L'objet de ce travail est d'étudier le système de représentation qu'avaient les Égyptiens du cerveau, à travers une recherchelexicographique, incluant textes médicaux et textes funéraires. La connaissance que nous avons de la conception du cerveau, en Égypte ancienne, est notre propre représentation de la leur. Une approche des connaissances médicales, grâce à l'étude des textes médicaux, notamment, le papyrus Edwin Smith, sera confrontée à celle des momies, dont lapathologie cérébrale ou spinale a pu faire l'objet d'un diagnostic rétrospectif. L'étude des textes funéraires, en particulier, le Rituel de l'Embaumement, donnera de nouveaux éléments, permettant la recherche de la signification rituelle du traitement de l'endocrâne, incluant ou non une excérébration, comparée à l'utilité de cette pratique pour la conservation de la momie. Une étude de momies, centrée sur le traitement du crâne, rassemblant « éléments durs » et « éléments mous », complètera les données fournies par les textes égyptiens, à travers une approche de l'évolution des pratiques funéraires. / The object of this work is the study of the system of representation that had the Egyptians about the brain, through a lexicographical research, with medical and funerary texts included. The knowledge that we have from the conception of the brain, in Ancient Egypt, is our own representation of their. An access to medical texts, more particularly, the papyrus EdwinSmith, will be compared with mummies’ study, the cerebral or spinal diseases of whom could be the subject of etrospective diagnosis. The study of funerary texts, particularly, the Embalming Ritual, will give new elements, which allowed the research of ritual signification of skull’s treatment, including or not an excerebration, compared to the usefulness of thispractice for the conservation of the mummy. A study of mummies, focused on skull’s treatment, reassembling « hard elements » and « soft elements », will complete the ideas given by Egyptian texts, through an approach of the evolution of funerary texts.

One of the unsolved problems of modern science is whether the pre-Columbian peoples of the New World developed completely independently of cultural influences from the Old World or if there was a trans-oceanic contact? A number of scientists agree that there are many – and often remarkable – similarities between the cultures of pre-Columbian America and those of the Mediterranean world. Nevertheless, there is no agreement, as yet, on how cultural diffusion can be differentiated from independent invention. Scientific analysis shows that scholarly positions are often strongly pre-formed from paradigms (scientific based assumptions), which tend to hinder consideration of solid scientific data offered by geo-biology and its trans-disciplinary examination of the subject under investigation here. An unambiguous answer to the question, what historical processes led to the emergence of the ancient American agriculture, hasn\'t been given. However, the archaeological discovery of crops with clear trans-oceanic origin, in addition to advances in molecular biology, increasingly support the hypothesis that humans from the distant past influenced each other across the oceans at a much earlier stage. The vegetation and zoo-geography indicate, by numerous examples that some species could only have spread through perhaps unintentional (passive) human transmission [1]. There are two very old crops found in the „New World‟, which contradict the paradigm of a completely independent origin for American agriculture. These are the African Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) and the ancestral cotton species (Gossypium herbaceum L.) of the domesticated spin able sub-genus of tetraploid cotton. The historical spread of both types has been under discussion for decades, especially in respect of trans-oceanic human contact with the American continent. There has also been a debate in the \"Old World\" ever since the discovery of nicotine and cocaine in Egyptian mummies, centering around whether \"New World\" plants (or the ingredients) might have been transmitted in the reverse direction, back to the presumed start in centers of the Ancient World\'s oldest civilizations.

One of the unsolved problems of modern science is whether the pre-Columbian peoples of the New World developed completely independently of cultural influences from the Old World or if there was a trans-oceanic contact? A number of scientists agree that there are many – and often remarkable – similarities between the cultures of pre-Columbian America and those of the Mediterranean world. Nevertheless, there is no agreement, as yet, on how cultural diffusion can be differentiated from independent invention. Scientific analysis shows that scholarly positions are often strongly pre-formed from paradigms (scientific based assumptions), which tend to hinder consideration of solid scientific data offered by geo-biology and its trans-disciplinary examination of the subject under investigation here. An unambiguous answer to the question, what historical processes led to the emergence of the ancient American agriculture, hasn\''t been given. However, the archaeological discovery of crops with clear trans-oceanic origin, in addition to advances in molecular biology, increasingly support the hypothesis that humans from the distant past influenced each other across the oceans at a much earlier stage. The vegetation and zoo-geography indicate, by numerous examples that some species could only have spread through perhaps unintentional (passive) human transmission [1]. There are two very old crops found in the „New World‟, which contradict the paradigm of a completely independent origin for American agriculture. These are the African Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) and the ancestral cotton species (Gossypium herbaceum L.) of the domesticated spin able sub-genus of tetraploid cotton. The historical spread of both types has been under discussion for decades, especially in respect of trans-oceanic human contact with the American continent. There has also been a debate in the \"Old World\" ever since the discovery of nicotine and cocaine in Egyptian mummies, centering around whether \"New World\" plants (or the ingredients) might have been transmitted in the reverse direction, back to the presumed start in centers of the Ancient World\''s oldest civilizations.