The main goal of this Diploma´s Thesis is to make a model for calculation of water and sewer rates for the company Vodovody a kanalizace Náchod, a.s. when sticking to the set criteria both from the side of VaK Náchod, a.s. and law regulations. Based on the theoretical part an analysis of customer sensitivity to the price changes using the data for last 20 years follows. Findings from the first two parts are used in risk analysis in next part. The created model calculates the water and sewer rates based on the information from the company accounting system in the way to generate sufficient financial resources to fulfill the renovation plan of infrastructural property plant and equipment and to transfer given amount to the company funds. In addition, the model monitors whether the legal condition of maximal allowable increase of profit per m3 is met. In the customer sensitivity to the price changes part the price elasticity of demand for water and sewer rates is calculated based on the data from 1995 to 2015. The assumption of inelastic demand is confirmed. Risk analysis part is deals with potential risk regarding the demand and prices. Potential impacts for the most significant risk are quantified. The analysis uses knowledge gained in the first two parts. It was confirmed that potential risks are exiting but do not have any significant impact on the going concern of VaK Náchod, a.s. The created model has been already used for the calculation of prices for the year 2017. Customer sensitivity analysis to the price changes and link to the potential risks is an additional information for VaK Náchod, a.s. which validates that nowadays, there are no significant threats which could affect the demand and water and sewer rates significantly.

Une analyse du comportement thermomécanique du caoutchouc naturel est réalisée en combinant deux techniques d'imagerie quantitative. La corrélation d'images visibles sert à estimer les déformations puis l'énergie de déformation alors que des images infrarouges permettent d'estimer, via l'équation de diffusion, les quantités de chaleur mise en jeu. La construction de bilans d'énergie montre alors l'importance relative des mécanismes dissipatifs et de couplage thermomécanique. A basse fréquence pour de faibles déformations, les résultats permettent de retrouver le fameux effet d'inversion thermoélastique. A déformation plus importante, les résultats montrent une compétition sur le plan énergétique entre élasticité entropique et mécanismes de cristallisation/fusion sous contrainte. Aucun effet dissipatif significatif n'est détecté à basse comme en haute fréquence alors que dans chaque cas, sur le plan mécanique, une aire d'hystérésis caractérise la réponse cyclique du matériau. / An analysis of the thermomechanical behavior of the natural rubber is carried out by combining two quantitative imaging techniques. The digital image correlation of visible images is used to estimate the strain and then the deformation energy whereas infrared images make it possible to estimate, via the heat equation, the amounts of heat involved in the material transformation. The construction of energy balance enables us to determine the relative importance of the dissipative and thermomechanical coupling mechanisms. For low frequency and low extension ratio, the results show the famous thermoelastic inversion effect. From an energy standpoint, a competition between entropic elasticity and stress-induced crystallization/fusion mechanisms is observed for more significant extension ratios. No significant dissipative effect can be detected at low or high loading frequency whereas in each case, a stress-strain hysteresis characterizes the cyclic response of the material.

Les comportements mécaniques des films minces polycristallins sont encore mal compris à l'échelle sub-micronique. En particulier des hétérogénéités locales de déformation importantes sont attendues, mais elles restent difficile à quantifier expérimentalement. Les nouvelles possibilités offertes par les micro-faisceaux synchrotron de rayons X ont donc été utilisées dans ce travail pour éclairer cette problématique.Une réflexion de Bragg provenant d'un grain unique sub-micronique a été acquise avec une très bonne résolution dans l'espace réciproque en trois dimensions lors d'un cycle thermique. Les propriétés de cohérence du faisceau ont été utilisées pour reconstruire à trois dimensions une composante du champ de déplacement intra-grain avec une résolution d'une vingtaine de nanomètres dans les trois directions. Cette technique est basée sur des algorithmes de reconstruction de phase qui néanmoins connaissent des stagnations dans le cas des échantillons fortement déformés. Une méthodologie basée sur la connaissance de la forme du grain a donc été développée pour contourner ces difficultés. Des analyses complémentaires de diffraction X de laboratoire et de microdiffraction monochromatique ont également mis en évidence des hétérogénéités importantes de déformation entre les différents grains. / Strain heterogeneities in polycrystalline thin films are of great interest in technology because many fabrication and reliability problems are stress related. Nevertheless measuring local strains in sub-micron grains remains a real experimental challenge. This thesis is focused on recent and promising results in the field of strain measurements in small dimensions via X-ray micro-diffraction. A 3D mapping of 111 Bragg reflection from a Au sub-micron single grain was measured during a thermal cycle. Coherent properties of the beam has been used to retrieve a component of the displacement field in 3D from this single grain with a resolution around 17x17x22 nm via phase retrieval procedures. However algorithms do not always converge when the grain is highly strained. Thus alternative techniques are proposed and tested to overcome this stagnation. Complementary results from laboratory diffraction and micro 3D X-Ray Diffraction have also been analysed to compare strain at different scales. Strong strain heterogeneities has been evidenced between grains.

