The core project of this dissertation is a musical and gestural analysis of Studies, Part I: Displaced Spaces, Shocks, Negations, A New Sort of Relationship in Space, Pattern, Tempo, Diversity of Actions, Interactions and Intensities (1946-48) by post-tonal composer Stefan Wolpe (1902-72). The analytical methods consist of Set Class analysis (Allen Forte), the Effort Shape analysis of gesture (Rudolf von Laban), and the Time and Tone analysis of accordion performance (Joseph Macerollo). Wolpe played a leading role in the emergence of abstract expressionism among the painters, poets, dancers and composers of New York in the mid to late 1940s.Wolpe’s oeuvre reveals a unique way of composing in the post-tonal era. Chapter 1 provides the historical and stylistic contextualization of this particular study Displaced Spaces. Chapter 2 is concerned with the musical analysis, presented as pitch class and shape analysis. By nature, Wolpe’s pieces are best described as very physical, which explains the rationalization for the application of the gestural analysis in chapter 3. The Effort Shape graphic notation method by Rudolf von Laban (1879-1958) widely used in dance is applied to the musical gestures in Wolpe’s score. Wolpe’s overall title for the series of studies, Music for Any Instrument (1944-49), leaves the choice of instrument to the performer; as these studies require a polyphonic instrument, the classical accordion seems an appropriate choice. Laban’s principles as applied to Wolpe are compared to Macerollo’s Time and Tone analysis to implement gesture on one specific instrument. Battle Piece, a composition for piano solo which he began in 1943 is central to a change in Wolpe’s development: After finishing the first three movements of the piece, Wolpe explored new ideas in the study Displaced Spaces. The degree of coherence between the later parts of Battle Piece and Displaced Spaces is presented in chapter 4 focussing on new techniques that Wolpe was able to formulate through this “detour”. Chapter 5 as a conclusion brings together results from the set theory and the gestural analysis of this particular work in order to bridge the gap between the disciplines of music theory, performance and dance.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Political Science, 2004. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-225).

Background: Customers are becoming increasingly conscious about sustainability, for instance when choosing a fast-fashion brand. Brand loyal customers are in direct relation with the success of a brand and promoting brand information of sustainability efforts on social media platforms could positively influence customers brand loyalty, brand satisfaction, brand trust and brand engagement.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between brand information regarding sustainability efforts of fast-fashion brands and brand loyalty, brand satisfaction, brand trust as well as brand engagement. Further, this study examines whether brand trust and brand engagement work as antecedents to brand satisfaction, respectively brand satisfaction to brand loyalty.  Research questions:  How does brand information of sustainability efforts from fast-fashion brands on social media affect brand loyalty? How does brand information of sustainability efforts from fast-fashion brands on social media affect brand satisfaction and its antecedents brand trust and brand engagement? How do brand engagement and brand trust affect brand satisfaction respectively brand loyalty?  Methodology: This research follows a quantitative and deductive research approach. The data was collected through an online survey and the sampling method was a non- probability and a snowball sample. The data collection reached a total of 160 answers which were analyzed through SPSS. Validity and reliability were ensured before testing the hypotheses.  Findings: The findings from this research revealed that there is a positive relationship between brand information regarding sustainability efforts and brand loyalty, brand satisfaction, brand trust, and brand engagement. Further, the results indicated that the hypothesized antecedents brand trust and brand engagement were also accepted.  Implications: This study contributes with its results to today’s increased interest in sustainability, and it delivers significant insights which could be used by fast- fashion brands strategic decisions regarding the content of social media channels. Further, it adds valuable information to current academic literature in a few different ways.  Originality: This paper brings focus to the importance of brand loyalty and how closely it is related to brand information regarding sustainability efforts of fast-fashion brands.

