Climate change is being fought with policies and measures implemented worldwide to reduce Greenhouse Gases (GHG). One of these policies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels because they accelerate climate change and harm human health through pollution. The automotive industry is a significant player in this transition. The automotive industry is shifting from vehicles powered by a fossil energy powertrain to one that consumes clean energy. The industry is moving towards electric mobility, but this technology has a disadvantage compared to traditional mobility. Electric Vehicles (EVs) need more time to regain their range than conventional vehicles (CV) that use fossil fuels, a massive reason why users do not adopt this technology. This thesis focuses on an optimised charging process to make EVs a realistic alternative for user transport and meet the Paris Climate Accords goals. To this end, a study has been carried out analysing various points and technologies such as Electro-Mobility (e-mobility), recharging technologies, or Cloud-based systems that could optimise the charging process and have a scalable, scalable system that all EVs can use. This project has used the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable EVs to communicate with charging stations in a reliable manner with a scalable system. In addition, it has been possible to store data in the cloud, where it is processed in real-time, and mathematical equations have been developed in the python programming language. The user has access to the information through an interface that allows them to check the most optimal charging points (CPs) in different categories such as total charging time, distance from the various stations, charging total price and the CPs services. These technologies used in this thesis will contribute to optimising the charging process, leaving the door open to future developments in the e-mobility field. / <p>Universidad de Granada, Spanien och  Universidad de Málaga, Spanien</p>

Le contexte écologique et économique actuel incite les autorités et le public à la réduction des émissions de CO2 et les dépendances vis-à-vis des hydrocarbures. Le transport représente 23 % des émissions de polluants dans le monde, et ce chiffre passe à 39 % pour la France. L’adoption de nouvelles solutions de transport est primordiale pour la réduction de ces émissions. L’électromobilité représente une alternative viable aux véhicules thermiques conventionnels. Si les véhicules électriques permettent une mobilité avec zéro émission, certaines de leurs caractéristiques empêchent leur développement. Les principaux freins à l’adoption de ce type de véhicules sont l’autonomie limitée, le faible déploiement des stations de recharge en milieu urbain (et extra urbain) ainsi que les temps de recharge importants. Aussi, afin de promouvoir l’usage de ce type de mobilité, il incombe de développer des outils visant à optimiser la consommation électrique tenant compte des caractéristiques liées à ce type de mobilité. C’est l’objectif de ce travail de thèse qui se focalise sur le développement d’outils permettant d’optimiser l’usage de véhicules électriques. Pour ce faire, trois grands axes sont définis : la modélisation des véhicules électriques, l’affectation des stations de recharge et le choix d’éco-itinéraires. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à l’estimation de la consommation des véhicules électriques ainsi qu’à la présentation de la librairie de modèles dynamiques VEHLIB d’estimation de la consommation de ce type de véhicules. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’affectation optimale des stations de recharge. Une méthodologie de déploiement d’infrastructures de recharge est proposée pour la ville de Lyon avec prise en compte de la demande de mobilité issue des enquêtes ménages déplacements. La troisième partie de la thèse s’intéresse à la thématique du choix d’éco-itinéraire (green routing). Celle-ci aboutit à la proposition d’une méthodologie multi-objectif de recherche de stations de recharge afin de déterminer des itinéraires optimaux avec déviation vers ces stations lorsque l’état de charge de la batterie du véhicule ne permet pas de terminer le trajet. Pour finir, une expérimentation a été réalisée à l’aide d’un véhicule électrique équipé de capteurs de position et de consommation pour d’une part valider les méthodologies proposées et d’autre part analyser les facteurs exogènes qui influent sur la consommation des véhicules électriques. / The current ecological and economic context encourages the authorities and the public to reduce CO2 emissions and oil dependence. The transportation is responsible for 23% of pollutants emissions in the world, and this proportion increases up to 37% in France/ The adoption of new transport solutions is primordial to reduce these emissions. Electro mobility is a viable alternative to conventional vehicles. While electric vehicles offer mobility with zero emissions, some of their characteristicds impede their development. The main obtacle to the adoption of these vehicles is the limited autonomy, a sparse distribution of charging stations in urban areas as well as a significant charging time. Also, to promote the use of this type of mobility, it is primordial to develop tools that optimize the energy consumption and take in to account the characteristics associated with this type of mobility. To achieve this, three areas are difined: modeling of electric vehicles, optimized charging station deployment and eco routing. The first part of this theis focuses on the consumption estimation of the electric vehicles and the presentation of the dynamic model library VEHLIB. The second part is dedicated to optimal allocation of charging stations; A methodology for the deployment of electric vehicle charging infrastructures is proposed for the urban area o fthe city of Lyon, taking into account the mobility demand derived from the household travel surveys.The third part of the thesis deals with the eco-routing (green routing). A multi-objective methodology for eco routing with recharge en-route is proposed. The solutions take into account battery state does not permit to finish the trip.Finally, an experiment was carried out using an electric vehicle equipped with position and consumption sensors in order to validate the proposed methodologies and analyze exogenous factor that impact the electric vehicle consumption.