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trinca_AlexJulio_M.pdf: 4149749 bytes, checksum: 34fcccdf02d4f1b0b171e121e4eb5ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: é praticamente toda exportada em sua forma in natura sem que a ela seja agregado valor de beneficiamento. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela indústria moveleira é o fato da madeira não ser submetida à classificação, dificultando a elaboração de projetos e a certificação da qualidade do móvel confeccionado a partir deste material. Nesse contexto as empresas moveleiras brasileiras buscam parâmetros para composição e certificação de seu produto, sendo atualmente a norma brasileira ¿Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira¿ ¿ NBR 7190/97, o único instrumento norteador para a caracterização de propriedades da madeira. No entanto, nesse setor as dificuldades para a obtenção de corpos-de-prova nas dimensões especificadas por esse texto normativo têm gerado dúvidas quanto aos resultados de caracterização de propriedades, de maneira que este trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se os valores do módulo de elasticidade e da tensão de ruptura no ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras podem ser considerados estatisticamente equivalentes, desde que sejam mantidas a proporcionalidade da dimensão do corpo-de-prova. Para isso adotou-se, como alternativa ao corpo-de-prova proposto pela NBR 7190/97, a dimensão 0,03 m x 0,03 m x 0,09 m. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando-se 7 diferentes espécies de madeira com densidades variadas, buscando-se, com essa amostragem, a generalização dos resultados. Como objetivo secundário se buscou avaliar a influência das dimensões do corpo-de-prova e da freqüência do transdutor na velocidade de propagação de ondas de ultra-som na direção longitudinal. As espécies adotadas foram: Cerejeira (Torresea sp), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba) , Cabreúva-vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apuleia leiocarpa), Eucalipto grandis ( Eucalyptus grandis) e Pinus elliotti (Pinus elliottii). Todos os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados com aproximadamente 12% de umidade e os ensaios foram realizados em ambiente controlado (21° C ± 1°C). Os resultados permitiram concluir que a hipótese foi verdadeira para todas as espécies estudadas quando se considera a tensão de ruptura / Abstract: Most of the exported wood in Brazil is unprocessed, without any aggregated value. To change this scenario technology for wood processing and qualification are required. One of the problems faced by the furniture industry refers to the non classification of the wood, which cause difficulties to projects elaboration and quality certification of the furniture made from this material. In this context the Brazilian Industries of furniture seek for parameters to certificate its products, and the NBR 7190/97 standard ¿Project of Structures of Wood " is, nowadays, the only instrument for the characterization of wood properties. However, for the furniture industry it is very difficult to obtaining the dimensions specified by the standard. This research had as main objective to verify if the means values of the modulus of elasticity and rupture in compression parallel to the grain can be considerate statistically equal, when smaller specimen are used, if the proportionality is maintained. For that it was adopted, as alternative to the specimen proposed by NBR 7190/97, the dimension 0.03 x 0.03 x 0.09 m. For the experiments there were used 7 different species with varied densities. The secondary objective was to evaluate the influence of the specimen size and of the transducer frequency in the speed of ultrasound wave propagation in the longitudinal direction. The adopted species were: Cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba), Cabreúva vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apulleia leiocarpa), Eucalyptus grandis, (Eucalyptus grandis) and Pinus ellioti (Pinus elliottii). All specimens were tested with approximately 12% moisture content and were accomplished in controlled atmosphere (21° C ± 1°C). The results allowed concluding that the hypothesis was true for all the studied species when the rupture in compression parallel to the grain was considered. For the module of elasticity this hypothesis was not confirmed for two species, from the seven evaluated (garapeira e eucalipto). Although, the mean difference between the results obtained in the tests using both specimens size was 10%, smaller then the maximum allowed variability in mechanical tests (18%). For the ultrasonic velocity propagation four species did not presents statistical variation with the modification of the size of the specimens - cerejeira, garapeira, pinus and eucalyptus while for the perobinha, angico and cabreúva the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation could not be considered statistically equal when the dimension of the specimens was modify. On average (considering all the studied species) the relationship among the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation (VLL) in normalized specimen and in proposed specimen was 0.99, being respectively the maximum and the lower relationships of 1.02 and 0.93. The velocity of wave propagation presents larger variations for values of length of wave percolation/wave length (L/?) up to 3, being more constant above that limit. It was also possible to verify, for the studied species, that the velocity of wave propagation increases with the increase of the transducer frequency. Key words: modulus of elasticity of wood; compression strength parallel to the fiber; ultrasonic wave velocity; dynamic constant / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Researches on alloy elements such as niobium and silicon have been added to titanium alloys as an alternative for new materials to be used in orthopedic implants, once they present biocompatibility and favor reductions in the elasticity modulus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the phase transformations, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the Ti-Nb and Ti-Nb-Si alloys for biomedical applications. The results showed that Si addition is effective to stabilizing the £] phase, which also acts as a ç suppressor, and to produce grain refinement. In all samples, the hardness values increased with the increasing of Si content, while the elastic modulus was reduced in the Ti-15Nb-xSi and Ti-35Nb-xSi alloys; however, for Ti-40Nb-xSi samples increased with the increasing of Si content. Lower elastic moduli were observed in water-quenched Ti-35Nb-xSi alloys, for which tensile tests and corrosion resistance were performed. The increase in Si concentration also produced an increase in the alloys mechanical strength. Ti-35Nb-0,55Si alloy, however, showed brittle mechanical behavior which was related to the presence of silicides, referred as (Ti,Nb)3Si, at the grain boundaries. Corrosion tests showed that the alloys exhibit high resistance in the studied environment. The results suggest that the Ti-35Nb-0,35Si alloys presents the best combination of properties: good mechanical strength, low elastic modulus and excellent corrosion resistance. / Elementos de liga como niobio e silicio tem sido adicionados a ligas de titanio como uma alternativa na busca de novos materiais para implantes ortopedicos, visto que apresentam biocompatibilidade e favorecem a reducao do modulo de elasticidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as transformacoes de fases, propriedades mecanicas e de resistencia a corrosao de ligas dos sistemas Ti-Nb e Ti-Nb-Si para aplicacoes biomedicas. Os resultados mostraram que a adicao de Si foi efetiva na estabilizacao da fase £], o qual tambem atua como supressor de ç, alem de produzir refinamento de grao. Em todas as amostras estudadas, os valores de dureza se elevaram com o aumento do teor de Si, enquanto que o modulo de elasticidade sofreu uma reducao nas ligas dos grupos Ti-15Nb-xSi e Ti-35Nb-xSi; no entanto, para as amostras Ti-40Nb-xSi foi verificado um aumento de seus valores com a elevacao do teor de Si. Menores modulos de elasticidade foram observados nas ligas Ti-35Nb-xSi resfriadas em agua, para as quais foram realizados ensaios de tracao e de resistencia a corrosao. Foi observado que o aumento da concentracao de Si tambem produziu um aumento na resistencia mecanica das ligas, entretanto, a liga com 0,55% de Si, apresentou comportamento mecanico fragil atribuido a presenca de silicetos, indicados como (Ti,Nb)3Si nos contornos de graos. Os ensaios de corrosao mostraram que as ligas apresentaram uma alta resistencia no meio estudado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a liga Ti-35Nb-0,35Si apresenta a melhor combinacao de propriedades: boa resistencia mecanica, baixo modulo de elasticidade e excelente resistencia a corrosao.

