Several linguists have noted that eh is a distinct characteristic of Canadian English, e.g., Allen (1959), Avis (1972), and Love (1973). Despite this common observation, little detailed analysis has been done on either eh's syntactic or sociolinguistic distribution. Avis (1972), for example, discusses a number of the syntactic environments of eh, but based on its occurrence in selected works of literature. Thus far there has been no detailed study on the systematic use of eh as it is found in the spoken language, used by a diversity of speakers. This paper gives a grammatical and sociolinguistic analysis of the use of eh, based on data collected in Vancouver, B.C., over a period of four months. The data consist of more than 550 occurrences of eh from 74 informants of various language and social backgrounds. Most informants were native speakers of Canadian English, with the others being primarily speakers of either American or British English. The grammatical analysis presents the syntactic and semantic characteristics of eh and its uses. It is in part based on research on tags (e.g., Huddleston 1970, Cattell 1973), questions (e.g., Hudson 1975), and conversational analysis (e.g., Sacks 1967). Important properties of sentences that determine the analysis and use of eh include syntactic mood, semantic force, and sincerity conditions. Also, eh can only be understood by extending the analysis to include the relation between sentences within a discourse. The sociolinguistic analysis is based on information about the speakers who use eh and on the social context in which it occurs, i.e., formal versus informal usage. Social variables in the use of eh are age, class, sex, regional and language background of the speaker. [Table on eight types of eh] The sociolinguistic analysis indicates that eh is used mostly in informal speech, that some speakers use eh more than others, and that the variables of class and regional background may determine the use of certain types of eh, particularly the Anecdotal eh, which was found to be the most stigmatized form. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

Bacillus cereus est une bactérie à coloration de Gram positive capable de s'adapter à un grand nombre de stress tels que les bas pH ou les bas potentiels d'oxydo-réduction (Eh). Si certains des mécanismes d'adaptation de B. cereus à chacun de ces stress sont connus, les intéractions entre ces deux facteurs sur la physiologie bactérienne n'ont jamais été étudiés. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à l'effet des variations de Eh sur la résistance au stress acide de B. cereus, aux adaptations métaboliques de B. cereus à pH acide et à l'intéraction de cette bactérie avec son environnement redox. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré, dans un premier temps, que la survie de B. cereus au choc acide était légèrement augmentée sous atmosphères à Eh réducteurs par rapport aux atmosphères à Eh oxydants. Nous avons également observé une réorientation majeure du métabolisme de B. cereus exposé à pH acide depuis la fermentation des acides mixtes vers la fermentation butanediolique. Cette réorientation joue vraisemblablement un rôle important dans la résistance au stress acide de B. cereus. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les intéractions de B. cereus avec son environnement redox et nous avons montré l'importance des groupements thiols exofaciaux dans l'activité réductrice de cette bactérie. L'ensemble de ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la physiologie de B. cereus confronté à un stress acide et aux variations de Eh et ouvre la voie à de nombreuses pistes de recherches novatrices. / Bacillus cereus is a Gram positive bacterium able to adapt and survive to numerous stress, including acid stress or oxydo-reduction potential (Eh) variations. Some adaptations are documeted for each of these two stress. However, the interaction between Eh and pH on B. cereus physiology was never studied. Here, we focus on the impact of Eh variation on the acid resistance of B. cereus, on the metabolic adaptation of these bacteria under low pH and on the interaction of bacterial cells with their redox environement. Results obtained demonstrate that the acid survival of B. cereus was slighlty higher under reductive Eh than under oxdative Eh. Concerning acid adaptations, we observed a major metabolic adjustement for cells cultivated at low pH with an important shift from mixed acid fermentation to butanediolic fermentation. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of exofacials thiols groups in the reductive abilities of B. cereus. All these conclusions will help to better understand the response of B. cereus exposed to acid stress and Eh.

