 L. O sistema está instalado nas dependências do Laboratório de Protótipos de Tratamento de Águas e Efluentes (LABPRO) da FEC/UNICAMP. A pesquisa foi dividida em 4 etapas que se diferenciaram pela razão de recirculação entre efluente tratado e o efluente bruto que alimentava o sistema. Na etapa 1 (E1) não houve recirculação, ou seja, razão 0, na etapa 2 (E2) a razão foi de 1,5, na etapa 3 (E3) de 3,0 e na etapa 4 (E4) de 4,0. Foram monitorados 5 pontos de coleta no sistema: P1-esgoto bruto, P4- altura de 40 cm no BAS, P6-altura de 140 cm no BAS, P7-altura de 200 cm no BAS e P8-esgoto tratado. Foram coletadas amostras semanalmente para caracterização da microfauna e determinação das variáveis físicas e químicas, enquanto que os testes de toxicidade foram realizados 3 vezes em cada etapa sendo um no início, um no meio e outro no fim da etapa. A correlação foi estabelecida entre os grupos componentes da microfauna ¿ ciliados predadores de flocos (CPF), ciliados livre natantes (CLN), ciliados fixos (CF), amebas (AMB), flagelados (F) e micrometazoários (MTZ) ¿ e variáveis físicas e químicas tais como pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), dentre outras. Na E1 foi encontrada correlação negativa entre o grupo F e as variáveis pH, alcalinidade parcial, alcalinidade total e nitrogênio amoniacal em P4. Em P7 foi determinada correlação positiva entre o grupo CF e pH, alcalinidade parcial, alcalinidade total, NTK e nitrogênio amoniacal, e correlação negativa com nitrato. Na E2 no ponto P4 foi possível correlacionar positivamente o grupo MTZ com nitrato, e negativamente com alcalinidade parcial. O grupo CLN foi correlacionado positivamente com nitrogênio amoniacal, NTK e DBO, e negativamente com nitrito e nitrato em P7. Na E3 o grupo CLN do P7 apresentou correlação positiva com pH, alcalinidade parcial e DBO, e negativa com oxigênio dissolvido e nitrato. Na E4 não foram obtidas correlações significantes para os pontos P4 e P6. Já em P7, o grupo AMB foi correlacionado positivamente com NTK. O esgoto bruto que alimentou o sistema apresentou toxicidade em todas amostras coletadas tanto para Vibrio fischeri quanto para Girardia tigrina. Para o organismo Vibrio fischeri todos os valores de CE50 determinados para o efluente tratado foram considerados não tóxico em cada etapa. Para Girardia tigrina ocorreu uma redução gradual da toxicidade do esgoto tratado ao longo de E1, E2 e E3, e não foi observada toxicidade em E4. P7 se mostrou como o melhor ponto para caracterização da microfauna devido à maior frequência dos grupos da microfauna, além de gerar maior número de correlações com as variáveis do que os pontos P4 e P6. Além disso, foi possível concluir que o sistema combinado foi considerado eficiente na redução de toxicidade para as espécies utilizadas de acordo com os parâmetros de operação aplicados ao sistema / Abstract: This study monitored an anaerobic-aerobic combined system aiming to characterize the microfauna contained in the aerobic reactor biomass and to determine its correlation to physical and chemical variables; it also aimed to asses the wastewater toxicity reduction of the system to the Vibrio fischeri and Girardia tigrina species. The treatment of wastewater with sanitary characteristics was accomplished by a pilot-scale system using an anaerobic filter (AF - 50 L) followed by a submerged aerobic biofilter (SAB - 150 L), both filled with support media, and a clarifier (50 ¿ L). The system is installed at the Laboratório de Protótipos de Tratamento de Águas e Efluentes (LABPRO) from FEC/UNICAMP. The research was divided into 4 stages that differentiate from each other by the recirculation ratio of treated effluent over affluent in the system. In stage 1 (S1), there was no recirculation, so the recirculation ratio was 0. In stage 2 (S2), the ratio was 1,5; in stage 3 (S3), the ratio was 3,0 and in stage 4 (S4), the ratio was 4,0. Five sample points were monitored in the system: P1 ¿ raw wastewater, P4 ¿ 40 cm height in SAB, P6 ¿ 140 cm height in SAB, P7 ¿ 200 cm height in SAB, and P8 ¿ treated wastewater. Samples were collected weekly for microfauna characterization and determination of physical and chemical variables, while toxicity essays were conducted 3 times at each stage: one at the start of the stage, one in the middle of the stage, and the last one at the end of the stage. The correlation was established between the groups that constitute microfauna ¿ crawling ciliates (CC), free swimming ciliates (FSC), sessile ciliates (SC), testae amobae (TA), flagellates (F) and micrometazoa (MTZ), as well as physical and chemical variables, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and others. In S1, negative correlation was established between group F and the variables pH, partial