This paper introduces a new model for electric vehicle mobility and energy consumption in urban traffic networks. The model couples the vehicle mobility described by a set of ODEs over a graph capturing the Origin-destination motion for urban networks,and the energy consumption associate to this mobility patterns. This model is illustrated in a simple pedagogic example showing its capabilities, such as keeping track of the vehicle state of charge, current energy and available storage.

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[pt] Utilização de veículos elétricos no transport e rodoviário de cargas e os desafios para implementação no Brasil discute as principais políticas públicas internacionais bem sucedidas voltadas para a expansão da frota de veículos elétricos para o transporte rodoviário de carga e como tais políticas pode riam ser adaptadas ao modelo de negócio brasileiro. Análises sobre as principais políticas públicas em mercados estrangeiros que resultaram em incentivos fiscais, expansão da infraestrutura existente e fomento de novos negócios na transição da frota de veículos convencionais para veículos elétricos, além de estudo sobre as possíveis adaptações que a legislação brasileira permite para que essas políticas possam ser adaptadas ao mercado nacional são os principais desafios para o setor. Os administradores públicos possuem o desafio de promover a sustentabilidade, capaz de proporcionar qualidade de vida à população e garantir que os sistemas de distribuição de bens urbanos atendam com eficiência as necessidades das cidades. Entretanto, embora a eletrificação , forma internacionalmente vista como alternativa à produção de gás carbônico, e outros chamados gases de efeito estufa, desde que a produção de eletricidade seja vista como essencialmente limpa, surja como a principal alternativa para melhorar a eficiência energética, muitos países ainda não implementaram políticas públicas para dinamizar a transição de suas respectivas frotas. Os resultados da pesquisa podem contribuir com futuros estudos sobre adequação de políticas públicas bem sucedidas e possíveis adaptações ao modelo de negócio brasileiro no setor do transporte rodoviário de carga com enfoque na mobilidade urbana sustentável. / [en] This research discusses the main successful international public policies aimed at expanding the fleet of electric vehicles for road freight transport and how these policies could be adapted to the Brazilian business model. Analysis of the main public policies in foreign markets that resulted in tax incentives, expansion of the existing infrastructure and promotion of new businesses in the transition from the fle et of conventional vehicles to electric vehicles, in addition to a study on the possible adaptations that the Brazilia n legislation allows for these policies can be adapted to the national market are the main challenges for the sector. Society is increasin gly demanding in terms of sustainability and, in addition, public administrators have the challenge of promoting sustainable mobility, capable of providing quality of life to the population and ensuring that the systems of distribution of urban goods effic iently me et the needs of the population in the cities. However, although electrification appears as the main alternative to improve energy efficiency and reduce the emission of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases, many countries have not yet implem ented public policies to streamline the transition of their respective fleets. The results of the research may contribute to future studies on the adequacy of successful public policies and possible adaptations to the Brazilian business model in the road f reight transport sector with a focus on sustainable urban mobility.

Εlectric vehicles are replacing the internal combustion engine vehicles rapidly and they will dominate the market completely in the next years. The amount of energy and power needed to support this new technology is huge. This will increase the already high electricity demand of our societies. The electric vehicles can provide a solution by using them to transfer energy to any other vehicles or infrastructure in combination with electricity management. This can be achieved by controlling the electric vehicle chargers and by knowing the exact consumption of the other vehicles or infrastructures. In Dansmästaren, Uppsala, there is a parking garage with 30 Charge Amps Aura charging stations. The same type of charger has been used in order to examine if it is possible to extract and update data through programming, as well as its functions regarding Vehicle-to-everything (V2X). This thesis presents two Python scriptswhere the first is used to update different functions of the charger and the secondto get high resolution electricity data and the energy consumption of the charger.The collected data is stored in two MySQL database every 30 seconds for future use. The data that can be updated by the user immediately, from anywhere and at any time. Similarly, the data collection has shown that different charging patterns exist and they can be observed by using the data that are generated and saved in the databases.

Recent trends in the energy sector have provided opportunities in the research of alternative energy sources and optimization of systems that harness these energy sources. With the rising cost of fossil fuel and rising concern about detrimental effects that fossil fuel consumption has on the environment, electric vehicles are becoming more prevalent. A study put out in 2009 gives a prediction that in the year 2025, 20% of new vehicles will be PHEVs.[1] As energy providers become more concerned about a growing population and diminishing energy source, they are looking into alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power. Much of this is done on a large scale with vast amounts of land used for solar or wind farms to provide energy to the grid. However, as population grows, requirements of the physical components of a power transmission system will become more demanding and the need for remote micro-grids will become more prevalent. Micro-grids are essentially smaller subsystems of a distribution system that provide power to a confined group of loads, or households. Using the idea of micro grid technology, a solar charging station can be used as a source to provide energy for the immediate surroundings, or also to electric vehicles that are demanding energy from the panels. Solar charging stations are becoming very popular, however the need for improvement and optimization of these systems is needed. This thesis will present a method for redesigning the overall architecture of the controls and power electronics of typical carports so that efficiency, reliability and modularity are achieved. Specifically, a typical carport, as seen commonly today, has been built on the University of Central Florida campus in Orlando. This iii carport was designed in such a way that shifting from conventional charging methods is made easy while preserving the fundamental requirements of a practical solar carport.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the solutions to some of the world’s global current problems, such as global warming and air pollution, due to non-existent operational emissions and increased efficiency. There are multiple types of EVs, one of them being Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) which in most cases utilizes a Li-Ion battery pack as energy storage. Li-Ion batteries for EV applications are deemed to have reached End of Life (EoL) at 80%-70% of the battery’s initial energy capacity, the degradation is caused by calendar and cycle aging. Calendar aging is dependent on storage temperature and State of Charge (SoC), controlling these factors are therefore of importance when storing battery packs to minimize aging. Diagnostics of battery packs is also useful for determining second-life applications, State of Health (SoH) or other future usage. AFRY has therefore an interest in developing a product that would enable diagnostics and charging/discharging of off-vehicle battery packs, as regular chargers and tools are not compatible with battery packs separated from its vehicle. This thesis is a part of a project to develop a product that enables diagnostics and charging/discharging for different types off-vehicle battery packs. Due to time limitation of the thesis work this report focuses on the hardware design of the Power Conversion Module (PCM) from a charging/discharging perspective. This thesis project will propose a theoretical PCM from received requirements and choose appropriate components for this subsystemfrom a charging/discharging perspective. The design requirements were gathered through interviews, archive analysis and literature studies and argued for. This to achieve an understanding of the requirements that the system design needs to fulfill. A system design proposal of the PCM was presented and a component analysis of the included components was conducted. The proposed solution should in theory enable charging/discharging of battery packs, but further work and studies needs to be performed to validate the results in practice. Some calculations and variables were inferredwith the help of discussions, due to lack of information and time. The goal of the thesis was fulfilled, and the wider project objective was partially fulfilled within the boundaries of this thesis project.

