A produção brasileira de etanol na safra 2018/19 foi de aproximadamente 30,4 bilhões de litros. Na produção de etanol, realiza-se a extração do caldo de cana-de-açúcar, do qual se prepara o mosto que não é esterilizado. Os contaminantes presentes afetam negativamente a eficiência e produtividade, por isso, ao utilizar o mosto esterilizado é possível diminuir perdas do processo. Dentre os vários métodos que podem ser utilizados para a esterilização do mosto, destaca-se o feixe elétrons, porque permite tratar grande volume de mosto em pouco tempo, por esses motivos, os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) verificar os efeitos do tratamento com feixe de elétrons sobre mosto derivado da cana-de-açúcar; b) avaliar o potencial de esterilização e os efeitos físico-químico sobre açucares; c) avaliar o rendimento e a produtividade da fermentação alcoólica. Na primeira etapa do experimento, o mostro foi contaminado (107 UFC.mL-1), posteriormente foi submetido à diferentes tratamentos radioativos de 0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 kGy (respectivamente T0, T1, T2, T3 e T4). Após os tratamentos foram feitas as análises por contagem total de microrganismo e bactérias totais e caracterizado pelos teores de carboidratos, glicerol, 5-HMF, furfural, fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais. Na segunda etapa foram utilizados os mostos sujeitos aos seguintes tratamentos da primeira etapa T0, T1, T2 e T3. A fermentação alcoólica utilizou a levedura da espécie Saccharomyces cerevisiae, que foi monitorada através da análise do desprendimento de CO2. Também foram avaliados teores de carboidratos, glicerol, alcoólico, rendimento, produção, viabilidade celular e contaminação bacteriana e total. Após a primeira etapa foram observadores que os tratamentos apresentaram um redução das atividades dos microrganismos. Na análise de fenólicos totais houve um aumento, provavelmente pela degradação dos fenólicos complexos em mais simples, e, para as demais análises todos os tratamentos demonstraram resultados semelhantes entre si. Na etapa da fermentação, os resultados das análises demonstraram que ART foram consumidos 99,5%. O teor de manitol apresentou um aumento, justificado por ser um indicador de contaminação. O rendimento mostrou aumento de até 5% em relação T0 e T3 ou T4 e 4% entre T0 e T1. As análises de teor glicerol, e viabilidade celular não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que, é possível utilizar a aplicação dos feixes de elétrons para esterilizar o mosto, visando a produção de etanol, na dose de 80 kGy, ocorreu a esterilização do mosto e não há necessidade de se utilizar agentes antimicrobianos para o controle de contaminantes na fermentação alcoólica. O tratamento do mosto com feixe de elétrons não promoveu a inversão de açúcar. Foi observado um aumento do rendimento fermentativo para os mostos tratados com feixe de elétrons. / Brazilian ethanol production in the 2018/19 harvest was approximately 30.4 billion liters. In the production of ethanol, the sugarcane juice is extracted from which the must is prepared which is not sterilized. Contaminants present negatively affect efficiency and productivity, so using sterile mash can reduce process losses. Among the various methods that can be used for the sterilization of the wort, the electron beam stands out, because it allows to treat large volume of wort in a short time, for these reasons, the objectives of the work were: a) to verify the effects of electron beam treatment on sugar cane must; b) to evaluate sterilization potential and physicochemical effects on sugars; c) evaluate the yield and productivity of alcoholic fermentation. In the first stage of the experiment, the specimen was contaminated (107 CFU.mL-1), subsequently submitted to different radioactive treatments of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kGy (respectively T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). After the treatments, total microorganism and total bacteria counts were analyzed and characterized by carbohydrate, glycerol, 5-HMF, furfural, total phenolics and total flavonoids. In the second stage were used musts subject to the following treatments of the first stage T0, T1, T2 and T3. The alcoholic fermentation used the yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species, which was monitored by detachment analysis of CO2. Carbohydrate, glycerol, alcoholic content, yield, production, cell viability and bacterial and total contamination were also evaluated. After the first stage, it was observed that the treatments presented a reduction of the microorganisms activities. In the analysis of total phenolics there was an increase, probably due to the degradation of complex phenolics into simpler ones, and for the other analyzes all treatments showed similar results. In the fermentation stage, the results of the analyzes showed that ART was consumed 99.5%. The mannitol content showed an increase, justified by being an indicator of contamination. The yield showed an increase of up to 5% in relation to T0 and T3 or T4 and 4% between T0 and T1. Analysis of glycerol content and cell viability showed no significant difference between treatments. It can be concluded that it is possible to use the electron beams application to sterilize the must, aiming at the 80 kGy ethanol production, the sterilization of the must occurred and there is no need to use antimicrobial agents to control contaminants. in alcoholic fermentation. The treatment of wort with electron beam did not promote sugar inversion. An increase in fermentative yield was observed for electron beam treated musts.