alkalinity, total alkalinity and ammonia nitrogen for P4. In P7, positive correlation was determined between group SC and ph, partial alkalinity, total alkalinity, TKN and ammonia nitrogen, and negative correlation to nitrate. In S2 for P4, it was possible to positively correlate the group MTZ to nitrate, and negatively to partial alkalinity. The group FSC correlated positively to ammonia nitrogen, TKN and BOD, and negatively to nitrite and nitrate in P7. In S3, the FSC group of P7 correlated positively to pH, partial alkalinity and BOD, and negatively to dissolved oxygen and nitrate. In S4, no significant correlation was found for P4 and P6. For P7, the TA group showed positive correlation to TKN. The raw wastewater that fed the system was determined as toxic to all samples collected to Vibrio fischeri and Girardia tigrina. For the organism Vibrio fischeri, all CE50 values determined for treated wastewater were considered nontoxic in every stage. For Girardia tigrina, a gradual toxicity reduction occurred for treated wastewater during S1, S2, and S3, but in S4, all samples were nontoxic. From the results, P7 showed to be the best point for microfauna characterization due to the bigger frequency of microfauna groups in this point and because it generated more significant coefficients that correlated to variables than points P4 and P6. In addition, the combined system is considered efficient when it comes to reducing toxicity for the species used according to the operation parameters applied in the system / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arcaro_NathaliaPozzi_M.pdf: 2439576 bytes, checksum: 7988db46a010845295ed8c71b1cbb79c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A vinhaça constitui um efluente proveniente da indústria sucro-alcooleira, utilizado principalmente na fertirrigação de lavouras de cana-de-açúcar, por. Contudo, diversos trabalhos indicam que a aplicação e disposição de vinhaça em solo ocasionam a contaminação destes meios por sais e metais, além de proporcionar a alteração de características físico-químicas e biológicas do solo. O objetivo do presente estudo visou avaliar a qualidade do solo em um tanque/lagoa de disposição de vinhaça, sem impermeabilização, e que foi utilizada por 20 anos e há 8 anos se encontra inativo. Foram realizadas 2 sondagens dispostas no interior do tanque de vinhaça e em uma área de background com profundidades de 24 e 32 metros. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em intervalos de 1 metro até o nível d'água. As análises de solo foram realizadas por fluorescência de raios x para determinação das frações em massa de óxidos e elementos traços, além de ensaios de perda ao fogo e análise microbiológica de solo para fungos e leveduras. Também foram realizados ensaios de lixiviação com água deionizada e ácida nítrico, analisada por cromatografia e ICP-MS. Os resultados das amostras de solo e dos ensaios de lixiviação indicam que as amostras de solo coletadas no interior do tanque de vinhaça apresentaram indícios de salinização em comparação com as amostras de solo de controle. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas indicaram a diferença entre o número de isolamentos de unidades formadoras de colônia entre as amostras coletadas no interior do tanque de vinhaça e as amostras de controle. Concluiu-se que o solo do antigo tanque/lagoa avaliado ainda apresenta os efeitos da disposição inadequada de vinhaça, que interfere nas propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do solo / Abstract: The vinasse is an effluent from the ethanol industry, mainly used in fertirrigation of crops of sugar cane. However, several studies indicate that the application and disposal of vinasse on soil cause the contamination by salts and metals, in addition to providing the change of physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the soil in a vinasse dam without impermeabilization, that was used for 20 years and it's inactive for 8 years. Two boreholes were drilled in the vinasse dam and in a background area at depths of 24 and 32 meters. Soil samples were collected at one meter interval until the depth of the water level. Soil analyses were performed using XRF method to determine the mass fractions of oxides and trace elements, as well as loss on ignition test and microbiological analysis of soil for fungi and yeasts. Also leaching tests were performed with deionized water and nitric acid, and the leachates were analyzed by chromatography and ICP-MS. The results of the soil samples and leach tests indicated that the leaching of soil samples collected inside the vinasse dam showed evidence of salinization compared to control soil samples. The results of the microbiological analyses indicated a difference between the number of isolated colony forming units among samples collected in the vinasse dam and control samples. It was concluded that the soil of the old vinasse dam still shows the effects of improper disposal of vinasse, which interferes with chemical and microbiological properties of the soil / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestra em Geociências

