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In the spring of 2007, the Women’s Foundation of California and the California Endowment created what would become the Elder Women’s Initiative, (EWI) which focuses on building a social movement for elder women and their allies with specific attention to healthcare and economic security. This study is largely descriptive and focuses on how state and non-state actors participated in the Elder Women’s Initiative. I looked at ways in which their unique roles can shape the scope of the movement and in what capacity the notion of advocacy is defined. I used feminist and social movements theory to frame my study. The data collection was multi-phased: the first was interviews with state leaders at the policy and community-based level, and the second was “Speak-Outs” or community listening sessions in three geographic areas in California. During the Speak-Outs, which recruited elder women and their allies from low-income communities in California, the women were able to testify about their experiences with the aging process. They also spoke with policymakers about how to collaborate in building the movement. While the Elder Women’s Initiative raised more questions than it answered, participants identified several concrete recommendations were identified about how to build the movement. The current political landscape in California is fraught with tension over the recent budget crises. It is important for future researchers to examine the ways in which the EWI fits into the policy process and how women across California can experience dignified and healthy aging. / text

This thesis examines the impacts of adult HIV/AIDS related mortality on elderly women and their households in Agincourt, a rural area in the north-eastern part of South Africa. It focuses specifically on demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural impacts of adult AIDS and non-AIDS illness/death on near-old women aged 50-59 and older women aged 60 and above. The study uses the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS) 2004 census data which contains some history about individuals and their households (e.g. household mortality experience between 1992 and 2004). The AHDSS dataset is used to examine elderly female household headship and its relationship with, firstly, pension status and secondly, adult AIDS/non-AIDS mortality, through statistical analyses. Also, the AHDSS census data is utilised as a sampling frame to select a random sample of 60 households in which 30 women aged 50-59 and 30 women aged 60-75 lived, for the qualitative part of this study. The sample was made up of 20 women who lived in households that had experienced an HIV/AIDS death between 2001 and 2003, 20 women that lived in households where another type of adult death had occurred, and 30 women in households with no adult death during the period. The findings from the quantitative analyses of the AHDSS dataset reveal that there is no significant relationship between adult AIDS/non-AIDS death and elderly female household headship. Further findings, however, show that elderly female household headship is strongly associated with pension status, thereby suggesting that pension grant is a determining factor in the household headship status of elderly women. One implication of this is that elderly female household heads who are pensioners may be able to cope better with HIV/AIDS impacts as findings from the qualitative data demonstrate that pensioners (older women) are more likely, than non-pensioners (near-old women), to have access to coping strategies, which enable them to deal with the financial crises of adult illness/death in their households. There is, therefore, the need for programmes to target near-old women, who experience the financial impact of adult morbidity/mortality like their older peers. iii Further findings from the qualitative data explicate secondary stigma as a socio-cultural impact of adult HIV/AIDS on elderly women who are caregivers to infected children. Findings also highlight different types of secondary stigma such as physical stigma in the form of separation from family members and social stigma in the form of social isolation. The study suggests that there is need for intervention programmes that address the issue of secondary stigma as it makes caregiving responsibilities more burdensome for elderly women.

O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno global que tem sido observado nas últimas décadas. O Censo de 2000 identificou 10 milhões de brasileiros com idades acima de 65 anos, estimando que, até 2030, deverão atingir uma população de 25 milhões de idosos. As conseqüências do crescente número de idosos implicam o aumento das demandas sociais que deverão representar um grande desafio sócio-econômico para o país, exigindo o desenvolvimento de políticas para disponibilizar uma rede de serviços capaz de assegurar os direitos básicos às pessoas idosas. A concentração de esforços realizados por diferentes especialidades buscou aumentar o conhecimento sobre o envelhecimento, criando recursos para a manutenção da independência e autonomia dos indivíduos idosos. Há um consenso sobre os benefícios psicossociais e fisiológicos advindos da prática regular de exercícios físicos, comprovando mudanças de valores e de hábitos em relação à saúde, independente da idade das pessoas. Estudos com idosos mostraram que a participação em algum tipo de atividade física potencializou ganhos físicos, mentais e um expressivo ganho no convívio social e estado de ânimo. Este estudo objetivou construir e validar escalas de atitudes para idosos, com base em medidas sobre crenças e valores frente ao Convívio Social, segundo o modelo bipolar proposto por Fishbein e Ajzen. Foi realizado um estudo piloto com 14 pessoas, homens e mulheres com mais de 60 anos, escolaridade mínima correspondente ao ensino fundamental, em condições físicas e mentais favoráveis para participar na pesquisa. Inicialmente foram identificadas crenças salientes modais em entrevistas