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Foreign rulers of the Nile : a reassessment of the cultural contribution of the Hyksos in EgyptBronn, Johanna Aletta 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The time between the Middle and New Kingdoms in Ancient Egypt is known as the Second Intermediate Period. It was the time during which Egypt, for the first time in its history, lost autonomy and the inhabitants of Egypt became the vassals of the Hyksos, a name transcribed by Manetho, a historian of the third century BCE as 'shepherd kings', but which actually designated 'princes of foreign lands'.
The term 'Hyksos' at first referred to the rulers only, but later became the accepted word to indicate the rulers, the people themselves and everything pertaining to them. The Hyksos were not a homogenous race, but were a conglomerate of peoples from the Near East. For centuries people from the east had been filtering into Egypt. Transhumants and nomads came in search of pasture for their animals and elected to stay. Others were employed by the Egyptian administration as ship-builders and mining engineers or as workers in the copper and turquoise mines in the Sinai. These workers were all settled in the Delta, the hub of mining and shipbuilding activities. Others were slaves who were dispersed all over Egypt as workers in households and on farms. Despite Egypt's best efforts to keep out Asiatics who wanted to enter the country of their own volition, their fortresses on the border between Egypt and Sinai proved ineffective, especially when the Egyptian administration faltered and collapsed during the Seventeenth Dynasty.
It is still a point debated by historians whether a strong military force from the East overran Egypt in c.1658 BCE or whether the transition from Egyptian rule to Hyksos rule was a gradual and comparatively peaceful process. There is evidence that the Hyksos were supported by many Egyptians who collaborated with the Hyksos and who even served in the Hyksos administration which lasted from c. 1658 – 1550 BCE. However, the vassal princes in Upper Egypt saw the Hyksos as usurpers and amassed forces to expel the enemy. This they achieved in c. 1550 BCE, after which it was possible to once again unite Upper and Lower Egypt.
This thesis probes the rule of the Hyksos and the influence they might have had on Egyptian culture. Part One (chapters 2-7) deals with the Hyksos per se: their origin, their rise to power, their rule, and how they were expelled. Part Two (chapters 8-12) investigates the Hyksos culture and has a close look at their architecture, arts and crafts, burial practices, warfare and weapons, and religion. Part Three (chapter 13) examines the influence the Hyksos might have had on Egyptian culture, with special attention to architecture, burial practices, arts and crafts, warfare and weapons, and religion.
Chapter 14 rounds off the thesis and comes to the conclusion that the Hyksos made very little impact on the Egyptian culture in general, but contributed greatly to Egypt's development in warfare and weapons, and also for a period exerted some influence on religious practices, especially in the Delta. Finally, the Hyksos contributed to Egypt's altered world vision by forcing them to shed their complacency, which in turn opened the way to expansionism in countries in the Near East.
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Egyptian tomb painting and the concept of kaSpindler, Tanya M. January 1998 (has links)
This thesis proposes that Egyptian tomb painting served as a housing for the Ka. The research examined the relationship between the tomb paintings and the Ka within the contemporary religious literature finding that they served this purpose. The first relationship incorporates the "Opening of the Mouth" ceremony which returns life to the deceased in both the texts and illustrations. The ambiguous nature of the texts refers the returning of life to the deceased. This includes all the parts of the soul (Ka, Ba, and Akh) and all physical and artistic representations. These paintings also support the Ka with depictions of food offerings. A secondary question addresses the identification of the deceased appearing in the paintings. Many variables apply in identification of the deceased. They include hieratic scale, canonical pose, hieroglyphics, accoutrements, and the orientation of the supporting figures. / Department of Anthropology
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A critical analysis of selected Egyptian bronze artefacts in the National Cultural History Museum (NCHM)Gravett, Venus Felicia 02 1900 (has links)
This dissertation will critically analyse a gilded bronze Osiris statuette from the Middle Kingdom Period. An attempt is made to verify its authenticity, provenance and probable date of origin, while also gathering information which will help in placing the artefact and others like it in their proper cultural context. Furthermore the value of several investigative techniques employed during the course of this research is also explored. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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Maät : die god wat in elkeen isPonelis, I. A. (Isabella Annanda) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The concept of Ma'at is crucial to Ancient Egyptian culture. In Ancient Egypt, Ma'at
has two closely related manifestations: the cultural principle and the goddess.