Orientador: Ronaldo Stefanutti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salomao_LuisAntonio_M.pdf: 4231962 bytes, checksum: 92cd1691a24f69a56ed4101be32e9da1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O tratamento de efluentes domésticos é uma necessidade para a manutenção da qualidade dos corpos hídricos, da biota natural dos sistemas bem como para a conservação dos recursos naturais. Neste sentido, as lagoas de estabilização são bastante utilizadas no Brasil como sistema de tratamento de efluentes sanitários. O pós-tratamento de lagoa de estabilização adotando-se o reuso de efluentes sanitários na irrigação de culturas agrícolas é prática recomendável para complementar o tratamento do efluente e/ou fornecer nutrientes necessários para o desenvolvimento de culturas agrícolas, mas devem ser avaliados os impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvida, na UGRHI 08 (Unidade Hidrográfica de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Sapucaí/Grande), no município de Franca-SP, em uma área cedida pela Escola Técnica Estadual Professor Carmelino Correa Junior (Colégio Agrícola), pesquisa para avaliar a produtividade da cultura de Eucalyptus urograndis, no período de 28 a 56 meses após o plantio dos eucaliptos, por meio do monitoramento do DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) da planta quando realizada irrigação com efluente proveniente de lagoa facultativa considerando ainda, o risco de promover a contaminação do lençol freático. A área dividida em 8 tratamentos foi irrigada da seguinte maneira: T1 Água - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e sem adubação química, T2 Água - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T3 Efluente - 1/3 da necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T4 Efluente - 1/2 da necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T5 Efluente - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T6 Efluente - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e sem adubação, T7 Efluente - 1,5 necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química e T8 Sem irrigação e sem adubação química. A adubação química foi realizada antes do plantio, 6 meses e 1 ano após o plantio. Foram monitorados os líquidos percolados e extraídos de coletores de drenagem livre instalados no solo nas profundidades de 0,30m, 0,60m e 0,90m. Os resultados de DBO e DQO demonstraram que o sistema solo-planta apresentou-se extremamente eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica presente no efluente aplicado, sendo 95% para DBO e 93% para DQO. A irrigação com efluente na proporção de 1/3 da necessidade hídrica da planta, tratamento T3, apresentou um bom desenvolvimento da planta, do ponto vista do DAP, suprindo suas necessidades nutricionais e seu percolado apresentou baixo percentual de Nitratos em concentrações superiores a 10mgNO3-N.L-1, minimizando o risco de contaminação da água subterrânea Os resultados de DBO e DQO demonstraram que o sistema solo-planta apresentou-se extremamente eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica presente no efluente aplicado, sendo 95% para DBO e 93% para DQO. O presente estudo concluiu, então que a irrigação com dosagens adequadas de efluentes, sendo que nas condições da pesquisa, com subdosagens, pode substituir a adubação do ponto de vista do DAP com baixo risco de contaminação do lençol freático / Abstract: The treatment of domestic sewage is a necessity for maintaining the quality of water bodies, the natural systems biota and for the conservation of natural resources. In this sense, stabilization ponds are widely used in Brazil as a system of wastewater treatment. The stabilization pond post-treatment adopting the reuse of wastewater for irrigation of crops is recommended practice to complement the treatment of effluent and/or provide nutrients necessary for the development of agricultural crops, but the environmental impacts must be evaluated. The research was performed in UGRHI 08 (Watershed Management Unit Water Resources Sapucaí / Grande) in the city of Franca, São Paulo, in an area ceded by the State Technical School "Professora Carmelina Correa Junior" (Agricultural College), school unit connected to the Paula Souza Center. The study was designed to assess whether there will be increased productivity of Eucalyptus urograndis culture, in the period from 28 to 56 months