focalizadas no convívio social. Baseado nestes dados foram construídas escalas bipolares, do tipo Likert, em sete pontos sobre probabilidade e avaliação, variando entre -3 e +3, tendo 0 como ponto central. Tais escalas foram administradas em 210 sujeitos do sexo feminino com idades superiores a 60 anos, participantes, na maioria, de um Programa de Integração Comunitário de Ribeirão Preto. Os dados foram processados no programa estatístico SPSS, para identificar Componentes Principais, tomando-se como critério uma saturação acima de .45 e eigenvalue superior a 1.00. Com base nestes estudos, foram identificados alguns conteúdos relacionados a Crenças Teleológicas/Espiritualidade ( = .91), Socialização/Continuidade ( = .82), Sabedoria/Amparo ( = .76), Condições de Vida/Sobrevivência ( = .75), Convívio Familiar ( = .73) e Trabalho /Ativação ( = .66). / Population aging is a global phenomenon that has been observed in recent decades. The 2000 demographic Census identified 10 million Brazilians aged over than 65 years, estimating that by 2030 they should reach a population of 25 million elderly people. The consequences of the elderly people increasing number result in social demands increase that should represent a major socio-economic challenge for the country, requiring the development of policies in order to provide a services network capable of ensuring the basic rights for the elderly. The concentration of efforts by different specialties sought to increase knowledge about aging, creating resources for the maintenance of independence and autonomy of older persons. There is a consensus on the physiological and psychosocial benefits arising out of regular physical exercises, showing changes in values and habits with regard to health independent of people age. Studies with elderly showed that participation in some type of physical activity potentiated physical and mental gains and a significant gain in social living and mood. This study aimed to develop and validate attitudes scales for use in elderly, based on beliefs and values measures toward the Social Living, according to the bipolar model proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen. A pilot study was carried out with 14 people, men and women over 60 years, minimum education corresponding to primary education, in physical and mental conditions favorable in order to participate in research. Initially modal salient beliefs were identified in interviews focused on social living. Based on these data were constructed bipolar type Likert scales in seven points about probability and evaluation, ranging from -3 to +3, with 0 as the central point. These scales were applied in 210 women aged over 60 years, most participants in the Community Integration Program of Ribeirão Preto. The data were processed in SPSS statistic program to identify principal components, using saturation above .45 and eigenvalue greater than 1.00 as criterion. Based on these studies, some contents were identified and related to Teleological Beliefs/Spirituality ( = .91), Socialization/Continuity ( = .82), Wisdom/Hold ( = .76), Life Conditions/Survival ( = .75), Family Living ( = .73) and Work/Activation ( = .66).

Šlapimo nelaikymas – dažnas vyresnio amžiaus moterų nusiskundimas. Įvairių autorių duomenimis šlapimo nelaikymo dažnis tarp vyresnio amžiaus moterų yra nuo 19 iki 65 proc. Populiacijai senstant, daugėja ir šlapimo nelaikančių žmonių. Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti šlapimo nelaikymo paplitimą, jo rizikos veiksnius ir su juo susijusią gyvenimo kokybę tarp pagyvenusio amžiaus moterų, besikreipiančių į šeimos gydytoją. Uždaviniai: įvertinti šlapimo nelaikymo paplitimą tarp pagyvenusio amžiaus moterų; nustatyti pagyvenusio amžiaus moterų šlapimo nelaikymo rizikos veiksnius ir jų prognozinę vertę; įvertinti pagyvenusio amžiaus moterų gyvenimo kokybę, nustatyti šlapimo nelaikymo ir gyvenimo kokybės sąsajas tarp pagyvenusio amžiaus moterų; palyginti bendrinį ir specifinį gyvenimo kokybės klausimynus, vertinant pagyvenusio amžiaus nelaikančių šlapimo moterų gyvenimo kokybę. Tyrime naudota anketa. kuri buvo sudaryta iš 4 jau anksčiau tarptautiniu mastu validuotų klausimynų taip pat pridedant klausimus apie tiriamųjų socialines-demografines bei sveikatos charakteristikas: TPBT - trumpasis protinės būklės tyrimas, skirtas vertinti tiriamųjų pažintines funkcijas; GDS– geriatrinė depresijos skalė, skirta įvertinti depresyvumą; SF-36v2 bendrinis gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas; I-QOL - specifinis gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas, skirtas asmenims su šlapimo nelaikymu. Specifinis šlapimo nelaikymui klausimynas išverstas šiam tyrimui ir Lietuvoje yra panaudotas pirmą kartą. / Urinary incontinence (UI) is a health problem prevalent in various age groups. Due to anatomical and physiological peculiarities, this problem is more common in women, and especially in ageing stage of life. Based on scientific literature, the prevalence of urinary incontinence is 19% to 65% for elderly women. Urinary incontinence influences various aspects of quality of life and daily life. The aim of study was to evaluate the urinary incontinence, its risk factors and incontinence-related quality of life among elderly women visiting the general practitioner. The objectives of study: to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly women; to determine the risk factors of urinary incontinence and their prognostic value among elderly women; to evaluate the quality of life of elderly women; to establish the associations between the urinary incontinence and quality of life among elderly women; to compare a generic and specific questionnaires for evaluation of incontinence-related quality of life among elderly women. The tool of measurement in the study was a questionnaire comprised of four previously validated at international level questionnaires: MMSE – mini-mental state examination, used for evaluation of cognitive function; GDS – geriatric depression scale, used for evaluation of depressiveness; SF-36v2 – generic questionnaire of quality of life; I-QOL – specific questionnaire of quality of life, constructed for subjects with urinary incontinence. I-QOL was... [to full text]

