La connaissance du comportement et des propriétés des matériaux est d’une grande importance pour optimiser leur mise en forme et adapter leur utilisation. Pour étudier ces propriétés de nombreuses techniques sont couramment utilisées : les essais de traction, la microindentation, la nanoindentation instrumentée… Aujourd’hui, un intérêt particulier est porté sur les nanomatériaux et matériaux nanostructurés car ils présentent souvent des propriétés différentes et plus intéressantes. La nanoindentation instrumentée, notamment, permet de déterminer des paramètres matériaux de manière locale. Cependant, le comportement en temps réel ne peut être observé et l’échantillon ne doit pas être de dimension trop faible (typiquement, l’étude de nanoparticules n’est pas envisageable). Le principal atout de la nanoindentation in situ en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission vis-à-vis des autres techniques existantes est la possibilité d’étudier le comportement de nano-objets ou des comportements très locaux et en temps réel, tout en observant les transformations subies par le matériau. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué les potentialités de cette nouvelle technique via l’analyse de céramiques très étudiées au laboratoire notamment en tant que biomatériaux : la zircone stabilisée et l’alumine. Dans le cas de la zircone (stabilisée à l’yttrium ou au cérium), le but était de localiser à l’échelle nanométrique les contraintes responsables ou inhérentes à la transformation de phase quadratique-monoclinique, phénomène ayant une très grande influence sur les propriétés du matériau massif. Pour ce faire, après avoir déterminé une technique de préparation adaptée, nous proposons une voie d’étude pour la localisation des contraintes liées à la transformation de phase : le CBED (Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction) couplé à la nanoindentation in situ. Dans le cas de l’alumine, l’objectif était d’étudier le matériau (commercial et non un matériau modèle) dans sa forme originelle à savoir sous forme de nanoparticules d’alumine de transition. L’idée était d’étudier le comportement de ces nanoparticules sous compression. Nous avons notamment constaté que ces particules pouvaient subir une grande déformation plastique à température ambiante. Nous avons pu également, sur quelques particules, obtenir une série d’images en cours de compression ainsi que la courbe de charge-déplacement correspondante. Ces résultats ont ensuite été soumis à une analyse des images couplée à une simulation de type Eléments Finis (réalisées par le LAMCOS). / Knowledge of the behavior and properties of materials is of great importance to optimize their processing and adapt their use. To study these properties, many techniques are commonly used: tensile tests, microindentation, instrumented nanoindentation ... Today, particular interest is focused on nanomaterials and nanostructured materials because they often have different and more interesting properties. Instrumented nanoindentation allow to determine material parameters. However, the real-time behavior can not be observed and the study of nano-objects is difficult (nanoparticles for example). The main advantage of in situ TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) nanoindentation is the ability to study the behavior of nano-objects in real time. In this study, we evaluated the potential of this new technique by analyzing ceramics extensively studied in the laboratory such as biomaterials: stabilized zirconia and alumina. In the case of zirconia (stabilized with yttrium or cerium), the goal was to locate at the nanoscale, the constraints responsible for the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation. This phenomenon having a great influence on the bulk material properties. To do this, after having determined a suitable preparation method, we suggest a way to study the localization of constraints: the CBED (Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction) coupled with in situ TEM nanoindentation. In the case of alumina, the goal was to study the material in its original form (nano powder of transition alumina). The idea was to study the behavior of these nanoparticles under compression. We particularly observed that these particles could undergo large plastic deformation at room temperature. We have also obtained during compression on few particles, series of images and the corresponding load-displacement curve. These results were then analyzed by image analysis coupled with Finite Element simulations (performed in LAMCOS lab).

Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni alloy (L-605) is a cobalt-based superalloy combining high strength with keeping high ductility, biocompatible and corrosion resistant. It has been used successfully for heart valves for its chemical inertia, and this alloy is a good candidate for stent elaboration. Control of grain size distribution can lead to significant improvement of mechanical properties: in one hand grain refinement enhance the material strength, and on the other hand large grains provide the ductility necessary to avoid the rupture in use. Therefore, tailoring the grain size distribution is a promising way to adapt the mechanical properties to the targeted applications. The grain size can be properly controlled by dynamic recrystallization during the forging process. Therefore, the comprehension of the recrystallization mechanism and its dependence on forging parameters is a key point of microstructure design approach. The optimal conditions for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization are determined, and correlation between microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior is investigated. Compression tests are carried out at high-temperature on Thermec-master Z and Gleeble forging devices, followed by gas or water quench. Mechanical behavior of the material at high temperature is analyzed in detail, and innovative methods are proposed to determine the metallurgical mechanisms at stake during the deformation process. Mechanical properties of the material after hot-working and annealing treatments are investigated. The grain growth kinetics of L-605 alloy is determined, and experimental results are compared with the static recrystallization process. Microstructures after hot deformation are evaluated using SEM-EBSD and TEM. Significant grain refinement occurs by dynamic recrystallization for high temperature and low strain rate (T≥1100 ◦ C, strain rate < 0.1s−1), and at high strain rate (strain rate > 10s−1). Dynamic recrystallization is discontinuous and takes place from the grain boundaries, leading to a necklace structure. The nucleation mechanism is most likely to be bulging from grain boundaries and twin boundaries. A new insight of the modeling of dynamic recrystallization taking as a starting point the experimental data is proposed. By combining the results from the mechanical behavior study and microstructure observation, the recrystallization at steady-state is thoroughly analyzed and provides the mobility of grain boundaries. The nucleation criterion for the bulging from grain boundaries is reformulated to a more general expression suitable for any initial grain size. Nucleation frequency can be deduced from experimental data at steady-state through modeling, and is extrapolated to any deformation condition. From this point, a complete analytical model of the dynamic recrystallization is established, and provides a fair prediction on the mechanical behavior and the microstructure evolution during the hot-working process.

Šiame darbe yra aptariamos elektroninės mikroskopijos technologijos, elektroninių mikroskopų pagrindiniai veikimo principai, jais gaunami vaizdai bei apdorojimo metodai, funkcionalumo praplėtimo galimybės. Ypatingas dėmesys yra skiriamas – Artimo lauko optinio skenavimo mikroskopijai (SNOM – Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy). Darbo eigoje suprojektuota ir sukurta programinė įranga, leidžianti prie SNOM tipo mikroskopo prijungti nestandartinį grįžtamojo signalo įrenginį - fotonų skaitiklį. Fotonų skaitiklis yra daug jautresnis už standartiškai naudojamą fotodaugintuvą, tai leidžia SNOM mikroskopu atlikti naujus eksperimentus, kaip fluorescencijos tyrimas, tiriamųjų objektų žymėjimas kvantiniais taškais ir kt. Suprojektuota programa valdo SNOM naudodama sąsajas su mikroskopo programine įranga, sinchronizuoja fotonų skaitikliu gaunamus rezultatus, generuoja vaizdus, pateikia galimybes juos išsaugoti įvairiais formatais. Atlikus programos funkcionalumo tyrimą realiomis sąlygomis, buvo atrasti ir pašalinti programos trūkumai (susiję su sinchronizacija ir SNOM zondo veikimo ypatumais), bei nustatytos fotonų skaitiklio greitaveikos ribos, maksimalios fotonų skaičiaus reikšmės, rekomenduojama matavimo periodo trukmė. Darbe naudojamo fotonų skaitiklio greitaveikos problemoms spręsti pasiūlytas fotonų skaitiklio vienlustės sistemos projektas. Vienlustei sistemai sukurti buvo naudojami duomenys, surinkti programinės įrangos kūrimo ir testavimo metu. Pateikiami vienlustės sistemos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper describes technologies used in electronic microscopy, mainly SNOM (Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy) and functionality extension possibilities. Software that enables using a photon counting unit as a supplementary input device was designed and presented. The photon counting device is much more sensitive than standard input device, thus new experiments as fluorescence research and Q-dot marking becomes available. The designed software collects data from photon counting unit and utilizes scripts to link with default SNOM software that controls probe movement. While testing the software, issues related to latency and synchronization helped to find out timing limits and optimal probe movement paths. To improve quality and speed of the whole scanning process a system-on-chip (SoC) project is presented. The paper provides details of SoC design, operation and limitations.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