after planting the eucalyptus, by monitoring the DAP (Diameter at Breast Height) plant when performed irrigation with effluent from a facultative pond and considering the risk of promoting groundwater contamination. The area was divided into 8 irrigated treatments as follows: T1 Water - water requirement of eucalyptus and without fertilization, T2 Water - water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T3 Effluent - 1/3 of the water requirements of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T4 Effluent - half of the water requirements eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T5 Effluent - water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T6 Effluent - water requirement of eucalyptus without fertilization, T7 Effluent - 1.5 water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization and T8 without irrigation and fertilization. The chemical fertilization was carried out before planting, 6 months and 1 year after planting. Percolate liquids extracted from free drainage collectors installed on the ground depths of 0,30m, 0,60m and 0,90m were monitored. The results of BOD and COD have demonstrated that soilplant system showed to be extremely efficient in removing organic matter present in the effluent applied, being 95% for BOD and 93% for COD. Irrigation with wastewater in the proportion of 1/3 of the water requirements of the plant, T3, showed a good development of the plant, in terms of DAP, supplying its nutritional needs and its percolate liquid had low percentage of nitrates in concentrations higher than 10mgNO3-N.L-1, minimizing the risk of groundwater contamination. This study concluded that irrigation with adequate doses of effluent, and in terms of the present research, with sub dosages, can replace fertilization in terms of DAP at low risk of groundwater contamination / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Waste-generating industrialisation is intrinsically associated with population and economic proliferation. This places considerable emphasis on South Africa's water shortage due to the integral relationship between population growth rate and infrastructure development. Of the various types of industry-generated effluents, those containing organic pollutants such as phenols are generally difficult to remediate. Much work has been reported in the literature on the use of enzymes for the removal of phenols from these waste-streams but little application of this bioremediation approach has reached practical fruition. This study focuses on integrating and synergistically combining the advantages of enzyme-mediated dephenolisation of synthetic and industrial effluent with that of membrane teclmology. The ability of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase to convert phenol and a number of its derivatives to chemically reactive o-quinones has been reported extensively in the literature. These o-quinones can then physically be removed from solution using various precipitation or adsorption techniques. The enzyme is, however, plagued by a product-induced phenomenon known as suicide inactivation, which renders it inactive and thus limits its application as a bioremediation tool. Integrating membrane technology with the enzyme's catalytic ability by immobilising polyphenol oxidase onto polysulphone and poly(ether sulphone) capillary membranes enabled the physical removal of these inhibitory products from the micro-environment of the immobilised enzyme which therefore increased the phenol conversion capability of the immobilised biocatalyst. Under non-immobilised conditions it was found that when exposed to a mixture of various phenols the substrate preference of the enzyme is a function of the R-group. Under immobilised conditions, however, the substrate preference of the enzyme becomes a function of certain transport constraints imposed by the capillary membrane itself. Furthermore, by integrating a quinone-removal process in the enzyme-immobilised bioreactor configuration, a 21-fold increase in the amount of substrate converted per Unit enzyme was observed when compared to the conversion capacity of the inunobilised enzyme without the product removal step. Comparisons were also made using different membrane bioreactor configurations (orientating the capillaries transverse as opposed to parallel to the module axis) and different immobilisation matrices (poly(ether sulphone) and polysulphone capillary membranes). Conversion efficiencies as high as 77% were maintained for several hours using the combination of transverse-flow modules and novel polysulphone capillary membranes. It was therefore concluded that immobilisation of polyphenol oxidase on capillary membranes does indeed show considerable potential for future development.