[Truncated thesis] Background & Aims- The determinants of atherosclerosis in elderly postmenopausal women are poorly understood. We do not know if the traditional coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors remain important in this group. Despite the growing body of data relating to exogenous estrogen, we know very little about the relationship of endogenous estrogen with inflammation, CHD risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in elderly women. Genes that may play a role in post-menopausal cardiovascular disease (CVD)(ER-α and Apo E gene polymorphisms) have not been examined in this population for their effect on sub-clinical atherosclerosis and whether this effect is modified by the level of endogenous estrogen. We have examined the effect of established cardiovascular risk factors, endogenous estrogen and Apo E genotype on carotid artery atherosclerosis in a large group of women over the age of 70 years. In smaller sub-groups, we have examined the relationship between ER-α gene polymorphisms and atherosclerosis and the relationship between endogenous estrogen and CRP. Methods- We studied 1149 ambulatory elderly women who were recruited from the electoral role in Perth, Western Australia in 1998 and subsequently underwent carotid ultrasound assessment in 2001 according to a standardised protocol (for detection of focal plaque and measurement of intimal-medial thickness). The subjects had a mean age of 75 years (range 70 to 82 years) at baseline. We assessed the following variables in almost all subjects at baseline; time from menopause, FEI (molar ratio of plasma estradiol to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) x 1000), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, homocysteine, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype, history of smoking, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and medication use. Four hundred and thirty three women were analysed for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) genotype and 100 underwent measurement of high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cachoni_l_me_arafcf.pdf: 977347 bytes, checksum: 42a2fb7fb168904398b1a8dab4953b55 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e comparar a condição socioeconômica, o perfil nutricional e o desempenho funcional entre idosas praticantes e não praticantes regulares de exercício físico. Todas as idosas são fisicamente independentes e residentes na zona norte da cidade de São José do Rio Preto – SP. Na pesquisa de campo, a amostra para o primeiro grupo, de observação, reuniu 60 idosas e foi extraída do conjunto de mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, frequentadoras da modalidade ginástica especial, há pelo menos dois anos, na ONG (Organização não Governamental) PAE – Programas de Ação e Educação. A amostra para o segundo grupo, controle, abrangeu 50 mulheres, com 60 anos ou mais de idade, não praticantes de exercício físico e o levantamento amostral foi realizado em igrejas, feiras, supermercados, comércio dos bairros da região considerada, Unidade Básica de Saúde, assim como em residências. Para este comparativo, foram realizadas as coletas de dados antropométricos (peso, altura, circunferência do braço (CB), da cintura (CC), do quadril (CQ) e da panturrilha (CP) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT)). Foram aplicados formulários com informação sobre dados pessoais, socioeconômicos, de saúde e atividades físicas. O desempenho funcional foi obtido através da aplicação de cinco testes motores: sentar, levantar-se da cadeira e locomover-se pela casa; levantar-se do solo; calçar meias; subir escadas e caminhar/correr 800 metros. Pôde-se constatar, na comparação entre o grupo de idosas praticantes regulares de exercício físico e o grupo controle, que o desempenho funcional foi muito superior em quatro dos cinco testes motores, no primeiro grupo em relação ao segundo, apesar das semelhanças, quanto às condições socioeconômicas, perfil nutricional e de saúde dos dois grupos. / The objective of this study is to characterize and compare the socioeconomic status, nutritional profile and functional performance of elderly women who regularly exercise and those who have no regular physical activities. All these women are physically independent and reside in the Northern part of the city of São José do Rio Preto – SP. Field research sampling of the first group, the observation group, consisted of 60 elderly women, aged ≥ 60, who, for at least two years, attended a special gym class at a NGO (Non-Governmental Organization): PAE – Action and Education Program. The sampling of the second group, the control group, encompassed 50 women, aged ≥ 60, who did not practice physical exercises. The sampling survey data for this group was gathered at churches, open street fairs, supermarkets, shops in neighborhoods in the Northern part of the city, Primary Health Care Units, as well as in their houses. For this comparison, anthropometric data was obtained (weight, height or stature (ST), arm muscle circumference (AMC), waist (WC), hip (HC) and calf (CC) circumferences and triceps skin fold thickness (TST)). Forms contained personal information, data on socioeconomic status, health and physical activities practiced. Functional performance evaluation was obtained through the application of five motor skill tests: sitting, getting up from a chair and moving about the house; getting up from the ground; putting on socks; climbing stairs and walking/running 800 meters. The results of the performance of elderly women, when comparing the group that regularly exercised with the control group, was that the performance of the first group was superior to the second group in four of the five motor skill tests, even though socioeconomic, nutritional and health profiles of the women in two groups were similar.