PROPOSIÇÃO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi apresentar a magnitude e a constância das forças liberadas por fios ortodônticos de níquel-titânio, usados para a correção dos apinhamentos dentários. Outro objetivo foi comparar os dois meios mais utilizados de avaliação da deflexão elástica destes fios: o teste de 3 pontos e o dispositivo de simulação clínica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 11 grupos de fios de liga predominantemente de níquel-titânio, calibre 0,014, de 6 marcas diferentes (Abzil convencional e termoativado; GAC convencional e termoativado; Morelli convencional e termoativado; Ormco CuNiTi; Orthometric convencional e termoativado e Orthosource convencional e termoativado), em teste de deflexão elástica, nas deflexões de 0,5; 1; 2 e 3mm. Uma máquina de ensaio universal INSTRON 3342, com célula de carga de 10N foi utilizada e, como protocolo, foi seguida a norma ISO 15.841. Para a análise estatística dos resultados foram utilizados os testes: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para conferir se havia normalidade; teste t independente, para comparação dos resultados do teste de 3 pontos e dos resultados do dispositivo; e o teste ANOVA seguido do teste de Tukey, para comparações entre grupos. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística entre os resultados gerados pelo teste de 3 pontos e os gerados pelo dispositivo. Por ser o teste indicado pela norma ISO citada, somente os resultados do teste de 3 pontos foram considerados. Todos os fios estudados apresentaram pseudoelasticidade em uma faixa de variação de força de até 40cN. Os grupos Abzil convencional, GAC convencional, Morelli termoativado, Ormco CuNiTi e Orthometric convencional apresentaram força dentro de uma faixa considerada ótima para a indução da movimentação dentária (50cN-100cN). Os fios termoativados liberaram forças mais leves que seus pares convencionais. CONCLUSÕES: Dentre os grupos estudados, aqueles que apresentaram pseudoelasticidade, forças dentro de uma faixa considerada ótima e homogeneidade de amostra, foram os grupos Morelli termoativado e Ormco CuNiTi. / OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to present the magnitude and the constancy of the forces released by nickel-titanium orthodontic wires, used to treat dental crowding. Another purpose was to compare the most usual types of bending tests used to evaluate these wires: 3-point test and clinical simulation device. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven groups of orthodontic nickel-titanium wires, caliber 0.014, of 6 different brands (Abzil conventional and heat-activated; GAC conventional and heat-activated; Morelli conventional and heat-activated; Ormco CuNiTi; Orthometric conventional and heat-activated and Orthosource conventional and heat-activated) were tested by bending test, at deflections of 0.5; 1; 2 and 3mm. A universal testing machine INSTRON 3342 with a 10N load cell was used and, in order to standardize the tests, the ISO 15.841 regulation was followed. Statistical analysis was performed using the subsequent tests: Kolmogorov-Smirnov to verify normality; independent t test to compare the results of the 3-point test and the results derived from the device, and ANOVA followed by the Tukey test for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the results of the 3-point test and the device. As indicated by the ISO regulation, only the results from the 3-point bending test were considered. All groups were classified as pseudoelastic, within a load range of 40cN, at maximum. The groups Abzil conventional, GAC conventional, Morelli heat-activated, Ormco CuNiTi and Orthometric conventional released load within optimum range (50cN-100cN). Heatactivated wires released lower load compared to conventional wire of the same brand. CONCLUSIONS: Among the groups evaluated those that presented pseudoelasticity, load within a range considered optimal, in a homogeneous manner, were Morelli heat-activated and Ormco CuNiTi.

