In 1817, the then fourteen-year old bank, Malmö diskont, was the target of a bank run and the bank had to close. It had already been put under government control, due to mismanagement in the last few years of its existence. At the time, Malmö diskont was one of three privately owned banks and all three had to close as a result of a loss of confidence and bank runs also on the other two banks. Thus, private banks, with their roots in the 18th century disappeared, with noticeable economic repercussions. Although there was an unofficial credit market, consisting of the merchants and private bankers, (in addition to the government-owned Riksens Ständers Bank) it took a long time to restore confidence in privately owned commercial banks. This Licentiate thesis deals with this financial crisis in Sweden in 1817. The purpose is to describe this crisis from an institutional perspective and incorporate both formal and informal institutions to help explain why this crisis occurred. The basic assumption is that institutions both set the limits for individuals’ actions and sometimes direct them towards actions. The research questions were aimed at answering what institutions existed, to analyze the qualitative aspects of the institutions and try to answer how they may have influenced the actions of the Malmö diskont management. The results show that institutions at the time both influenced and paved the way for the dubious management of the bank in its last years. Sometimes, institutions widened the perceived area of discretion; at others, it curtailed the freedom of action to such an extent that the rules of the institutional framework became virtually unmanageable. The broader contribution of my research is to add to the theory of financial crises, how both explicit and implicit rules of the game contribute to crises. / QC 20101117

No description available.

No description available.

I denna b-uppsats testas Lennart Schöns byggcykelteori genom att löneinkomster för arbetare inom byggnadsindustrin jämförs med träindustriarbetares och järn- stål- och kopparverksarbetares löneinkomster. Antagandet för uppsatsen är att om byggcykelteorin stämmer så kommer den reala löneutvecklingen följa ett cykliskt mönster som sträcker sig över en 20-årsperiod. Det kommer vidare att gå att urskilja ett samband mellan löneinkomster för byggnadsarbetare och träindustriarbetare respektive järn- stål- och kopparverksarbetare. Jämförelsen görs över åren 1913-1948 och all inkomstdata som används är hämtad från Historiska Lönedatabasen HILD, och åren har valts ut eftersom det för dessa år finns uppgifter om årsinkomst för samtliga kategorier. Jämförelsen görs både i fasta och rörliga priser.   I undersökningen kommer jag fram till att löneutvecklingen för de olika yrkesgrupperna verkar följas åt relativt väl. Däremot går det inte att urskilja något cykliskt mönster av den typ som Lennart Schön själv beskriver. Däremot finns ett visst cykliskt mönster som inte följer det förutbestämda tidsintervallet. Dessa resultat ger inget direkt stöd till Schöns byggcykelteori, men uppsatsens undersökning är samtidigt för liten för att den skall kunna ligga till grund för att teorin förkastas helt. Slutsatsen i uppsatsen blir därför att det krävs vidare forskning på olika aspekter av ekonomin för att kunna avgöra huruvida byggcykelteorin bör förkastas eller ej.

Denna uppsats undersöker motiven bakom byggandet av fjärrvärmesystem i Tre svenska städer. Sopförbränningsanläggningen Ålidhemsverket i Umeå, samt det fjärrvärmesystem som är kopplat till anläggningen, och fjärrvärmesystemen i Karlstad och Mjölby. I fallet Ålidhemsanläggningen var Umeås växande befolkning, med ökad befolkningstäthet som följd en viktig faktor. Politikerna menade att luftföroreningarna till följd av eldning för bostadsvärme riskerade bli omfattande. Även sophanteringen väntades bli problematisk i takt med att staden blev större. När stadsdelen Ålidhem skulle byggas under 1960-talet uppstod ett läge där värme från sopdestruktion kunde användas. Miljonprogramssatsningen var en av de stora anledningarna till att fjärrvärmesystem byggdes i många svenska städer. De tre städerna byggde sina respektive system i olika tider varför det är intressant att jämföra dessa tre fall. Karlstads fjärrvärmesystem var det första i Sverige och stod klart under sent 1940-tal, Umeå byggde sitt under sent 1960-tal medan byggandet i Mjölby skedde under 1980-talet. I Karlstads fall var det behovet av extrakraft som ledde till byggande av kraftvärmeverk, och sedan fjärrvärmesystem. I Umeå var miljöaspekterna centrala. I Mjölby bestod drivkrafterna i stor utsträckning av statligt förd energipolitik i tiden efter oljekriserna, då politikerna hade för avsikt att minska landets beroende av fossila bränslen.

For the largest part of the 20th century a majority of all married women in Sweden worked as unpaid houseworkers. Although time-consuming and filled with much drudgery, little attention was brought to their work. The aim of this study is to examine what strategies a key actor, the National Association of Swedish Housewives Societies (NASHS), worked according to in order to increase the efficiency and status of unpaid housework, and how the strategies of the association were affected by their idea of the houseworker – the housewife. The study looks closer at the ideological foundations and goals of the NASHS, what activities they conducted at the local level in order to achieve their goals and how NASHS’s idea of the housewife and the industrialization of housework changed over time. The study is limited to the period 1926 to 1968.Housework was industrialized during the 20th century through household technology. The technology simplified housework and eliminated drudgery. However, it did not reduce married women’s housework hours. The study shows how NASHS actively tried to increase efficiency by promoting rationality and new technology in articles and through activities at the local level. Although, one of the greatest conclusions of the study is that NASHS on its own contributed to the conservation of housework hours. The association constructed an ideal that forced housewives to work more and do better in order to give their children a good upbringing and a satisfying childhood. Time saved by technology was supposed to be spent on other chores, such as raising the standard of living and becoming a better mother. The result thus makes an important contribution to the research of the industrialization of housework by relating a key actor to the development.

This study examines paternalism in the northern Swedish company town of Robertsfors between 1920-1940. The company Robertsfors AB (RAB) was the sole employer and constructed a paternalistic relationship with its workers. Seth M Kempe (CEO 1897-1928), the first patriarch, built a comprehensive paternalistic relationship as part of a larger strategy of company independence. This stretched from corporate housing to funding of various initiatives and organizations. Erik Kempe (CEO 1928-1948) changed strategy towards profitability and during his reign the paternalistic relationship began to dismantle. Larger societal and economic forces, such as the 1930s recession, also impacted the historical trajectory of RAB. Two labor unions, a cultural organization and two local municipalities are studied. The results show that the company dismantled the paternalistic relationship beginning in the early 1930s and gave more responsibility over to the municipality. Interestingly, the worker’s fought to hinder the company’s efforts to dismantle the system, showing that they wanted to preserve the paternalistic relationship. This empirical study has theoretical implications showing that the dismantling of the system did not come from the worker’s movement, but rather through a change in company policy. Lastly, this study shows that industrial paternalism survived in Sweden well into the nineteen thirties.

A functioning health care system is important and expected by the society to meet the populations expectations and needs. This requires financial as well as human resources. But what is the bigger issue if the health care spends a lot of money on medical locum. The big expense, or the fact that it is necessary?After 1990 several sectors were re-regulated in Sweden, which led to the sectors being less controlled by the state while expanding in the private sector. This essay is going to examine how the re-regulations of the employment services and the health care sector affect each other. The purpose is to investigate why the concept of locum doctors has become more common in the health care during the period 2004-2018. The result is based on material from a national project about the subject as well as material from a region. It shows that the need for locum doctors exist because of difficulties recruiting in certain areas within health care, such as primary care and psychiatry. Even the geographic location seems to be a factor. It is mainly the long-term need of staff which is solved by hiring locum doctors that is seen as problematic.

No description available.

No description available.