The developing flow field in a parallel plate microchannel, induced by wall motion, has been modeled numerically. This type of flow simulates the physical driving mechanism that exists in electro-osmotically generated flow with large channel diameter-to-Debye length ratios (Z). The physics of the flow field were compared between the moving wall model (MWM) and electro-osmotic flow (EOF) at Reynolds numbers of 1 and 1800, and Z > 2500. Also, Z-values between 50 and 500 were studied to investigate the accuracy of the MWM. Results show that for Z-values greater than 100 the MWM shows good agreement with EOF. The dynamics of the developing flow field for the MWM were explored for channel length-to-hydraulic diameter ratios (aspect ratio) of 5, 10, 20 and 40 at ten Reynolds numbers, Re (based on the wall velocity), below Re < 2000. The results show that far from the inlet the maximum fluid velocity occurs at the walls, as is expected, and the minimum velocity occurs at the channel center. Near the channel inlet, however, the centerline velocity is not a minimum but reaches a local maximum due to a resulting pressure imbalance generated by the wall motion. As the aspect ratio increases, the centerline velocity tends to approach the wall velocity far downstream from the inlet. Increases in the Reynolds number have the opposite effect on the centerline velocity. The hydrodynamic developing region, defined by that section of the channel where the wall shear stress is changing, also depends on the channel aspect ratio and Re, and is greater than the developing region for classical pressure-driven flow of a parallel plate channel. Also, the flow field physics was analyzed for a process called electro-mobility focusing (EMF). EMF is a process that separates and detects species of like charge with the use of electro-phoresis and EOF utilizing a varying voltage gradient. The velocity distribution and the effective diffusion were solved for analytically, for both a linear and non-linear voltage gradient, using the MWM and the creeping flow approximations. The resulting equations aid in optimizing the detection system by forcing the lowest effective diffusion (uniform velocity profile) to the detection location.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are important transcription factors involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes such as embryonic development, cell differentiation and homeostasis (for review, see Mangelsdorf et al., 1995 TenBaum and Baniahrned, 1997). In contrast to membrane bound receptors, they bind small lipophilic ligands and function in the nucleus as ligand-modulated transcription factors. The ligands for nuclear receptors include steroids (glucocorticoids, progestins, mineralocorticoids, androgens and estrogens), vitamin D3, retinoids, thyroid hormone, prostaglandins, farnesoids etc. Several other nuclear receptors are classified as orphan receptors for which no ligand has yet been identified. More than 300 nuclear receptors have now been identified and together these proteins comprise the single largest family of metazoan transcription factors, the nuclear receptor superfamily. Recently, a unified nomenclature has been evolved (nuclear receptor nomenclature committee, 1999), a summary of which is presented in Table 1.

More dynamic markets, shorter product life cycles and comprehensive variant management are challenges that dominate today's market. These maxims apply to the automotive sector, which is currently highly exposed to trade wars, changing mobility patterns and the emergence of new technologies and competitors. To meet these challenges, this thesis presents the creation of a digital twin of an existing production line of electric motors using discrete event simulation. Based on a detailed literature research, a step-by-step establishment of the simulation model of the production line using the software Plant Simulation is presented and argued. Finally, different experiments are carried out with the created model to show how a production line can be examined and optimized by means ofsimulation using different parameters. Within the scope of the different experiments regarding the number of workpiece carriers, number of operators as well as buffer sizes, the line was examined concerning the increase of the output. Furthermore, the simulation model was used to make decisions for future investments in additional XXX machines. Four different scenarios were examined and optimized. By examining the different parameters, optimization potentials of XXX% in the first scenario and up to XXX% in the fourth scenario were achieved. Finally, it was proven that the developed simulation model can be used as a tool for optimizing an existing production line and can generate useful investment information. Beyond that, the development of the simulation model can be employed to investigate further business questions at hand for the specific production line in question. / Mer dynamiska marknader, kortare produktlivscykler och omfattande varianthantering är utmaningar som dominerar dagens marknad. Dessa maximer gäller bilindustrin, som för närvarande är mycket utsatt för handelskrig, förändrade rörlighetsmönster och framväxten av ny teknik och nya konkurrenter. För att möta dessa utmaningar innebär denna avhandling skapandet av en digital tvilling av en befintlig produktionslinje av elmotorer med diskret händelsesimulering. Baserat på en detaljerad litteraturforskning presenteras och argumenteras en steg-för-steg-etablering av simuleringsmodellen för produktionslinjen med hjälp av programvaran Plant Simulation. Slutligen utförs olika experiment med den skapade modellen för att visa hur en produktionslinje kan undersökas och optimeras med hjälp av simulering med hjälp av olika parametrar. Inom ramen för de olika experimenten när det gäller antalet arbetsstyckesbärare, antalet operatörer samt buffertstorlekar undersöktes linjen om ökningen av produktionen. Dessutom användes simuleringsmodellen för att fatta beslut för framtida investeringar i ytterligare hårnålsmaskiner. Fyra olika scenarier undersöktes och optimerades. Genom att undersöka de olika parametrarna uppnåddes optimeringspotentialer på XXX % i det första scenariot och upp till XXX % i det fjärde scenariot. Slutligen bevisades det att den utvecklade simuleringsmodellen kan användas som ett verktyg för att optimera en befintlig produktionslinje och kan generera användbar investeringsinformation. Utöver detta kan utvecklingen av simuleringsmodellen användas för att undersöka ytterligare affärsfrågor till hands för den specifika produktionslinjen i fråga.