Submitted by Marcio Costa (marciohcosta@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-18T20:02:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcio Henriques da Costa - Cláusula de Melhores Esforços (deposito)(180316).pdf: 969740 bytes, checksum: 25d7825a9fca49a77ffd610e4d07a0c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2016-04-04T13:07:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcio Henriques da Costa - Cláusula de Melhores Esforços (deposito)(180316).pdf: 969740 bytes, checksum: 25d7825a9fca49a77ffd610e4d07a0c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T13:14:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcio Henriques da Costa - Cláusula de Melhores Esforços (deposito)(180316).pdf: 969740 bytes, checksum: 25d7825a9fca49a77ffd610e4d07a0c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / The use of the best efforts clause is a common practice among Brazilian businessmen and lawyers. A study of sophisticated shareholders agreement of listed companies in Brazil shows the high incidence of the clause. Such inclusion has strong economic reasons, to justify its recognition and interpretation under Brazilian law. The standard of conduct required by this best efforts clause shall be analyzed according to different criteria, with subjective and objective elements, as well as the social environment and related custom and usage, based on well-established private law principles and rules. Brazil’s limited case law on this, as well as the consolidated jurisprudence in the U.S. relating to the clause, contribute to the best understanding of its legal nature and of the level of conduct required, which distinguishes the best efforts obligation from implicit good faith duties. Among findings, we can mention that the best efforts clause shall not be equate to the good faith duties or a mere moral duty. Its legal recognition as a distinct pattern of conduct, as each specific situation, shall be enforced by the national legal system / A utilização da cláusula de melhores esforços, ou best efforts, é prática comum do empresariado e advogados nacionais. Este trabalho realiza um levantamento a fim de demonstrar a alta incidência em acordos sofisticados entre acionistas de companhias abertas brasileiras. Tal inclusão tem fortes motivos econômicos, a justificar o reconhecimento e interpretação pelo aplicador do direito nacional. O padrão de conduta dessa obrigação de meio deve ser analisado por critérios distintos, por meio de elementos subjetivos e objetivos, bem como à luz do contexto social e usos e costumes relacionados, baseados em normas e princípios de direito privado amplamente aceitos. A escassa jurisprudência sobre o tema bem como a já consolidada jurisprudência norte-americana contribuem para o melhor entendimento sobre a natureza jurídica e o modelo de interpretação de conduta a ser aplicado, diferenciando a obrigação de melhores esforços dos deveres decorrentes da boa-fé objetiva. Entre as conclusões, pode-se mencionar que a cláusula de melhores esforços não deve ser igualada aos deveres de boa-fé ou a um mero dever moral. Seu reconhecimento legal como padrão de conduta distinto, apurado conforme cada caso, deve ser amparado pelo ordenamento jurídico nacional

Mot bakgrunden av att ungdomar mår psykiskt allt sämre som hindrar skolarbete och vardagsliv var studiens syfte att göra en triangulering mellan vad som står i skoldokument om insatser för att förebygga, främja och stärka elevers psykiska hälsa och hur elever upplever sin psykiska hälsa för att kunna förbättra insatserna utifrån elevernas erfarenheter. Urvalsgruppen var gymnasieelever i årskurs 2-3. Frågeställningarna gällde hur skolans pedagogiska insatser såg ut beträffande elevers psykiska hälsa och hur frekventa elevernas erfarenheter var av problemgrupperna psykosomatiska besvär, depressiva symptom, kränkningar, mobbning och diskriminering, identitetsproblem utifrån kroppsuppfattning samt problem med lärarsupport samt hur framstod förhållandet vid en jämförelse mellan resultaten. För att bättre kunna anpassa insatserna på ett meningsskapande sätt för elevernas psykiska hälsa utifrån eleverna, situation och kontext kan studien ge kunskaper om behovet av diskussion och kartläggning för bättre insikter om elevernas problem, känslor och behov av pedagogiska insatser för psykisk hälsa. Genom mix metod kombinerades kvalitativ innehållsanalys av text i skolans dokument med kvantitativ metod utifrån deskriptiv statistik grundad på elevernas enkätsvar om självupplevda problem. Resultaten visade att de pedagogiska insatserna var olika handlingar, förhållningssätt och rekommendationer. Erfarenheter fanns i samtliga problemgrupper med olika frekvens. Flickor var mer drabbade än pojkar. Majoriteten av eleverna upplevde stress, koncentrations- och sömnsvårigheter och många hade känt nedstämdhet samt igångsättningssvårigheter. Kränkningar, mobbning och diskriminering var begränsade och ingen kände sig diskriminerad på grund av handikapp eller sexuell läggning. Triangulering av resultaten i övriga problemgrupper kunde tyda på en diskrepans mellan de pedagogiska insatserna och elevernas erfarenheter. Slutsatsen var att jämförelsen tydde på en kunskapslucka rörande lärarsupport och behov av att beakta könsskillnader