Wastewater treatment plants discharge effluents containing a number of constituents whose concentrations may negatively affect the receiving waters. Current research in mixing and transport between a point source discharge and the ambient environment attempts to reduce these effects through a better understanding of the physical processes involved and development of numerical models to better predict the fate of the effluents under different conditions. This thesis examined the mixing and transport of ammonia discharged from a multiport diffuser of a municipal wastewater treatment plant into the Ottawa River. The river reach was surveyed using an M9 acoustic Doppler current profiler to obtain spatially distributed measurements of depth and velocity. Water samples were collected at and downstream of the diffuser at multiple depths. The samples were analyzed for ammonia concentration and kinetics. The river reach was also simulated in the FLOW-3D model using available turbulence closure schemes. Comparisons were made between measured and modelled results, as well as some empirical and semi-empirical approximations. A combination of measured and modelled results helped describe (quantitatively and qualitatively) the mixing and transport between the discharged effluent and receiving river. Unionized ammonia was tested for regulatory compliance. Both measured and modelled results showed that although the regulatory end-of-pipe discharge concentrations were met, downstream regulations were not met.

Orientadores: Telma Teixeira Franco, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco_ErikaCristina_D.pdf: 1584353 bytes, checksum: 7fa11e2a9de2d170e12cddabf84ac647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a produção de biomassa e o acúmulo lipídico da cianobactéria Phormidium sp. a partir do cultivo heterotrófico com diferentes fontes de carbono orgânico, estudar diferentes estratégias de cultivo empregando a manipueira (água residual do processo para obtenção da farinha de mandioca) e avaliar o acúmulo lipídico a partir de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio. Primeiramente avaliou-se a capacidade da cianobactéria Phormidium sp. em se desenvolver a partir de 15 diferentes fontes de carbono orgânico exógeno. Os resultados indicaram o amido de mandioca e a maltodextrina como as fontes com maior potencial de exploração para a produção de biomassa e lipídeos. Em um segundo momento, foi realizada a intensificação do processo de produção de biomassa a partir do amido de mandioca empregando-se um planejamento experimental. Os resultados indicaram que relação C/N de 68 e temperatura de 30ºC são as condições operacionais ideais. A extrapolação do cultivo em Erlenmeyers para as operações em batelada e batelada com alimentação descontínua em biorreatores resultou em produtividades de biomassa de 50,72 mg/L.h e 42,13 mg/L.h, respectivamente. A terceira etapa do projeto contemplou o estudo do cultivo heterotrófico da cianobactéria empregando diferentes modos de cultivo utilizando manipueira como substrato, inicialmente através de diferentes concentrações (v/v) de manipueira em água (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100%). Os resultados demonstraram que a melhor concentração da manipueira foi a de 60% (v/v). Em seguida, iniciou-se cultivos em biorreator, nos modos de batelada (Sistema A) e batelada com alimentação descontínua, empregando-se manipueira como meio de cultivo e diferentes soluções de alimentação. No primeiro sistema alimentado (Sistema B), empregou-se uma solução de amido de mandioca concentrado, e no segundo (Sistema C), o biorreator foi alimentado com manipueira não diluída. As alimentações foram efetuadas assim que a concentração de DQO no biorreator atingisse uma concentração de 6000mg/L. A extrapolação para cultivos em biorreator resultou em maiores produtividades em biomassa (53,12mg/L.h) e lipídica (7,45mg/L.h) sob batelada (sistema A). A última etapa do projeto contemplou o estudo de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio (extrato de levedura, nitrato de sódio, nitrito de sódio, molibidato de amônio e ureia) no cultivo heterotrófico da Phormidium sp. empregando amido de mandioca como fonte de carbono orgânico. A partir dos resultados obtidos selecionou-se o nitrato de sódio sob razão C/N de 60 como a fonte com maior potencial na produção de lipídeos, resultando na quantidade de lipídeos, produtividades lipídica e de biomassa de 20,58%, 7,62mg/L.h e 37,02mg/L.h, respectivamente. O processo de depleção do nitrato de sódio resultou em um aumento na quantidade de lipídeos (25,07%) e na produtividade lipídica (10,47mg/L.h) / Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the production of biomass and lipid accumulation of cyanobacteria Phormidium sp. from heterotrophic cultivation with different