Climate change will most likely increase the frequency of weather extremes in the future. Events such as heat waves may occur more often and proceed for longer time. Heat can have a huge impact on people’s health and higher mortality rates during heat waves are seen all over the world. In Sweden the local municipality has the responsibility for both healthcare of elder and community functions like drinking water. This study aimed to investigate how local Swedish municipalities work proactive against heat waves and if that differs between various geographic parts of the country. A survey was sent out to all local municipalities and got a response rate of 43%, 129 answers of 290. The result showed that nearly 83% of the respondents worked proactive against heat waves in some sort. Actions that they reported was mainly about developing routines and buying air conditions. Focus was to locate these actions in facilities like eldercare and healthcare for vulnerable groups. The proactive work was evenly distributed over the country and no geographic variations could be detected. The most prominent way to prevent health issues during heat waves is to be prepared and work with action plans before the heat occurs. This study indicates that proactive work against heat waves is something that a majority of the local Swedish municipalities work with. That can be seen as positive indication of the preparedness for future heat waves.

No description available.

No description available.

The thesis examines the impact of diplomatic initiatives and military conflicts on Palestinian support for armed engagement. It found a negative correlation between support for armed strategies and diplomatic events, suggesting diplomatic efforts mitigate conflict likelihood. However, there was no significant increase in public support for armed engagement during military conflict. The study suggests that diplomatic initiatives are more effective in reducing support for violence and suggests prioritizing diplomatic engagements for peacebuilding. Future research should explore psychological, social, and economic factors influencing Palestinian public opinion.

This dissertation attempts to determine what Britain expected from participation in the Supreme Economic Council (SEC) of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and to what extent its expectations were realized. An investigation of available sources reveals that access to European markets and raw materials and a balance of power to prevent French, German, or Russian hegemony in Europe were British foreign policy goals that SEC delegates sought to advance. Primary sources for this study include unpublished British Foreign Office and Cabinet records, published British, United States, and German government documents, unpublished personal papers of people directing SEC efforts, such as David Lloyd George, Austen Chamberlain, Cecil Harmsworth, Harry Osborne Mance, and John Maynard Keynes, and published memoirs and accounts of persons who were directly or indirectly involved with the SEC. Secondary accounts include biographies and histories or studies of the Peace Conference and of countries affected by its work. Primarily concerned with the first half of 1919, this dissertation focuses on British participation in Inter-allied war-time economic efforts, in post-war Rhineland control, in the creation of the SEC, and in the SEC endeavors of revictualling Germany, providing food and medical relief for eastern Europe, and reconstructing European communications. It concludes with Britain's role in the attempt to convert the SEC into an International Economic Council in the last half of 1919 and with the transfer of SEC duties to the Reparations Commission and to the League of Nations. Through participation in the SEC, Britain led in negotiating the Brussels Agreement and in establishing the Rhineland Commission and the German Economic Commission, reversing French attempts to control the Rhenish economy, preventing French hegemony in Europe, and gaining access to German markets for British goods. Although it failed to achieve its goals of strong eastern European states and access to markets and raw materials there, Britain led in restoration of communications and participated in the relief effort which saved the new states from anarchy in 1919.