för rätta insatser samt att skolor behöver testa kunskapen om sina elevers olika problem för att få en helhetsbild som kan visa att resurserna används rätt efter elevernas behov och problemfrekvens. Studien har genererat teorin att en satsning på att öka förmågan till kommunikation och empati genom att höja mental och emotionell medvetenhet skulle förbättra möjligheterna till elevers psykiska hälsa för en långsiktig hållbar utveckling. / With the background knowledge of the psychological deterioration of adolescents which hinder school work and everyday life was the study’s aim to make a triangulation between what is stated in the school document on measures to prevent, promote and strengthen the mental health of students and how students experience their mental health in order to improve the efforts based on students experiences. The study group was secondary school students in grades 2-3. The questions were about how the school's educational efforts directed towards student's mental health was demonstrated and how frequent the students experiences of psychosomatic disorders, depressive symptoms, violations, bullying and discrimination, identity problems based on body perception as well as problems with teacher support and how the relationship was perceived when comparing the results. In order to better adapt the efforts in a meaningful way to the mental health of students based on the students, situation and context could the study provide knowledge about the need for discussion and mapping for better insight into the students problems, feelings and needs for educational efforts for mental health. Through mix method was qualitative content analysis of text in the school's documents combined with quantitative method based on descriptive statistics from students questionnaire about self-perceived problems. The results showed that the educational efforts were different actions, practical approaches and recommendations. Experiences was found in all of the above mentioned problem groups at different frequencies. Girls were more affected than boys. The majority of the students experienced stress, concentration and sleep difficulties and many had low mood as well as startup difficulties. Violations, bullying and discrimination were limited and no one felt discriminated because of disability or sexual orientation. Triangulation of the results in other problem groups could indicate a discrepancy between the educational efforts and the students experiences. The conclusion was that the comparison indicated a knowledge gap, both regarding teacher support and the need to consider gender differences for correct educational efforts and that schools need to test their knowledge of their students different problems in order to get a holistic picture that can show that the resources are used correctly according to students needs and problem frequencies. The study has generated the theory that an effort to increase the capacity for communication and empathy by raising mental and emotional awareness would improve the prospects for students mental health for long-term sustainable development.

Orientador: David de Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T07:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaschoalinFilho_JoaoAlexandre_D.pdf: 6669180 bytes, checksum: 78d0e0cf2f6cfc3054d3c7bdf89b2116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Apresenta-se neste trabalho o estudo do comportamento de diferentes tipos de estacas, implantadas em solo de diabásio, quando submetidas a esforços de tração, através da realização de provas de carga estática do tipo lenta. Foram executadas quatro estacas tipo raiz sendo uma de 23m de comprimento e 310 mm de diâmetro e três instrumentadas de 12m de comprimento com 410 mm de diâmetro; três estacas metálicas perfil I tipo W250x32,7, sendo uma com 12m e duas com 18m de comprimento; duas estacas tipo trilho TR37 sendo uma com 18m e outra de 20,5m de comprimento. Foram também estudadas as seguintes estacas já anteriormente instaladas no local em estudo: três estacas escavadas (sem lama bentonítica) de 12m de comprimento e 400 mm de diâmetro, três estacas tipo hélice contínua com 12m de comprimento e 400 mm de diâmetro, uma estaca tipo ômega de 12m de comprimento e 370 mm de diâmetro e uma estaca prémoldada de oncreto com 14m de comprimento e 180 mm de diâmetro. O local de execução das estacas foi o Campo Experimental para Estudos em Mecânica dos Solos e Fundações localizado dentro dos limites da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), localizada no município de Campinas, interior de São Paulo. O subsolo do local é constituído por solo poroso de diabásio, cuja primeira camada de 6,5m de espessura é constituída de argila silto-arenosa, seguida de uma camada de silte arenoso e nível de água a 17m de profundidade. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos para a estimativa da capacidade de carga próprios para esforços de tração como: Método do Tronco de Cone, Método do Cilindro de Atrito, Método de Meyerhoff (1973); Método de Kulhawy (1985); Método de Levacher & Sieffert (1984) e Método da Universidade de Grenoble de acordo com Martin (1963). Os valores de capacidade de carga estimados por meio de cada método foram então confrontados com os valores de carga máxima obtidos por meio das provas de carga. As resistências laterais totais de cada estaca foram determinadas por meio dos seguintes métodos semi-empíricos próprios para esforços de compressão: Décourt & Quaresma (1998); Décourt & Quaresma (1978); Aoki & Velloso (1975 - SPT); Aoki & Velloso (1975 - CPT); David Cabral (1986); P.P Velloso (1981); Teixeira (1996); Antunes & Cabral (1996); FUNDESP (1998) e Monteiro (2000). Os valores de resistência lateral obtidos pelos métodos foram comparados aos valores de carga máxima obtidos pelas provas de carga. As capacidades de carga a tração das estacas estudadas foram previstas por meio dos seguintes métodos próprios para extrapolação de curvas carga x recalque: Van der Veen (1953), Décourt (1996), NBR 6122/96 e Davisson (1978). Para os métodos de Van der Veen (1953) e Décourt (1996) foram estimadas cargas máximas a partir de pontos da curva carga x recalque situados até recalques referentes a cargas de 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% das cargas máximas atingidas pelas provas. Este procedimento teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade destes métodos caso as provas de carga fossem prematuramente interrompidas. Foram também previstos valores de recalques obtidos para cargas referentes a PC/2 por meio dos métodos de Vesic (1969, 1975a) e Poulos & Davis (1980). Foram também determinadas nesta pesquisa correlações matemáticas entre valores de atrito lateral médios para cada estaca estudada (rl), determinados por meio das provas de carga, e dados de resistência lateral obtidos utilizando-se parâmetros provenientes de ensaios de cone (CPT) e SPT-T, como fs (para CPT) e fTmáximo e fTmínimo (para SPT-T). / Abstract: This research presents the behavior of different kinds of piles conducted in unsaturated diabasic porous soil submitted to uplift forces. For this research there were built the follow piles: three instrumented root piles with 12m length and 410mm of nominal diameter, one root pile with nominal diameter of 310mm and 23m length, two metallic piles type W250x32.7 with 18 meters length, one metallic pile with 12m length and type W250x32.7, two trail piles TR37 type, one of them with 18 meters length and the other with 20.5 meters length. There were also considered in this research the follow piles already conducted at the studied area: three bored piles with 12 meters length and diameter of 400mm, three Continuous Flight Auger piles with 12 meters length and diameter of 400mm, one Omega pile with 12m length and diameter of 370mm and one Concrete Precast pile with 14 meter length and diameter of 180mm. The piles were built at the site for Experimental Studies in Soil Mechanics and Foundations. This experimental area is situated at the State University of Campinas, in the interior region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The local subsoil is basically composed by a superficial layer of approximately 6,5m thick composed of high porosity silt-sand clay followed by clayey-sandy silt. The water table is not checked until a depth of 17 meters. The carrying capacity of the studied piles was also provided by means of theoretical methods appropriate for uplift forces. The methods considered were: Method of the Trunk of Cone, Method of Cylinder of Friction, Meyerhoff (1973), Kulhawy (1985), Levacher & Sieffert (1984) and University of Grenoble in according to Martin (1963). The values estimated using the methods under consideration were compared to those obtained by means of the load tests. Methods for "load x settlement" curves extrapolation such as: Van der Veen (1953), Décourt (1998) and NBR 6.122 (1996) and Davisson (1973) were also used to provide the carrying capacity of the studied piles. There were also provided by Van der Veen (1953) and Décourt the ultimate loads for each using 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% of the ultimate load obtained by means of the load tests. Semi-empirical methods, appropriate for compression forces, were also used considering only the portion of lateral resistance. The methods studied were the following: Décourt & Quaresma (1998); Décourt & Quaresma (1978); Aoki & Veloso (1975 - SPT); Aoki & Veloso (1975 - CPT); David Cabral (1986); P.P Velloso (1981); Teixeira (1996); Antunes & Cabral (1996); FUNDESP (1998) e Monteiro (2000). The obtained values of lateral resistance were compared to the maximum load obtained by means of the load tests. The settlements of the studied piles were also determinate by Vesic (1969, 1975a) and Poulos & Davis (1980). Mathematical correlations between lateral friction values, obtained by means of the load tests, and lateral resistance values obtained by means of field tests like SPT-T and CPT were also provided in this research. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Dans l’optique de maîtriser l’industrialisation des pièces complexes, les efforts de coupe sont une source riche d’informations. Bien que la prédiction des efforts de coupe soit un sujet largement traité par la communauté scientifique, quelques verrous subsistent. Les travaux de cette étude visent à enrichir les modèles existants sous deux principaux aspects : une étude approfondie de l’influence des conditions de contact en dépouille associées à la géométrie de pièce et l’effet de l’usure de l’outil sur l’évolution des efforts de coupe au cours du temps. Pour ce faire, plusieurs expérimentations instrumentées sont réalisées afin de déterminer les paramètres influents à introduire dans les modélisations. S’appuyant sur ces observations, des modélisations, selon une approche phénoménologique, sont développées pour estimer respectivement le niveau d’usure de l’outil, les efforts de coupe et leur évolution fonction au cours du temps. Ces développements sont conduits pour les techniques de fraisage, de tournage intérieur et de tournage extérieur appliquées à l’usinage de l’alliage de titane aéronautique Ti6Al4V. Les méthodologies présentées dans cette étude sont transposables vers d’autres nuances d’alliages de titane afin de couvrir un domaine d’application large en industrie. / In order to control complex parts industrialization, cutting forces can be relevant data. Although cutting force prediction is a well-known subject by the scientific community, it still exists some ways of improvement. This research work focuses on the cutting force modelling enhancement according to two main points. Firstly, an analysis of clearance face contact conditions, linked to part geometry, effect on cutting forces. Secondly, the effect of flank wear on cutting force evolution with respect to the time. Based on experiments, in order to highlight relevant parameters to introduce in the new model, cutting force and flank wear models are formulated according to mechanistic approach. These developments are applied in milling, turning (boring, cylindrical turning and face turning) onTi6Al4V titanium alloy. Methodologies presented in this study can be easily adapted to others titanium alloys shades in order to cover large industrial range of applications.

Soil compaction under no-tillage system has been causing serious problems to plant growth and to agriculture machines operation due to high soil resistance to tillage. Soil chiseling is a possible solution, however, some aspects regarding permanence in time, effects on soil mechanical properties and relation to draught required by mobilization mechanisms are not clearly known. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the chiseling and compaction effects on soil mechanical properties under no tillage, as well as their effects on force dynamics on mobilization mechanisms. Two studies were carried out. The first was in a clay texture soil, where the temporal effect of chiseling, traffic and their influences in compressibility, shear of soil, mobilized area and draught required by the planter s shaft of no-tillage seeder, were evaluated. The second study was carried out in sandy loam soil, where the compaction influence on soil penetration resistance, mobilized area, volume, specific operational resistance and draught on a chisel plow, were evaluated. In the first study, chiseling had direct influence on shear resistance, pre-consolidation stress, compression coefficient and draught, and its effect lasted for more than 2 years, but less than 4 years. In the second study, soil compaction increased the penetration resistance, draught and microporosity, and decreased the macroporosity and the mobilized area. The specific operational resistance was higher in soils under induced compaction than without it. The chiseling effect was found in upper layer compared to the chiseled one. / A compactação nos solos sob sistema de semeadura direta está causando sérios problemas que, são revertidos à planta e as máquinas agrícolas visualizada pela maior resistência oferecida ao trabalho de implementos de araste. Tem-se como solução o uso da escarificação, porém aspectos sobre o tempo de permanência dos efeitos dessa nas propriedades mecânicas do solo e sua relação com a demanda de esforços em mecanismos mobilizadores não são claramente conhecidos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da escarificação e da compactação nas propriedades mecânicas do solo sob semeadura direta, bem como o seu efeito na dinâmica dos esforços em mecanismos mobilizadores. Para tal realizaram-se dois estudos, um primeiro em solo de textura argilosa, onde se avaliou o efeito temporal da escarificação, do tráfego e suas influências na compressibilidade, cisalhamento do solo, área mobilizada e demanda de esforços solicitados ao sulcador de semeadora de semeadura direta do tipo facão; e um segundo em solo de textura franco arenosa, onde se verificou a influência da compactação na resistência à penetração, área mobilizada, empolamento, resistência específica operacional e demanda de esforços em haste escarificadora com ponteira estreita. No estudo 1, a escarificação teve influência direta na resistência ao cisalhamento, tensão de pré-consolidação, coeficiente de compressão e na demanda de esforços, sendo que seu efeito perdurou por mais de dois anos e, após 4 anos não se encontrou mais efeito. No estudo 2, a compactação elevou a resistência à penetração, esforço tração e a microporosidade, e gerou redução da macroporosidade e da área mobilizada. A resistência específica operacional foi maior em solo sob compactação induzida do que sem ela. Efeito da escarificação foi encontrado em profundidade superior a escarificada.