Les chimistes organiciens disposent à l'heure actuelle des outils de la biocatalyse afin d'accéder aux produits de la chimie fine et en particulier à des synthons et des molécules optiquement enrichies. Dans ce cadre, le travail de thèse présenté dans ce mémoire a été conduit afin d'enrichir notre connaissance sur une époxyde hydrolase (EH) découverte après analyse métagénomique d'un bio-filtre. Afin de pouvoir mener une étude de mutagénèse dirigée de sorte à améliorer certaines propriétés de cette enzyme appelée Kau2-EH, un modèle de l'enzyme a été élaboré sur la base de la structure tridimensionnelle de l'EH de souris. Le choix de cette matrice fait suite à des études d'inhibition comparées visant à déterminer laquelle des trois EHs, dont la structure tridimensionnelle était connue (pomme de terre, souris, homme) et dont la séquence était proche de celle de Kau2-EH, présentait l’inhibition la plus proche de celle observée pour Kau2-EH. Il avait été montré précédemment que Kau2-EH présentait un intérêt en biocatalyse permettant une résolution cinétique quasi-parfaite de l'oxyde de trans-méthyl-styrène et une transformation énantioconvergente, elle aussi quasi-parfaite, de l'oxyde de cis-méthyl-styrène. Ainsi des études de bioconversion dédiées à l'évaluation de la diversité des substrats de Kau2-EH ont été réalisées. Cette enzyme se révéla être particulièrement performante lors de l'utilisation d'époxydes cis- et trans-1,2-disubstitués portant sur un des atomes de carbone de la fonction époxyde un groupement phényle ou p-méthoxy-phényle et sur l'autre un groupement variable (méthyl- ou éthyl-ester, cyano, bromo- ou chloro-méthyle, phényle). Pour neuf des dix substrats testés des énantiosélectivités très élevées ont été trouvées permettant des résolutions cinétiques quasi-parfaites de huit d'entre eux et la désymétrisation quasi-parfaite du neuvième. Seul le cis-méthyl-glycidate ne fut pas un substrat de Kau2-EH. Dans les neufs cas précédents une réaction préparative à l'échelle du gramme a pu être conduite à très haute concentration en substrat (de 25 à 75 g/L) et sur une courte période de temps (de 1 à 4h) sauf pour l'oxyde de cis-stilbène (24 h). Finalement et afin d'accéder aux constantes cinétiques fondamentale, une étude préliminaire de « stopped-flow » du comportement de Kau2-EH a été réalisée en utilisant l'oxyde de trans-stilbène comme substrat. / Biocatalysis is nowadays an important tool available to organist chemist to get access to fine chemicals and especially enantiomerically enriched synthons and molecules. Within this framework, the PhD work described in this dissertation was conducted in order to get insights about a newly discovered epoxide hydrolase (EH) from a metagenomic analysis of a biofilter. In order to conduct directed mutagenesis on the so-called Kau2-EH, a model of the enzyme was constructed based on the 3D structure of murine EH. The choice of this template was dictated by comparative inhibition studies aimed at differentiating three otherwise closely Kau2-sequence-related EHs with known crystal structure (potato-, murine- and human-EHs) and showing inhibition behavior the closest to the one found for Kau2. The enzyme was previously shown to display interesting biocatalytic properties such a nearly perfect kinetic resolution of trans-methyl-styrene-oxide and a nearly perfect enantioconvergent transformation of cis-methyl-styrene-oxide. Thus, bioconversion studies dedicated to the evaluation Kau2-EH substrate chemical space were undertaken. The enzyme proved to be particularly useful when using 1,2-disubstituted cis- or trans-aromatic epoxides bearing an aromatic ring (phenyl, p-methoxy-phenyl) on one of the epoxide-bearing carbon atom and various chemical groups (methyl- or ethyl-esters, cyano, chloro- or bromo-methyl or phenyl) on the second carbon atom. For nine of the ten tested substrates very high enantioselectivities were observed allowing nearly perfect kinetic resolutions of eight of them and a nearly perfect desymmetrization of the ninth. Only cis-methyl-glycidate proved to be not a substrate of Kau2-EH. In the all other nine cases a preparative scale reaction could be conducted on the 1g scale, at high to very high substrate concentration (25 to 75 g/L) and in short periods of time (1 to 4h) except for cis-stilbene-oxide (24 h). Finally and in order to get access to fundamental kinetic constants, a preliminary stopped-flow analysis of Kau2-EH behavior was undertaken using trans-stilbene-oxide as substrate.