Ma'at as general cultural principle relates to the perfect order that was present at the
moment when the cosmos came into being. This order eliminated chaos and created
perfect balance in every aspect of the cosmos: nature, mankind, the gods, life and
death. According to Ancient Egyptian literature, people ordered their lives in terms of
the principle to do Ma 'at. This principle amounted to living honestly and justly. In
this way, order was maintained and chaos prevented.
In religion, which should be considered a subdomain of culture, Ma'at functions as an
Ancient Egyptian goddess. As a goddess, Ma'at was considered a being in her own
right, with a characteristic appearance, a history, and a cult which was performed by
the pharaoh and the priests.
Though the conception ofMa'at developed considerably in the long history of
Ancient Egypt, the idea was present at the beginning of Egyptian civilization, as is
attested by a great variety of inscriptions. The concept played a significant role in this
culture from beginning to end.
Ma'at was of particular importance to Ancient Egyptian royalty. Royal office
included the realization of Ma'at and the consequent destruction ofIsfet. This
function was performed by the pharaoh as chief of all cults - by daily sacrifice for
Ma'at --, as well as in his role as ruler - by ensuring that public office was performed
according to the principle ofMa'at.
The Ancient Egyptians maintained that Ma'at functioned not only in life but also in
death. In the alternative reality that Ancient Egypt made of death, order obtained, just
as in life. Hence Ma' at was present also in death. The essence of Ancient Egypt is not its structures, such as the pyramids, which never
cease to fascinate. This essence has to be sought in the way Ma'at gave unity to this
remarkable culture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die begrip Ma'at is rigtinggewend vir die kultuur van Antieke Egipte. In hierdie
kultuur het Ma'at twee verskyningsvorme wat ten nouste met mekaar saamhang: die
kultuurbeginsel en die godin.
Ma'at as algemene kultuurbeginsel het te doen met die volmaakte orde wat tot stand
gekom het in die ontstaansoomblik van die kosmos. Hierdie orde hef chaos en
wanorde op en skep volkome ewewig in elke aspek van die kosmos: die natuur, die
mensdom, die godedom, die lewe en die dood. Die Antieke Egiptiese literatuur bring
aan die lig dat mense hulle lewe ingerig het volgens die beginsel om Ma'at te doen.
Waarop dit neergekom het om Ma'at te doen, was om eerlik en regverdig te handel.
Op hierdie manier is die orde bewaar en die chaos verhoed.
Op die terrein van die religie, wat as 'n besondere aspek van die kultuur in die breë
beskou moet word, funksioneer Ma'at in Antieke Egipte as 'n godin. Hierdie godin
was 'n veronderstelde wese in eie reg, met 'n kenmerkende voorkoms, 'n
geskiedenis, en 'n kultus wat deur die farao en die priesters bedien is.
Hoewel die siening van Ma'at in die loop van die lang geskiedenis van Antieke Egipte
aansienlik ontwikkel het, was die idee van die begin van die Egiptiese beskawing
aanwesig, soos 'n groot verskeidenheid inskripsies laat blyk. Die begrip het in hierdie
kultuur van begin tot end 'n bepalende rol bly speel.
Tussen Ma'at en die koningskap in Antieke Egipte was daar 'n besonder nou band.
Ma'at was van wesenlike belang vir die uitvoering van die koninklike amp: dit was
die opdrag van die farao om Ma'at te verwesenlik en daarmee Isfet te vernietig.