sources of organic carbon, study diferente strategies of cultures employing cassava wastewater and analyse the lipid accumulation from different nitrogen sources. First we assessed the ability of the cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. to growth in 15 different exogenous sources of organic carbon. Results indicated that the cassava starch and maltodextrin as those with the highest potential for exploitation for the production of biomass and lipids. In a second step, the increase in biomass production process was made from cassava starch employing an experimental design. The results indicated that the C/N of 68 and temperature of 30ºC are the optimal operating conditions. Extrapolation of cultivation in flasks for batch and batch with fed discontinuous operations in bioreactors resulted in biomass productivity of 50.72 mg/L.h and 42.13mg/L.h, respectively. The third stage of the project involved the study of the heterotrophic system of cyanobacteria using different modes of cultivation using cassava wastewater as substrate, initially through different concentrations (v/v) of wastewater in water (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). The results showed that the best concentration of cassava was 60%. Then, in a bioreactor cultivation was started in batch mode (System A), and batch with descontinuous feeds, using the culture medium as wastewater and different feed solutions. In the first feed system (System B) used a concentrated solution of cassava starch, and in second (System C), the bioreactor was fed with undiluted wastewater. The feeds were made so that the concentration of COD in the bioreactor to achieve a concentration of 6000mg/L. The extrapolation to cultivations in bioreactor resulted in productivity of biomass (53.12 mg/L.h) and lipid (7.45 mg/L.h) under simple batch (System A). The last stage of the project involved the study of different nitrogen sources (ammonium molybdate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, urea and yeast extract) in heterotrophic cultures of Phormidium sp. using cassava starch as a source of organic carbon. From the results obtained, we selected sodium nitrate under C/N ratio of 60 as the source with the highest potential in the production of lipids, resulting in the amount of lipids, productivity of lipid and biomass of 20.58%, 7.62 mg/L.h and 37.02 mg/L.h, respectively. The process of depletion of sodium nitrate resulted in an increase in the amount of lipids (25.07%) and the lipid productively (10.47mg/L.h) / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

To assess polishing of anaerobic secondary effluent and symbiotic bioremediation of primary effluent by microalgae, bench scale bubbling column reactors were operated in batch modes to test nutrients removal capacity and associated factors. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) together with oil and grease in terms of hexane extractable material (HEM) in the reactors were measured after batch cultivation tests of Chlorella Vulgaris, indicating the releasing algal metabolites were oleaginous (dissolved HEM up to 8.470 mg/L) and might hazard effluent quality. Ultrafiltration adopted as solid-liquid separation step was studied via critical flux and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) analysis. Although nutrients removal was dominated by algal assimilation, nitrogen removal (99.6% maximum) was affected by generation time (2.49 days minimum) instead of specific nitrogen removal rate (sN, 20.72% maximum), while phosphorus removal (49.83% maximum) was related to both generation time and specific phosphorus removal rate (sP, 1.50% maximum). COD increase was affected by cell concentration (370.90 mg/L maximum), specific COD change rate (sCOD, 0.87 maximum) and shading effect. sCOD results implied algal metabolic pathway shift under nutrients stress, generally from lipid accumulation to starch accumulation when phosphorus lower than 5 mg/L, while HEM for batches with initial nitrogen of 10 mg/L implied this threshold around 8 mg/L. HEM and COD results implied algal metabolic pathway shift under nutrients stress. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent polishing showed similar results to synthetic anaerobic secondary effluent with slight inhibition while 4 symbiotic bioremediation of raw municipal wastewater with microalgae and activated sludge showed competition for ammonium together with precipitation or microalgal luxury uptake of phosphorus. Critical flux was governed by algal cell concentration for ultrafiltration membrane with pore size of 30 nm, while ultrafiltration membrane rejected most biopolymers (mainly polysaccharides). Further research would focus on balancing cell growth, specific nutrients removal, and specific COD change by utilizing rotating biological contactor.