The purpose of this work is identification with theory of EH antennas, do the simulation of one choice of model of EH antenna from literature and this model optimise on required frequency 14 MHz through the use of computer software CST Microwave Studio. The practical part of work is to produce choice model of EH antenna, to mete his properties and to verify use in real traffic. The EH antenna is an electromagnetic electrically short antenna, which can work as a transmitting or receiving antenna. The main characteristic of EH antenna is distributed radiating electromagnetic field, whose electric component E and magnetic component H are mutually crossed and orthogonal. The advantage of EH antennas is, that they have much smaller size on frequencies in order of magnitude MHz in comparison with conventional antennas (e.g. half-wave dipole). Their disavantages are their more complicated construction and tuning of the antenna, which must be made again, when the position of antenna is changed. Therefore the EH antenna is not so suitable for mobile application.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Major em Energia). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

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外商來我國投資設廠後，外商(尤其是美商)在執行勞工安全衛生管理成效比本國類似事業單位優異，一樣的勞工在相同法律下會有如此的差異呢？藉由美商台灣開利股份有限公司與杜邦公司的安全衛生管理實務，來探討其成功的因素。 當然安全衛生管理工作有部分，涉及到ISO機構的基本精神是希望消除各國除關稅以外的貿易障礙，與全球分工與公平競爭部份並非屬於本研究的主題。但就生命的尊重與員工照顧而言是值得我們肯定與借鏡。 他山之石可以攻錯之，外商大部分的員工都是本國同胞，在相同的國家文化與法律制度下，安全衛生績效成果皆比大部分本國的企業優異。我們就可以從幾個安全衛生管理關鍵因素來探討，希望以此探討以期能使我國的企業安全衛生工作更加確實，減少職業災害的發生。讓勞工能從考量自身安全為出發成為最注意本身安全的人，而非一般勞工普遍存在安全衛生是老闆的事，是安全衛生專責人員的事的謬誤。 老實說發生事故造成傷害或是不幸死亡時，是自己最親近的人和自己受到傷害。要保護自己的安全只有靠自己，別人總是沒有辦法隨時盯著你所以安全是必須靠自己的。 一、安全衛生管理 研究探討美商安全衛生管理稽核管理制度，相同的人員與法律制度下，在不同的安全衛生管理系統下所產生的管理結果卻是不同。發現安全衛生管理是屬於生產活動的一部份而且是有系統化的管理工作，是與生產活動相結合的必要行為。 二、勞動檢查機構 專業和有效的稽核檢查工作，使企業推行的安全衛生管理工作可以被專業的安全衛生稽核人員仔細且確實的稽核審查，並在稽核後做確實可行的改善方案，追蹤企業對安全衛生管理做持續改善；讓安全衛生管理工作可被企業確實推行。 三、政府勞動主管單位 以安全衛生成效作為鼓勵投資的項目之一，配合政府採購法、結合商業保險的優惠費率、職業災害保護法的教育訓練與提供實際有效的安全衛生管理技術給本國企業，改善勞工安全衛生管理工作；配合消防法建築法與環保相關法規的修訂來增進「本質安全」的安全衛生管理理念。 四、如何從被動經驗轉換成主動經驗。所謂主動經驗就是我們一般所說的再哪裡跌倒，就要從哪裡爬起來。但是這就必須付出十分慘痛的經驗──例如：受傷、失能傷害、殘廢、嚴重者喪失寶貴的生命。將別人的主動經驗（相對是我們的是被動經驗）轉為我們的主動經驗，就是將被動經驗轉為主動經驗，也就是說不用跌倒也可以學到經驗。就如同經濟活動的進步一般迅速，安全衛生管理是隨著經濟活動而衍生出來，相同的安全衛生管理也應該隨著經濟成長而使得安全衛生管理更有績效。 五、安全衛生管理的教育訓練 美商安全衛生管理的教育訓練是持續的並且是有系統化的會配合安全衛生政策、安全衛生風險評估、事故調查、傷害趨勢與勞動相關法規配合的教育訓練。將一系列安全衛生教育融入事業的生產行事曆中，讓安全教育訓練需求是來自事業體中的各個單位。 並且讓勞工能了解安全衛生工作是在保護勞動者本身安全，唯有自己保護自己才是最上策。經由美商企業的投資可將其安全衛生管理技術在本國紮根，並藉由員工的流動可將安全衛生管理技術傳遞。其實這種經驗的傳遞方式非常類似經濟進步的脈絡，例如：歐美從工業革命至今約200年，經濟發展才有今日的水準，日本約追趕了百年才有今日的成就，台灣像歐美及日本學習約30年就有今日的規模，中國大陸改革開放約10年成長速度之迅速無與倫比。這就是企業投資與經驗迅速傳授的重要例證；相信只要安全衛生管理的成效有如經濟投資般的誘因，也可以讓安全衛生管理系統快速在企業界發展起來。 用以介紹美商安全衛生管理制度優點為借鏡，來找出如何確實做好安全衛生工作；使得勞工安全衛生法律在執行上能確實保護勞工安全與健康；進而減少相關的社會問題，並減少勞資在安全衛生管理的爭議，企業營運成本降低，使得企業獲利增加；國民生產毛額增加，國民的實質所得增加，使我們能與工業先進國家競爭。 其實就整個社會經濟而言，這是個內在成本與外在成本的問題而已。今天企業若只考慮其本身營運成本而部投資在安全衛生上，就等於將其內部成本推給社會（政府），由納稅人來補貼企業投資者，將企業風險轉嫁給社會大眾，雖然企業投資者也可能是納稅人之一。更使得資源分配不均勻。所以說讓企業從事安全衛生的投資也是促進實現社會公平的方法之一。 我們上學讀書就是一種快速的經驗累積，如何將別人的經驗累積成自己的經驗的最快方法就是學習，而且是有系統的學習，就可以非常快速的累積前人的經驗。在安全衛生管理上也是如此，如何讓員工很快速了解危害與危害可能造成的傷害，進而保護自己避免危害到自己的最好方式就是合適的教育訓練和充分的溝通。也就是說他人所犯的錯誤 (我的被動經驗)經由安全衛生管理系統作有系統的事故調查，結構化的事故原因分析，透過宣導溝通管道來讓員工吸收該經驗，並且依照嚴密的管理系統來改善發生事故原因，並透過美商跨國公司宣導管道將改善措施分發給每一家子公司作預防性的管理措施，來抑制職業傷害發生，別人跌倒我們就要小心，不再重蹈覆轍。就是職業災害發生後的事故調查，並且將調查結果與改善方案公告週知，事故單位的經驗就轉成其他單位的主動經驗。可迅速從相關單位得到相關經驗，也就是說不用跌倒也可以得到經驗。 在本文中會再詳細討論將被動經驗傳承為主動經驗的有效方法與實例。並以成功案例作為本研究之範例來詳細說明。 / Why are the American companies’ branches in Taiwan that is good for Environment, Health & Safety management system than local companies? These are same employees and regulations in Taiwan, but different performance result of Environment, Health & Safety (EH&S) management system. That is this paper to research approaches. I have been worked at Carrier Taiwan and position in EH&S coordinator. I try to study and find out American companies as Carrier Taiwan Co., Ltd and Du Pont Taiwan Co., Ltd. Environment, Health & Safety management systems practice advantages. Moreover, introduce them to local companies to learn it and improvement Environment, Health & Safety management system. Then let local companies reduce occupational injury, further approach to save company compensation expenses. Other issues are suggestion government relevant departments to quick get experiences to amend laws and regulations to improve local companies Environment, Health & Safety management system performance. Protect labors to keep away injury and illness is my paper study approach.

Electro-Hydraulic (EH) systems are commonly used in the industry for applications that require high power-weight ratios and large driving forces. The EH system studied in this master thesis have recently been upgraded with new hardware components and as a part of this upgrade a new controller was requested. The system consists of a controller that computes a control signal for an electric motor. The motor drives a gear pump that generates a flow of hydraulic fluid. The flow is then directed to a cylinder. The movements of a piston in the cylinder is affected by the flow and the piston position can be measured. The measured piston position is then fed back to the controller and the control loop is complete. The system was previously controlled using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller and the purpose of this thesis is to compare the old controller with alternative control strategies suitable for this application. The evaluation of the controllers is based on both software and hardware simulations and results in a recommendation for final implementation of the best suited controller. The control strategies chosen for investigation are: a retuned PID controller, a PID controller with feed forward from reference, a PID based cascade controller, a Linear Quadratic (LQ) controller, and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC). To synthesize the controllers an approximate model of the system is formed and implemented in the software environment Matlab Simulink. The model is tuned to fit recorded data and provides a decent estimation of the actual system. The proposed control strategies are then simulated and evaluated in Simulink with the model posing as the real system. These simulations resulted in the elimination of the cascade controller as a possible candidate since it proved unstable for large steps in the reference signal. The remaining four controllers were all selected for simulation on the real hardware system. Unfortunately the MPC was never successfully implemented on the hardware due to some unknown compatibility error and hence eliminated as a possible candidate. The three remaining control strategies, PID, PID with feed forward from reference and the LQ controller, were all successfully implemented and simulated on hardware. The results from the hardware simulations compared to simulations made with the old controller, as well as the results from the software simulations, were then evaluated. Depending on the purpose one of two control strategies is recommended for this application. The LQ controller achieved the best overall performance and is presented as the control strategy best suited for this application.