Os diferentes tipos de treinamento de força (TF) apresentam distintas adaptações do tecido muscular como o desenvolvimento de força máxima, potência e/ou força reativa muscular. Dentre estes tipos de TF, estão os treinamentos de força Tradicional, Treinamento de Potência e de Treinamento de Força Reativa, em que está presente o ciclo-alongamento-encurtamento (CAE). A habilidade de produzir força rapidamente requer a participação intensa das fibras do tipo IIX, condição esta frequentemente reduzida em mulheres idosas. A força rápida tem importância significativa para homens e mulheres de todas as idades, destacando-se ainda mais em mulheres idosas. A prescrição de um tipo de TF que melhor desenvolva as atividades de vida diária (AVD) é primordial para a manutenção da independência física e qualidade de vida de idosas. Assim o objetivo principal do trabalho foi avaliar e comparar as adaptações neuromusculares, morfológicas e funcionais em mulheres idosas submetidas a três tipos específicos de treinamento de força. Na revisão de literatura a metodologia embasou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando artigos atuais e clássicos da literatura sobre TF em mulheres idosas (publicados, principalmente, a partir de 2000) selecionados nas bases de dados Pubmed e Sportdiscus, que comparassem e analisassem pelo menos dois tipos específicos de TF. No segundo estudo, 58 mulheres idosas saudáveis sem a prática de treinamento de força foram randomizadas em grupo experimental (GE, n= 41) e grupo controle (GC, n=17), e submetidas a seis semanas de treinamento de força resistente. Foram realizadas avaliações da qualidade muscular e sua correlação com os testes funcionais (sentar e levantar em 30s e up foot and go). Como resultado o GE apresentou incremento significativo na qualidade muscular do quadríceps (14,8%) com alta correlação com os testes funcionais sentar e levantar (r=0,62, p< 0,001) e up foot and go (r= -0,72, p< 0,001). O terceiro estudo o GC foi preservado e o grupo experimental foi dividido em Treinamento de Força Tradicional (GT, n=14), Treinamento de Potência (GP, n=13) e Treinamento de Força Reativa (GR, n=14). Foram realizadas avaliações do 1RM extensão de joelhos, espessura muscular, ativação, onset e tempo de reação muscular, taxa de produção de força e testes funcionais como o sentar e levantar e o salto com contra movimento. Como resultados, observou-se que o GR foi mais efetivo que os grupos GT e GP no onset muscular do RC, da taxa de produção de força (0-150 ms), no tempo de reação muscular e nos testes funcionais (p< 0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que o treinamento de força reativa é mais efetivo para o desenvolvimento da produção de força rápida do músculo que os outros tipos específicos de treinamento de força, e por conseqüência disto, melhor desenvolve as capacidades funcionais de mulheres idosas. / Differents strenght trainning (ST) are associated with distincts muscles tissues responses that comprised maximum strenght, power and/or reactive force. Among these different ST programmes there are traditional strenght training (GT), power (GP) and reactive force (GR) which is present in stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). In this context, for fast force production is necessary that IIX type fibers being recruited, condiction that to be seem decreasing among elderly women population. Furthermore, fast production of force has significant importance for all ages, however this condition could be considerate more significant for elderly women population. Consequently, prescrition of ST associated with improving activities of daily living (ADL) have been evidenciated as a important pathway for physical independence, as well as, for elderly quality of life. Thus, the mayor aim of this study was to verifiy and compare neuromuscular, morphological and functional adaptations in a sample of elderly women which were submitted in three different ST programmes. The methodology used in the first study was a sistematic literature review included classics studies about ST in this population. These studies were selected by two international scientic database (Pubmed and Sportdiscus); were published since 2000 until now and to show a comparation between at least two different kinds of ST. For the second study, 58 inactivity elderly women was randomized between control (GC=17) and experimental group (GE=41) and after submitted over a six weeks of ST. The relationship between muscle quality assesment with up foot and go and 30- second chair stand functional test was realized. Subjects included in GE showed significant improvement of quadricips muscle quality (14.8%), as well as, muscle quality showed significant strong association with 30-second chair stand (r=0.62, p< 0.001) and up foot and go (r= -0.72, p< 0.001) functional tests. For the third study, the GC was maintenced while GE was again randomized between GT (14), GP (13) and GR (14). 