Nos últimos anos a presença da informática auxiliando os projetos de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado com múltiplos pavimentos tem atingido grandes proporções. Particularmente em relação à análise das respostas da estrutura frente a solicitações impostas, essa presença possibilita a consideração de modelos estruturais teóricos muito consistentes. Por outro lado, tradicionalmente existem modelos chamados de simplificados que também retratam as respostas da estrutura, porém normalmente com menor grau de aproximação em relação ao comportamento real. Nesse sentido, são apresentadas modelagens de estruturas convencionais de edifícios compreendidas pelos dois aspectos citados, sendo analisados esforços solicitantes e deslocamentos em vigas e pilares frente a ações verticais e horizontais (análise elástico-linear). Notadamente, há uma grande preocupação com o estudo da evolução dos esforços solicitantes nesses elementos ao longo da altura do edifício. Também são abordados os esforços de 2ª ordem global, que aparecem quando atuam simultaneamente as ações verticais e horizontais. Com o intuito de exemplificar e comparar resultados, diferentes modelos estruturais são utilizados na análise do projeto de um edifício em concreto armado com múltiplos pavimentos, construído na cidade de São Carlos-SP, devendo-se destacar a modelagem tridimensional. / In the last years the computation presence auxiliaring the designs of reinforced concrete structures of multistorey buildings has reached great proportions. Particularly concerning the analysis of structural answers due to imputed solicitations, this presence makes possible the consideration of theoretical structural models very consistents. In the other side, traditionally there are models called simplifieds that also describe the structural answers, however normally with less approximation degree concerning the real behavior. In this way, modellings of conventional building structures comprehended by the two cited aspects are presented, being analysed efforts and displacements in beams and columns due to vertical and horizontal loads (elastic-linear analysis). Notably, there is a great preoccupation with the study of the efforts evolution in these elements along the building height. Also are discussed the global 2nd. arder efforts, that appear when the vertical and horizontal loads act simultaneously. In order to exemplify and to compare results, different structural models are utilized in the analysis of the design of a reinforced concrete multistorey building, constructed in São Carlos city, São Paulo state, having to detach the tridimensional modelling.

Nos últimos anos a presença da informática auxiliando os projetos de estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado com múltiplos pavimentos tem atingido grandes proporções. Particularmente em relação à análise das respostas da estrutura frente a solicitações impostas, essa presença possibilita a consideração de modelos estruturais teóricos muito consistentes. Por outro lado, tradicionalmente existem modelos chamados de simplificados que também retratam as respostas da estrutura, porém normalmente com menor grau de aproximação em relação ao comportamento real. Nesse sentido, são apresentadas modelagens de estruturas convencionais de edifícios compreendidas pelos dois aspectos citados, sendo analisados esforços solicitantes e deslocamentos em vigas e pilares frente a ações verticais e horizontais (análise elástico-linear). Notadamente, há uma grande preocupação com o estudo da evolução dos esforços solicitantes nesses elementos ao longo da altura do edifício. Também são abordados os esforços de 2ª ordem global, que aparecem quando atuam simultaneamente as ações verticais e horizontais. Com o intuito de exemplificar e comparar resultados, diferentes modelos estruturais são utilizados na análise do projeto de um edifício em concreto armado com múltiplos pavimentos, construído na cidade de São Carlos-SP, devendo-se destacar a modelagem tridimensional. / In the last years the computation presence auxiliaring the designs of reinforced concrete structures of multistorey buildings has reached great proportions. Particularly concerning the analysis of structural answers due to imputed solicitations, this presence makes possible the consideration of theoretical structural models very consistents. In the other side, traditionally there are models called simplifieds that also describe the structural answers, however normally with less approximation degree concerning the real behavior. In this way, modellings of conventional building structures comprehended by the two cited aspects are presented, being analysed efforts and displacements in beams and columns due to vertical and horizontal loads (elastic-linear analysis). Notably, there is a great preoccupation with the study of the efforts evolution in these elements along the building height. Also are discussed the global 2nd. arder efforts, that appear when the vertical and horizontal loads act simultaneously. In order to exemplify and to compare results, different structural models are utilized in the analysis of the design of a reinforced concrete multistorey building, constructed in São Carlos city, São Paulo state, having to detach the tridimensional modelling.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le domaine des moteurs à doublets d'hélices contrarotatives, aussi appelés open rotors. Elle a porté sur le développement des méthodologies à coût modéré pour la simulation aérodynamique des open rotors. Elle avait pour objectif, d'un côté, la mise en place et la validation de ces méthodologies rapides ; et d'un autre côté, l'approfondissement de la compréhension de l'origine des efforts dans le plan hélice, aussi appelés les efforts 1P. Pour le premier des objectifs, le code HOST-MINT, basé sur la méthode de la ligne portante a été adapté et amélioré pour la simulation de l'aérodynamique instationnaire des hélices et des open rotors. Des validations ont été réalisées avec succès par comparaison avec des données expérimentales et des simulations CFD plus avancées. Cette étude a ainsi ouvert des nombreuses perspectives d'application de ce type de méthodologies rapides dans la conception aérodynamique des futurs open rotors. En outre, cette méthode s'est révélée aussi adaptée pour d'autres domaines autour de l'aérodynamique, comme par exemple, pour les problèmes d'aéroélasticité ou pour les prédictions aéroacoustiques préliminaires. / This study is devoted to the development of moderate-cost methodologies for the aerodynamic simulation of open rotors. The main goals are, on one side, to develop and validate these rapid methodologies, and, on the other side, to better understand the mechanisms behind propeller in-plane loads, also called the 1P loads. To reach the first goal, the HOST-MINT code, based on the lifting-line theory, has been adapted and improved for the unsteady simulation of propellers and open rotors. The code has been assessed by comparison with experimental data and more complex and precise CFD simulations. Finally, the first developments and tests of a Lagrangian/Eulerian coupling strategy between HOST-MINT and the elsA CFD code have been performed. These studies enable to endeavor a number of applications of this type of rapid methodologies in the aerodynamic design of future open rotors. Moreover, these methodologies may be adapted for other domains linked to aerodynamics, such as aeroelastic problems or preliminary aeroacoustic predictions.