Nanofabrication techniques were used to manufacture nanometer scale protein templates. The fabrication approach employs electron beam lithography (EBL) patterning on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) thiol (CH3O(CH2CH2O)17NHCO(CH2)2SH) self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on Au. The PEG SAM prevented protein surface adhesion and binding sites for protein were created in the SAM by EBL. Subsequent to EBL, the patterns in the PEG SAM were backfilled with 40-nm NeutrAvidin-coated fluorescent spheres (FluoSpheres). The spontaneous and directed immobilization of the spheres from a solution to the patterns resulted in high resolution protein patterns. The FluoSpheres could be arranged in any arbitrary pattern with ultimately only one or a few FluoSpheres at each binding site. Growth dynamics and SAM morphology of PEG on Au were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). PEG SAMs on three types of Au with different microstructure were examined: thermally evaporated granular Au and two types of Au films produced by hydrogen flame annealing of granular Au, Au(111) and "terraced" Au (crystal orientation unknown). The different Au surfaces' substructure affected the morphology and mechanical properties of the PEG SAM. On Au(111), AFM imaging revealed monolayer formation through three distinct steps: island nucleation, island growth, and coalescence. The fine-structure of the SAM revealed dendritic island formation - an observation which can be explained by attractive intermolecular interactions and diffusion-limited aggregation. Island growth was not observed on the "terraced" Au. AFM studies of EBL patterned PEG SAMs on Au(111) revealed two different patterning mechanisms. At low doses, the pattern formation occurs by SAM ablation in a self-developing process where the feature depth is directly dose dependent. At higher doses electron beam induced deposition of material, so-called contamination writing, is seen in the ablated areas of the SAM. The balance between these two mechanisms is shown to depend on the geometry of the pattern. In addition to PEG SAMs, fibronectin monolayers on SiO2 surfaces were patterned by EBL. The areas exposed with EBL lose their functionality and do not bind anti-fibronectin. With this approach we constructed fibronectin templates and used them for cell studies demonstrating pattern dependent cell geometries and cell adhesion. / QC 20101008

No description available.

No description available.