1 RM of knee extention, muscles thickness, activation, onset, reaction time, rate development force tests and working out as the sit and stand and countermovement jumps were measured. Results of this study showed that GR was more effective than GT and GP when comprised rectus thigh muscle onset, initial periods of production of strenght rate, reaction time and muscles function tests (p <0.05). Finnaly, considerating results of these studies we concluded that GR training was more effective when considerated fast force production of muscle if compared with other specifics ST programmes. Consequently this study suggest GR as a better ST programm for improving functional capapcities in a sample of elderaly women.

Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e comparar a condição socioeconômica, o perfil nutricional e o desempenho funcional entre idosas praticantes e não praticantes regulares de exercício físico. Todas as idosas são fisicamente independentes e residentes na zona norte da cidade de São José do Rio Preto - SP. Na pesquisa de campo, a amostra para o primeiro grupo, de observação, reuniu 60 idosas e foi extraída do conjunto de mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, frequentadoras da modalidade ginástica especial, há pelo menos dois anos, na ONG (Organização não Governamental) PAE - Programas de Ação e Educação. A amostra para o segundo grupo, controle, abrangeu 50 mulheres, com 60 anos ou mais de idade, não praticantes de exercício físico e o levantamento amostral foi realizado em igrejas, feiras, supermercados, comércio dos bairros da região considerada, Unidade Básica de Saúde, assim como em residências. Para este comparativo, foram realizadas as coletas de dados antropométricos (peso, altura, circunferência do braço (CB), da cintura (CC), do quadril (CQ) e da panturrilha (CP) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT)). Foram aplicados formulários com informação sobre dados pessoais, socioeconômicos, de saúde e atividades físicas. O desempenho funcional foi obtido através da aplicação de cinco testes motores: sentar, levantar-se da cadeira e locomover-se pela casa; levantar-se do solo; calçar meias; subir escadas e caminhar/correr 800 metros. Pôde-se constatar, na comparação entre o grupo de idosas praticantes regulares de exercício físico e o grupo controle, que o desempenho funcional foi muito superior em quatro dos cinco testes motores, no primeiro grupo em relação ao segundo, apesar das semelhanças, quanto às condições socioeconômicas, perfil nutricional e de saúde dos dois grupos. / Abstract: The objective of this study is to characterize and compare the socioeconomic status, nutritional profile and functional performance of elderly women who regularly exercise and those who have no regular physical activities. All these women are physically independent and reside in the Northern part of the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP. Field research sampling of the first group, the observation group, consisted of 60 elderly women, aged ≥ 60, who, for at least two years, attended a special gym class at a NGO (Non-Governmental Organization): PAE - Action and Education Program. The sampling of the second group, the control group, encompassed 50 women, aged ≥ 60, who did not practice physical exercises. The sampling survey data for this group was gathered at churches, open street fairs, supermarkets, shops in neighborhoods in the Northern part of the city, Primary Health Care Units, as well as in their houses. For this comparison, anthropometric data was obtained (weight, height or stature (ST), arm muscle circumference (AMC), waist (WC), hip (HC) and calf (CC) circumferences and triceps skin fold thickness (TST)). Forms contained personal information, data on socioeconomic status, health and physical activities practiced. Functional performance evaluation was obtained through the application of five motor skill tests: sitting, getting up from a chair and moving about the house; getting up from the ground; putting on socks; climbing stairs and walking/running 800 meters. The results of the performance of elderly women, when comparing the group that regularly exercised with the control group, was that the performance of the first group was superior to the second group in four of the five motor skill tests, even though socioeconomic, nutritional and health profiles of the women in two groups were similar. / Orientador: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Coorientador: Luiz Carlos Baida / Banca: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Banca: Sebastião Gobbi / Mestre