The diploma thesis deals with the observation of the values of selected parameters (especially the static modulus of elasticity) of light-weight concrete in compression before and after multiple cyclic loading. The deformation of test specimens during multiple cyclic loading were measured with resistive strain gauges. Test specimens (cylinders with a diameter of 150 mm and height of a 300 mm) were cyclically loaded and up to 4 500 loading cycles were performed. The aim of this thesis is assessment changes in the values of static modulus of elasticity depending on the number of loading cycles.

This diploma thesis is focused on building survey and evaluating of the state of the three-storey industrial hall. The diploma thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part is described a common procedure for evaluation of the state of existing structures, methods used in diagnostics (selected ones - more detailed), advantages and disadvantages of methods. In the practical part is carried out construction and technical survey of the industrial hall, the concrete strength evaluation and verification of presence and type of reinforcement. At the end of the work - evaluation of objects.

The first part of this diploma thesis is about late and current methods used in Engineering surveys. The theoretical part is focused on description of individual testing methods and their evaluation based on relevant standarts. Detailed description of diagnostic methods is dependent on methods used in a practical part. The practical part is focused on defining of material characteristics of used materials and way of reinforcing of reinforced concrete elements. Based on those defined pieces of information the static recalculation of girder and pile was made.

The diploma thesis deals with different methods of determining levels of degradation of concrete due to freezing, also considering the options of freeze thaw resistance determination in structure. At first the properties of concrete and possible mechanisms of concrete degradation are described – mainly the effects of freezing water in the inner structure and of the combination of freezing water and de-icing chemicals on the surface. Principle and properties of air-entrained concrete are also mentioned. An overview of the approaches that current standards use to determine the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete is listed, followed by description of the tests that are used on air-entrained concrete specimens in the main part of the thesis. A portion of the test specimens was made in moulds while the rest was obtained from structure (concrete block). The non-destructive tests used are evaluated in several different ways and their results are compared with the destructive tests. Comparison and evaluation of different approaches used to determine the freeze-thaw resistence of concrete are the main outcome of this thesis.