In modern low pressure plasma discharges, the electron mean free path often exceeds the device dimensions. Under such conditions the electron velocity distribution function may significantly deviate from Maxwellian, which strongly affects the discharge properties. The description of such plasmas has to be kinetic and often requires the use of numerical methods. This thesis presents the study of kinetic effects in inductively coupled plasmas and Hall thrusters carried out by means of particle-in-cell simulations. The important result and the essential part of the research is the development of particle-in-cell codes. <p>An advective electromagnetic 1d3v particle-in-cell code is developed for modelling the inductively coupled plasmas. An electrostatic direct implicit 1d3v particle-in-cell code EDIPIC is developed for plane geometry simulations of Hall thruster plasmas. The EDIPIC code includes several physical effects important for Hall thrusters: collisions with neutral atoms, turbulence, and secondary electron emission. In addition, the narrow sheath regions crucial for plasma-wall interaction are resolved in simulations. The code is parallelized to achieve fast run times. <p>Inductively coupled plasmas sustained by the external RF electromagnetic field are widely used in material processing reactors and electrodeless lighting sources. In a low pressure inductive discharge, the collisionless electron motion strongly affects the absorption of the external electromagnetic waves and, via the ponderomotive force, the density profile. The linear theory of the anomalous skin effect based on the linear electron trajectories predicts a strong decrease of the ponderomotive force for warm plasmas. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the nonlinear modification of electron trajectories by the RF magnetic field partially compensates the effects of electron thermal motion. As a result, the ponderomotive force in warm collisionless plasmas is stronger than predicted by linear kinetic theory. <p>Hall thrusters, where plasma is maintained by the DC electric field crossed with the stationary magnetic field, are efficient low-thrust devices for spacecraft propulsion. The energy exchange between the plasma and the wall in Hall thrusters is enhanced by the secondary electron emission, which strongly affects electron temperature and, subsequently, thruster operation. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the effect of secondary electron emission on electron cooling in Hall thrusters is quite different from predictions of previous fluid studies. Collisionless electron motion results in a strongly anisotropic, nonmonotonic electron velocity distribution function, which is depleted in the loss cone, subsequently reducing the electron wall losses compared to Maxwellian plasmas. Secondary electrons form two beams propagating between the walls of a thruster channel in opposite radial directions. The secondary electron beams acquire additional energy in the crossed external electric and magnetic fields. The energy increment depends on both the field magnitudes and the electron flight time between the walls. <p>A new model of secondary electron emission in a bounded plasma slab, allowing for emission due to the counter-propagating secondary electron beams, is developed. It is shown that in bounded plasmas the average energy of plasma bulk electrons is far less important for the space charge saturation of the sheath than it is in purely Maxwellian plasmas. A new regime with relaxation oscillations of the sheath has been identified in simulations. Recent experimental studies of Hall thrusters indirectly support the simulation results with respect to the electron temperature saturation and the channel width effect on the thruster discharge.

In modern low pressure plasma discharges, the electron mean free path often exceeds the device dimensions. Under such conditions the electron velocity distribution function may significantly deviate from Maxwellian, which strongly affects the discharge properties. The description of such plasmas has to be kinetic and often requires the use of numerical methods. This thesis presents the study of kinetic effects in inductively coupled plasmas and Hall thrusters carried out by means of particle-in-cell simulations. The important result and the essential part of the research is the development of particle-in-cell codes. <p>An advective electromagnetic 1d3v particle-in-cell code is developed for modelling the inductively coupled plasmas. An electrostatic direct implicit 1d3v particle-in-cell code EDIPIC is developed for plane geometry simulations of Hall thruster plasmas. The EDIPIC code includes several physical effects important for Hall thrusters: collisions with neutral atoms, turbulence, and secondary electron emission. In addition, the narrow sheath regions crucial for plasma-wall interaction are resolved in simulations. The code is parallelized to achieve fast run times. <p>Inductively coupled plasmas sustained by the external RF electromagnetic field are widely used in material processing reactors and electrodeless lighting sources. In a low pressure inductive discharge, the collisionless electron motion strongly affects the absorption of the external electromagnetic waves and, via the ponderomotive force, the density profile. The linear theory of the anomalous skin effect based on the linear electron trajectories predicts a strong decrease of the ponderomotive force for warm plasmas. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the nonlinear modification of electron trajectories by the RF magnetic field partially compensates the effects of electron thermal motion. As a result, the ponderomotive force in warm collisionless plasmas is stronger than predicted by linear kinetic theory. <p>Hall thrusters, where plasma is maintained by the DC electric field crossed with the stationary magnetic field, are efficient low-thrust devices for spacecraft propulsion. The energy exchange between the plasma and the wall in Hall thrusters is enhanced by the secondary electron emission, which strongly affects electron temperature and, subsequently, thruster operation. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the effect of secondary electron emission on electron cooling in Hall thrusters is quite different from predictions of previous fluid studies. Collisionless electron motion results in a strongly anisotropic, nonmonotonic electron velocity distribution function, which is depleted in the loss cone, subsequently reducing the electron wall losses compared to Maxwellian plasmas. Secondary electrons form two beams propagating between the walls of a thruster channel in opposite radial directions. The secondary electron beams acquire additional energy in the crossed external electric and magnetic fields. The energy increment depends on both the field magnitudes and the electron flight time between the walls. <p>A new model of secondary electron emission in a bounded plasma slab, allowing for emission due to the counter-propagating secondary electron beams, is developed. It is shown that in bounded plasmas the average energy of plasma bulk electrons is far less important for the space charge saturation of the sheath than it is in purely Maxwellian plasmas. A new regime with relaxation oscillations of the sheath has been identified in simulations. Recent experimental studies of Hall thrusters indirectly support the simulation results with respect to the electron temperature saturation and the channel width effect on the thruster discharge.