Frågeställning: Vad motiverar ICA Gruppen respektive MAXI-butikerna till hållbarhetsarbete och hur skiljer sig deras hållbarhetsmål åt? Hur integreras ICA Gruppens hållbarhetsarbete i de olika MAXI-butikerna? Vilka strategier kännetecknar ICA Gruppens och MAXI-butikernas hållbarhetsarbete? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva samverkan mellan ICA Gruppens och mellansveriges handlarägda MAXI-butikers hållbarhetsarbete. Metod: Denna kvalitativa uppsats med en abduktiv ansats, baseras på primärdata från fem separata intervjuer med chefer från fyra olika MAXI-butiker och en hållbarhetsansvarig på ICA:s huvudkontor. Förutom intervjuer har vetenskapliga artiklar med relevanta teorier, forskningsrapporter inom hållbarhetsarbete och adekvat litteratur studerats. För att utvärdera resultatet, har det empiriska materialet analyserats genom kodning. Slutsats: Både ICA Gruppen och MAXI-butikerna har ekonomiska såväl som filantropiska incitament för hållbarhetsarbetet. Det som skiljer dem åt är att butikernas hållbarhetsarbete främst sker i dess närmiljö med konsumenten i åtanke medan ICA Gruppen vill göra en insats för världen. Genom dialog och demokratiska processer sätts gemensamma mål upp. Det finns riktlinjer och olika digitala verktyg samt coacher för att hjälpa butikerna i arbetet. I butikerna sker hållbarhetsinitiativen mer spontant än hos ICA Gruppen. Där är arbetet mer långsiktigt och strategiskt med en tanke på hur varumärket kan stärkas. / Research questions: What motivates ICA Gruppen and the MAXI stores for their sustainability efforts and how do their sustainability goals differ? How do the sustainability efforts of ICA Gruppen integrate throughout the Maxi stores? What strategies characterize the sustainability efforts of ICA Gruppen and the MAXI stores? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the interaction between ICA Gruppen and the independent MAXI stores of central Sweden, concerning their sustainability efforts. Method: This qualitative study with an abductive approach is based on primary data from five separate interviews with corporate managers of four MAXI stores and one of the CSR managers at the head office of the organisation. In addition to the interviews, scientific articles on relevant theories, research reports on sustainability efforts, and adequate literature have been studied. In order to evaluate the results, the empirical data has been analysed by coding. Conclusion: Both ICA Gruppen and the MAXI stores have financial as well as philanthropic incentives for their sustainability efforts. What differs is that the CSR efforts of the stores take place in the immediate vicinity of the customer, while ICA Gruppen wants to make an effort for the world. Through dialogue and democratic processes, common goals are set. There are guidelines and various digital tools as well as coaches to assist the stores. The stores’ CSR initiatives take place more spontaneously than at ICA Gruppen, where the work is more long-term and strategic, with a view on how the brand can be strengthened.

This study investigates the recovery efforts provided for low income and ethnic minority populations by organizations during the permanent housing phase of recovery in Watsonville, California, following the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989. The case study format is used to discover what activities were performed and why each organization chose to perform them. Dynes and Quarantelli's (1968) typology of organization is used to explain how and why established, expanding, extending and emergent organizations participated in the recovery efforts. The findings indicate that the type of organization dictated the kind of tasks each organization performed. Organizations maintained activities during recovery for which they had experience, expertise and proficiency.