This study examines the wastewater treatment system on BillerudKorsnäs integrated pulpand paper mill at Karlsborg, with focus on the effluent of suspended solids. Due to lowerregulatory limits for the emissions of suspended solids BillerudKorsnäs is looking forways to improve the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, this study seeksto create a statistical model for the emissions of suspended solids and to find which factorsin the production, wastewater treatment and surrounding environment that affects theemissions. The purpose of the study is to extend the current understanding of the treatmentsystem to create a base for future decisions. The methods used for the modelling areElastic net regression and Random forest classifier, which were selected for the variableselection properties they provide. Unfortunately, the results show that the fitted modelscan only explain a small part of the variation of the emissions of suspended solids.The lack of fit in the models indicate that the current data is not sufficient to explain thevariation in the emissions of suspended solids. During the study deficiencies in the datacollection has been detected and improvements to overcome these deficiencies are proposedin the hope of creating more reliable data for the company and to create a betterbasis for future studies. / Denna studie undersöker avloppsvattenreningen på BillerudKorsnäs integrerade massaoch pappersbruket i Karlsborg, med fokus på utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen. Pågrund ut av sänkta gränser för utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen undersöker BillerudKorsnäsmöjligheter för att öka effektiviteten i avloppsvattenreningen. Därför försöker dennastudie att skapa en statistisk modell för utsläppen av suspenderade ämnen och undersökavilka faktorer i produktion, avloppsvattenrening, och omgivande miljö som påverkar utsläppen.Syftet med studien är att förbättra förståelsen för avloppsvattenreningen och attskapa beslutsunderlag för framtida förbättringar. Metoderna som används i modellernaär Elastic net regression och Random forest classifier, vilka valdes för deras variabel selectionegenskaper. Resultaten för modellerna visar att modellerna endast kan förklara enliten del av variationen i utsläpp av suspenderade ämnen. Det dåliga resultatet indikeraratt nuvarande data inte är tillräckligt för att skapa den typ av modeller som används. Understudien så har brister i datainsamlingen upptäckts, och förbättringar för att överbryggadessa brister är föreslagna med ändamål att göra insamlad data mer pålitlig och skapa enbättre bas för framtida studier.

A passive treatment alternative for the removal of metal and organic contaminants from runoff and effluent in CDFs was evaluated in this study. Activated carbon impregnated curtains have been used for different remediation projects; however, very little research has been conducted to understand its sorption behavior, breakthrough time, and exhaustion time of contaminants under high flow rates characteristic of CDF runoff and effluent. The major objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of the curtain in removing contaminants from a synthetic effluent in a flow through regime and estimate the expected life of the curtains. Equilibrium tests, batch sorption tests and column tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this alternative. The copper column tests showed that the curtain is not efficient in the removal of metals; whereas, the Aroclor1016 column tests showed that the curtains could potentially be used as a treatment alternative for organic contaminants.

Overfishing of natural fisheries is a global issue that is becoming more urgent as the human population increases exponentially. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, over 70% of the world's seafood species are fully exploited or depleted. This high demand for seafood protein is not going away; and, in fact, an astonishing one out of five people in this world depend on this source of protein. Traditional aquaculture practices use pond and flow-through systems which are often responsible for discharging pollutants into the environment. Furthermore, aquacultural feeds often contain high levels of fish protein, so the demand on wild fisheries is not completely eased. Even though traditional aquaculture has these drawbacks, there is a significant movement towards more sustainable practices. For example, implementing recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) maximizes the reuse of culture water which decreases water demand and minimizes the levels of pollutants being discharged to the environment. And, alternative proteins (e.g., soy bean) are replacing the fish and seafood proteins in aquaculture diets. Accordingly, the research described in this dissertation focused on maximizing the reuse of freshwater fish effluent to culture marine shrimp. More specifically, by using suspended-growth biological reactors to treat a tilapia effluent waste stream and to generate microbial flocs that could be used to support shrimp culture. This RAS technology will decrease water consumption by increasing the amount of recycled water and will also improve effluent water quality. The biomass generated in the bioreactors could be used to feed shrimp with an alternative source of protein. Treating fish effluent to be reused to culture shrimp while producing this alternative feed, could significantly decrease operational costs and make these operations more sustainable. Understanding which ions are critical for the survival and normal growth of marine shrimp in freshwater effluents is essential. It is also very important to understand how to convert an effluent's organic matter into food for shrimp. Results from studies revealed that the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, can be raised in freshwater effluent when supplemented with specific ions and wet microbial flocs fed directly to shrimp can enhance growth in shrimp fed a restricted ration of commercial feed. The treatability of the tilapia effluent using suspended-growth, biological reactors and nutritional analysis of the generated biomass were also reported. Carbon supplementation enhanced reactor performance and microbial floc generation. These microbial flocs also proved to be a superior feed ingredient when dried and incorporated into a pellet feed. / Ph. D.