In recent years the vehicle industries have been making much efforts to reduce the environmentalimpact by switching from the traditional combustion engine to electrification with battery driven electricvehicles. Producing electric trucks requires more batteries and operates at a higher voltage and currentthan commercial electric cars. Therefore, detection and protection from short-circuits are crucial issuesin the development of these vehicles to ensure safety. This master thesis project aims to investigatedifferent methods for current measurement, which are commercially available and used in the batteryjunction box in an electric vehicle for current monitoring and detection of overcurrent and short-circuits. A practical experimental validation is then performed to test the desaturation detection method as ashort-circuit detection method with a solid state breaker. The experimental results showed that theshort-circuit could be detected within just 7µs and the total time for the solid state breaker to detectand cut the circuit could be done within around 15µs. The discussion around the current measurementmethod came to the conclusion that the Hall sensor or the flux gate current transducer could be apossible replacement of the shunt that is currently being used in order to reduce losses as the systemoperates at higher current levels. Comparison of this method with different existing current measurement sensors is suggested to do inthe future work.

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Adoption of electric vehicles has been restrained by the availability of charging stations and consumer fear of being stranded with a depleted battery, far from the nearest charger. In many areas of the world, charging stations are now widely available and the transition from vehicles with internal combustion engines is accelerating, though still in a fairly early stage. For electric vehicle drivers in those areas, anxiety that they will not be able to find a charger (“range anxiety”) is subsiding. However, differences in charging speed and pricing between stations and different outlets at the same station can be large. Total trip duration can vary significantly based on the charging outlet selected. Prior research has developed methods for helping all drivers find the fastest route and for electric vehicle drivers to ensure that they are able to complete their trip. Additional research has explored other complexities of route selection for electric vehicles such as how to select optimal stations for charging based on the total trip duration, including driving and charging time. Pricing for recharging electric vehicles at public chargers is more complex and diverse than for gas filling stations due to the differences in charging rates and the relatively low competition. This research investigates those differences. Using design science research methodology, a method is presented for determining which charging stops result in the lowest possible charging cost for a given route. The method is demonstrated through experiment with random routes within Sweden. The experimental results show that the average cost savings as compared to the duration-optimal route is 15% and 139 SEK per additional hour of trip time. One possible direction for future work is to improve the performance of the algorithm for use in real-time consumer route planning applications.

In this research thesis, a new data-centric approach is used to determine the individual cell capacities in Li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). This approach could also be extended to batteries for static energy storage applications. The method is based on real-world data collected from pouched-shaped cells having Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) based chemistry of different capacities, used in electric buses. An algorithm has been developed which takes as input the charging and discharging current data of the battery, and voltages of the individual cell either from sensors installed on the terminals of a cell or from a battery simulator software. As an output, the algorithm tries for finding the best two resting states on the time axis of the current profile and net charging or discharging of the battery in between those times. A reasonable amount of net charge is required for capacity calculation, for this reason, the recommended SOC difference between those two resting states should be at least ±10% or more. Several experiments were also performed to firm up the results. For the experiments, 100 pouch-shaped NMC-based cells of 40 Ah capacity each were used. These 100 cells were connected in series as 1P100s and it is one module of the xP100s larger battery pack of an electric trolley bus. The algorithm has three levels: at the first level, it uses only simulator data of current and cell voltages to determine the total capacities of individual cells from partial charging or discharging. In the second level, it takes real current data and simulator voltages from the individual cells to determine the same total capacities of individual cells. The third level uses real current charging and discharging data and only minimum, average, and maximum cell voltages to find an indicator of the skewed capacities of cells. Further, the second and third level is compared with the first. For more accuracy and exact calculations of the individual cell capacity, special tests and data collection procedures are proposed as well. Irrespective of the type of data available, a non-destructive diagnostic of the battery is carried out. Abnormal cells are detected with cell number and its location inside the pack in the case where individual cell data are available. In the case where only maximum and minimum cell voltages are available, the cell will be determined which limits the capacity of all the cells connected in series with it. For better diagnostics of the battery new data collection techniques are proposed, given that the owner of the vehicle allows the transfer of data from BMS.