Quel que soit le type d'exosquelettes de jambes, la question d’équilibre du système est très importante, puisqu'il s'agit de robots physiquement attachés à l'utilisateur. Dans le but de respecter au maximum la volonté de l'utilisateur ainsi que ses mouvements, cette thèse a pour objectif de développer des stratégies de commande de gestion d'équilibre pour un exosquelette d’assistance. Il s'agit alors d'assister l'équilibre du système couplé (utilisateur valide + exosquelette), en gérant l'équilibre de l'exosquelette soumis à l'action de l'utilisateur. La commande de gestion d'équilibre proposée s'inspire des commandes développées par le CEA-LIST sur les exosquelettes Hercule et des stratégies de récupération d'équilibre observées chez l'humain. Elle est essentiellement basée sur le concept du point de capture instantané. En effet,le point de capture instantané est un bon outil qui englobe aussi bien le cas statique que le cas dynamique et surtout, qui contient une information sur la direction de mouvement, ce qui nous permet d'anticiper certaines actions comme l'action de faire un pas. Les contributions de cette thèse sont alors :• l'application d'une commande du point de capture à un exosquelette d'assistance ;• la proposition d'une nouvelle répartition des efforts sur les deux jambes de l'exosquelette permettant d'anticiper les perturbations et le pas ;• la gestion du sous-actionnement (toutes les articulations ne sont pas motorisées) en phase de double support via un calcul d'optimisation qui a pour objectif de suivre la répartition des efforts désirée et de maîtriser les forces d'interaction entre l'utilisateur et l'exosquelette. / The postural stability of leg exoskeletons, no matter their purposes (medical, military or civil), is a real issue since the user is fastened to them. Indeed, in order to respect the will of the user and his movements to the maximum, we have to study the system balance. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to develop balance strategies for a leg exoskeleton designed for industrial applications such as static work. It is about assisting the balance of the coupled system (user +exoskeleton) by dealing with the exoskeleton’s balance subjected to the user’s action. We present a balance control which is inspired by control methods developed by CEA-LIST for the Hercule exoskeleton, as well as by human balance strategies. It is mainly based on the instantaneous capture point concept. The first contribution of this thesis is the application of a classical instantaneous capture point control to a leg exoskeleton that assists a user. The user’s intention is first detected through the position of the instantaneous capture point and the assistance provided by the exoskeleton differs. The second contribution focuses on how we candistribute the effort to the legs. The experience of the «Master-Slave » control of CEA-LIST showed that the main difficulty, for a user, is to handle the weight transfer in order to take the swing leg off and make a step. We suggest a newleg distribution, that is able to anticipate a step. The last contribution is related to the underactuation of the exoskeleton in the double support phase. We propose an optimization algorithm that aims at following the leg distribution, and at managing the interaction forces between the user and the exoskeleton.