Hierdie taak het die farao uitgevoer as hoof van alle kultusse -- deur die daaglikse
offer wat hy in die belang van Ma'at gebring het --, maar ook in die
staatsadministrasie -- deur toe te sien dat amptenare hulle werk doen volgens die
beginsel van Ma'at. In Antieke Egipte is daarvan uitgegaan dat Ma'at nie net in die lewe nie, maar ook in
die dood funksioneer. In die alternatiewe werklikheid wat Antieke Egiptenare van die
dood maak, heers daar ook orde. Ma'at is dus ook daar teenwoordig.
Die wese van Antieke Egipte is nie die strukture, soos die piramides, wat nou nog die
belangstelling gaande maak nie. Dit moet veel eerder gesoek word in die wyse waarop
Ma'at eenheid aan hierdie merkwaardige kultuur gegee het.
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A critical analysis of selected Egyptian bronze artefacts in the National Cultural History Museum (NCHM)Gravett, Venus Felicia 02 1900 (has links)
This dissertation will critically analyse a gilded bronze Osiris statuette from the Middle Kingdom Period. An attempt is made to verify its authenticity, provenance and probable date of origin, while also gathering information which will help in placing the artefact and others like it in their proper cultural context. Furthermore the value of several investigative techniques employed during the course of this research is also explored. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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Understanding the ancient Egyptians : an examination of living creature hieroglyphsRay, Corey Carpenter 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis an exploration is made into whether or not hieroglyphs reflect ideas of
the ancient Egyptians themselves. By examining "living creature" hieroglyphs one
may contemplate why the ancient Egyptian chose a particular manner of depiction.
The manner of depiction can then be examined insofar as what ideas they may
reflect. In this way study into other groups of signs such as those of the
environment may be used to further illuminate the lives and our understanding of
the ancient Egyptian(s).
This thesis begins with an examination of both the problem inherent in such
a task and an overview of some of the "processes" involved. By understanding that a
reconstructed reality, that of the hieroglyph, reflects both real and perceived
characteristics represented in glyphic form, one may seek out the mental
impressions considered relevant to the people themselves.
Next the role literacy played and still plays is discussed. This discussion
includes a brief historical overview of both the history of decipherment and the
"language" of the ancient Egyptians. The importance of "writing", artistic in nature
in Egypt in regards to hieroglyphs, is then discussed as it relates to its use as symbol.
Hieroglyphs are then discussed in their role as art, communication, and language
emphasizing the multitudinous role(s) which they served. The importance is thus
reiterated that hieroglyphs served as a communication of ideas to both the literate
and the "illiterate" in at least a menial manner.
After providing a "background" context of both the world and time of
hieroglyphs and their subsequent "understanding" and interpretation, there is an
analysis of the hieroglyphs for living creatures including the following Gardiner
groupings: (1) mammals, (2) birds, (3) amphibians and reptiles, (4) fish, (5)
invertebrates and lesser animals. The signs are examined in regards to their
function and variations followed by some observations and comments related to the
"structure" and perspective of the sign itself. Summary observations and comments
are then made about each group.
The thesis is then brought full circle by examining the implications of what
hieroglyphs can tell us about the ancient Egyptians, via the perceptive and
communicative role which they played. By understanding hieroglyphs as
"fingerprints" of/from the mind of the people and subsequently their culture, this
framework may provide a new mechanism into understanding the Egyptian via
their own visualization and perceptive nature. A case is then proposed that this new
"mechanism", if it is indeed considered feasible, can be applied to not only the physical world consisting of nature such as the environment, but also to groups
which depict manmade objects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis is die moontlikheid ondersoek dat hierogliewe iets van die
ideewereld van die antieke Egiptenare reflekteer. In die bestudering van "lewende
wese" hierogliewe kom vrae op soos waarom die antieke Egiptenare juis 'n spesifieke
vorm van voorsteIIing verkies het. Die vorm van voorsteIIing kan dan bestudeer
word vir die idees wat dit moontlik mag reflekteer. Ander groepe/velde van tekens,
soos die van die breër omgewing, kan gebruik word om verdere lig te werp op die
lewe van die antieke Egiptenaar(e) en ons verstaan daarvan.