No description available.

Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID) is an emerging additive nanomanufacturing tool which enables growth of complex 3-D parts from a variety of materials with nanoscale resolution. Fundamentals of EBID and its application to making a robust, low-contact-resistance electromechanical junction between a Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWNT) and a metal electrode are investigated in this thesis research. MWNTs are promising candidates for next generation electrical and electronic devices, and one of the main challenges in MWNT utilization is a high intrinsic contact resistance of the MWNT-metal electrode junction interface. EBID of an amorphous carbon interface has previously been demonstrated to simultaneously lower the electrical contact resistance and to improve mechanical characteristics of the MWNT-electrode junction. In this work, factors contributing to the EBID formation of the carbon joint between a MWNT and an electrode are systematically explored via complimentary experimental and theoretical investigations. A comprehensive dynamic model of EBID using residual hydrocarbons as a precursor molecule is developed by coupling the precursor mass transport, electron transport and scattering, and surface deposition reaction. The model is validated by comparison with experiments and is used to identify different EBID growth regimes and the growth rates and shapes of EBID deposits for each regime. In addition, the impact of MWNT properties, the electron beam impingement location and energy on the EBID-made carbon joint between the MWNT and the metal electrode is critically evaluated. Lastly, the dominant factors contributing to the overall electrical resistance of the MWNT-based electrical interconnect and relative importance of the mechanical contact area of the EBID-made carbon joint to MWNT vs. that to the metal electrode are determined using carefully designed experiments.

Heating of the transmission foil separating the vacuum diodes from the laser cell in electron-beam-pumped gas lasers due to electron beam attenuation necessitates an active cooling scheme to prevent its failure under repetitively pulsed operating conditions. Attenuation of the electron beam (typically 500kV, 100kA and 100ns) produces a strong and pulsed volumetric heat source in the relatively thin (~25μm thick) stainless-steel foil causing it to fail. An experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted to study the cooling effectiveness of high-speed near-wall jets for a single stainless-steel foil strip simulating the geometry between two hibachi ribs in the Electra KrF gas laser developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. The foil is placed inside a channel with continuous gas flow simulating the circulating laser gas. Detailed studies include two jet types (planar and circular) and two injection methods (parallel and impinging) for two designs of hibachi (flat and scalloped). The planar jet flows parallel to the circulating laser gas along the entire foil span. The other configuration uses small diameter (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm) circular jets positioned in two staggered rows located on the foil's two edges along the height of the foil (~30 cm). The jets are issued obliquely towards the foil. For both jet configurations, experiments are conducted at different jet velocities, impingement angles and jet-foil spacing to identify the optimal parameters to be used in the actual hibachi foil cooling. Experimental results are also compared to the predictions from CFD simulations using FLUENT®. The results of this research show that near-wall impinging circular jets can effectively cool the foil separating the vacuum diodes from the laser cell in an electron beam pumped KrF laser under prototypical pulsed (5Hz) operating conditions, thereby assuring the foil's survival, while minimizing the impact on electron beam quality and laser efficiency.

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der komplexen Struktur-/Eigenschaftsbeziehungen dünner Schichten hochverzweigter Polyester. Für die umfassende Charakterisierung wurde eine Vielzahl analytischer Methoden kombiniert. Des Weiteren wurde das Anwendungspotential dieser Schichten hinsichtlich möglicher Sensoranwendung anhand der Adsorption von Modellproteinen gewichtet. Dazu war es notwendig verschieden Methoden zur Stabilisierung dieser Schichten zu entwickeln.