Die tesis begin met 'n bestudering van die inherente probleme in die aanpak
van so 'n taak en 'n oorsig oor sommige van die "prosesse" daarby betrokke. By die
verstaan van die hieroglief as 'n gekonstrueerde realiteit, wat weklike sowel as
afgeleide eienskappe reflekteer, ontdek die ondersoeker daarvan iets van die
persoonlike/kulturele indrukke wat deur hierdie groep mense as relevant ervaar is.
In die volgende afdeling kom die rol van geletterdheid aan die beurt. Hierdie
bespreking sluit 'n bondige historiese oorsig oor die geskiedenis van ontsyfering
asook die taal van die Egiptenare in. Die belang van die "skryfkuns" en veral die
kunsaard daarvan in die Egiptiese hierogliewe word vervolgens bespreek. Dit is
veraI waar soos dit in verhouding staan met die gebruik daarvan as simbool. Die
veelsydige rol(le) en belang van hierogliewe in die kuns, kommunikasie en taal
word dan ondersoek en bespreek. Die klem word daarop gelê dat hierogliewe as die
kommunikasie van idees aan beide die geletterde en "ongeletterde" dien.
Nadat 'n agtergrondkonteks van die wereld en tyd van die hierogliewe en die
daaruitvloeiende "verstaan" en interpretasie daarvan gegee is, word 'n analise van
die "lewende wese" hierogliewe gedoen. Dit sluit die volgende groeperinge van
Gardiner in: (1) soogdiere, (2) voels, (3) amfibiee en reptiele, (4) visse, (5)
invertebrata en kleiner diere. Hierdie hierogliewe word ondersoek in terme van
hulle funksie en variasies, gevolg deur waarnemings en opmerkings aangaande die
"struktuur" en die perspektief van die teken. Opsommende observasies en enkele
opmerkings oor elke groep volg daarna.
Die tesis word afgerond met 'n ondersoek na die implikasies van wat ons kan
wys word uit die hierogliewe aangaande die antieke Egiptenare, via die
perspektiwiese en kommunikatiewe rol wat dit vervuI. Deur hierogliewe te verstaan
as die "vingerafdrukke" van die begrip van hierdie mense kan hierdie raamwerk 'n
nuwe meganisme in die verstaan van die Egiptenaar via die visualisasie en
waarneembare aard daarvan, vorm. 'n Voorstel word gemaak dat hierdie nuwe
"meganisme", indien dit uitvoerbaar is, toegepas kan word, nie net op die hierogliewe van die fisiese wereld bestaande uit die natuur en die omgewing nie,
maar ook op hierogliewe wat mensgemaakte voorwerpe voorstel.
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The legal rights of the women of ancient EgyptFerreira, Andriette 29 February 2004 (has links)
The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt are discussed in this dissertation. All the different aspects of the legal system were examined in order to conclude whether the ancient Egyptian women indeed had legal rights. An inquiry was therefore conducted into the Egyptian Family Law, the Law of Succession, Property Law, Law of Contract and Criminal Law. The modern classification of the law was used, seeing that no evidence exists to provide us with the ancient Egyptians' classification method. / Ancient Languages and cultures / M.A.
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The legal rights of the women of ancient EgyptFerreira, Andriette 29 February 2004 (has links)
The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt are discussed in this dissertation. All the different aspects of the legal system were examined in order to conclude whether the ancient Egyptian women indeed had legal rights. An inquiry was therefore conducted into the Egyptian Family Law, the Law of Succession, Property Law, Law of Contract and Criminal Law. The modern classification of the law was used, seeing that no evidence exists to provide us with the ancient Egyptians' classification method. / Ancient Languages and cultures / M.A.
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La statuaire privée en pierre au Moyen Empire: second départ de la sculpture égyptienneLegrand, Luc January 1972 (has links)
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Representations of social identity and hierarchy in the elite culture of Middle Kingdom EgyptMaitland, Margaret St. Claire January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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