O tratamento de inclusões com cálcio é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção de aços mais limpos e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. A simulação em laboratório do processo industrial tem sua importância na possibilidade de estudar as reações e interações químicas do tratamento de inclusões no aço líquido. Esse tipo de estudo é possível através do uso de experimentos associados entre fornos a cálculos termodinâmicos. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar - em escala laboratorial - a evolução de inclusões modificadas com a adição de cálcio no banho do aço SAE 8620; 2) Comparar os resultados obtidos com simulações via termodinâmica computacional; 3) Consolidar uma metodologia para estudo de inclusões em escala laboratorial. Para isso, foram executadas corridas em um forno elétrico resistivo de escala de laboratório. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: ferro com alta pureza e as ferroligas usadas na indústria. Houve injeção de alumínio e cálcio no aço líquido. Na análise química do aço foram considerados os elementos de liga de rotina de produção inclusive os teores de cálcio e oxigênio total. Nas análises de inclusões foram avaliados, via MEV/EDS: composição química, morfologia, distribuição de fases e tamanho.Para calcular o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre aço líquido e inclusões não-metálicas - via termodinâmica computacional - foram utilizados os bancos de dados do software FactSage. Observou-se a modificação química das inclusões com a adição de cálcio, formando diferentes tipos de cálcio-aluminatos, como previsto. Devido à presença de enxofre, verificou-se a formação de sulfetos de cálcio e manganês associados aos cálcio-aluminatos. Também obteve-se uma boa correlação entre os resultados calculados via termodinâmica computacional e a literatura consultada. / The inclusion treatment with calcium is a powerful tool for the production of cleaner steels with improved mechanical properties. The simulation in laboratory of the industrial process has its importance in the possibility of studying the reactions and chemical interactions of the inclusions treatment in the liquid steel. This kind of study is just possible through the use of experiments associated with furnaces and thermodynamics simulations. This way, the aims of this work were: 1) to evaluate - in laboratorial scale - the evolution of inclusions modified with the calcium addition in the SAE 8620 steel bath; 2) to compare the results obtained with computational thermodynamics simulation; 3) to consolidate a methodology for study inclusions in laboratorial scale. Trials in a electrical resistive furnace in laboratory scale were carried out. The raw materials used were: high purity iron and ferroalloys used in the industry. It had also injection of aluminium and calcium in the liquid steel. In the chemical analysis of the steel it was considered the common alloying elements of steel including calcium and total oxygen. In the inclusions analysis were evaluated by SEM/EDS: chemical composition, morphology, phases distribution and size. To calculate the thermodynamic balance between liquid steel and nonmetallic inclusions - by computational thermodynamics simulation - the FactSage data bases software were used. The chemical modification of the inclusions with calcium addition was observed, forming different types of calcium-aluminates, as predicted. Due to sulphur presence it was verified the formation of calcium and manganese sulphides associates with calciumaluminates. Also it was obtained a good correlation between these results, calculated by computational thermodynamics and literature.

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum ssp.) é uma das culturas agrícolas mais importantes da história da humanidade. Foi em Nova Guiné, seu provável centro de origem, que o homem teve o primeiro contato com a planta em seu estado silvestre. Atualmente, o Brasil lidera a lista dos 80 países produtores de cana-de-açúcar. É o primeiro também em exportação de seus derivados, seguido, respectivamente, pela Austrália, Tailândia, Guatemala e África do Sul. A área plantada no Brasil está próxima dos 7 milhões de hectares. A cana-de-açúcar, assim como a grande diversidade de culturas de interesse agronômico, é hospedeira de uma série de patógenos que podem limitar sua produção, dentre os quais, destaca-se a bactéria Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, agente causal do raquitismo-da-soqueira (RSD). O RSD é considerado uma das mais importantes doenças da cana-de-açúcar que limita a produção no mundo todo e seu controle está fundamentado na adoção de um conjunto de medidas preventivas, pois poucas são as informações sobre materiais resistentes à doença e não existe um produto químico que a controle eficientemente. Historicamente, a dificuldade do diagnóstico do RSD, na maioria dos casos, é conseqüência da ausência de sintomas externos e pela não ocorrência de sintomas internos em determinados cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e neste sentido, técnicas de imunologia, molecular e de microscopia de contraste de fases têm sido bastante empregadas. A hipótese da possível correlação entre a anatomia vascular e a resistência de plantas a patógenos, é um assunto freqüentemente discutido por pesquisadores e poderia elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos na resistência da planta ao patógeno. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a resistência/suscetibilidade de 10 variedades comerciais de canade- açúcar RB, mais a variedade CB 49-260 incluída como padrão suscetível, correlacionando os danos apresentados por análises de componentes de produção tecnológicos e biométricos amostrados no campo, com a morfologia e quantificação de conjunto de feixes vasculares e os níveis de infecção detectados nos diagnósticos. Os resultados mostraram que as variedades RB 72 454, RB 83 5486, RB 86 7515, RB 92 8064, RB 92 5211, RB 92 5345 e RB 92 5268 comportaram-se como variedades suscetíveis. A RB 85 5156 comportou-se como variedade de resistência intermediária As variedades RB 85 5536 RB 85 5453, comportaram-se como tolerantes. Os danos apresentados tiveram relação direta com as concentrações do patógeno inoculadas no início do experimento, ou seja, quanto maior a concentração de inóculo, maiores foram os danos ocorridos nas variedades menos tolerantes. Contudo, não há correlações entre o tamanho médio do metaxilema e o número de feixes vasculares por área com a resistência da planta. / Sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.) is one of the most important cultures in the history of the humanity. The center of origin is probably New Guinea, where people had the first contact with the plant in wild state. Presently, Brazil leads the list of the 80 sugarcane producing countries. Brazil is also the first in exporting sugarcane by-products, followed by Australia, Thailand, Guatemala and South Africa, respectively. The are grown in Brazil ranges 7 million hectares. As well as a great diversity of cultures of agronomical interest, sugarcane is host of a large number of pathogens which can limit its production. Among them, one can emphasize, Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, causal agent of ratoon stunting disease (RSD). RSD is considered one of the most important diseases of sugarcane limiting yield worldwide and the control is based on the adoption of a set of preventative measures, since the information about resistant materials and efficient chemical products are scarce. Historically, RSD diagnosis has been difficult because there are no definitive external symptoms and internal symptoms do not develop adequately in all varieties. Serological, molecular and microscopy techniques have been widely used to diagnose RSD. The hypothesis of the possible correlation among vascular anatomy and plant resistance has been discussed by researchers and could elucidate the resistance mechanisms involved in the resistance of plants to the pathogens. Thus, the overall objective of the present study was to evaluate the resistance/susceptibility of 10 RB sugarcane commercial varieties including CB 49-260 as a susceptible standard, correlate the damages presented by the analysis of technological and biometric production components of field samples, with the morphology and quantification of set of vascular bundles and the level of infections detected on the diagnostics. The results showed that varieties RB 72 454, RB 83 5486, RB 86 7515, RB 92 8064, RB 92 5211, RB 92 5345 and RB 92 5268 were susceptible. RB 85 5156, had a intermediary resistance and varieties RB 85 5536 and RB 85 5453 both showed tolerant behavior. The injuries presented had a direct relationship with the inoculum concentration, in other words, the higher the inoculum concentration the higher the injuries with the less tolerant varieties. However, there is no correlation between the average length of the metaxilem and the number of vascular bundles per area in plant resistance.

A produção vegetal é dependente do processo fotossintético. As técnicas de biologia molecular e transformação genética de plantas trouxeram boas perspectivas para a alteração do metabolismo fotossintético. Plantas transgênicas de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum, L.) que superexpressam o gene quimérico Lhcb1*2 de ervilha têm sido estudadas por apresentarem uma série de alterações no desenvolvimento e no metabolismo fotossintético, em relação à linhagem selvagem. Vários autores observaram mudanças morfológicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e adaptativas que favorecem essas plantas em diversas condições de cultivo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de avaliar o impacto da superexpressão desse gene na formação plastidial de plântulas de tabaco germinadas e mantidas no escuro por sete dias e depois transferidas à luz, com coletas periódicas de 0, 6, 18 e 120 horas pós-iluminação. O desenvolvimento plastidial, avaliado por microscopia de luz, mostra um provável adiantamento na formação dos cloroplastos dos materiais vegetais transgênicos (TR1 e TR2) em relação à selvagem (WT). A análise de ultraestrutura dos plastídios por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, demostrou um real adiantamento na formação dos cloroplastos maduros nas duas linhagens transgênicas A análise de Western blot confimou a presença de proteínas específicas do fotossistema II (Lhcb 1-2 e D1). Este fato implica que a montagem do aparato fotossintético é antecipada nos transgênicos, assim como o desenvolvimento morfológico e estrutural observado nos plastídios. / The vegetal production is strictly dependent on the photosynthetic process. Techniques of molecular biology and genetic transformation of plants brought good perspectives for the alteration of the photosynthetic metabolism. Transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum, L.) which express the chimeric pea Lhcb1*2 gene were pbtained and presenta series of alterations on development and photosynthetic metabolism in relation to the wild type. Previous analysis have demonstrated morphological, physiological, biochemical and adaptative changes that favour these transgenic lines in various conditions of culture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the expression of this gene in the plastid formation, of tobacco seedlings. Seeds were germinated and kept in darknes for seven days, and transferred to light. The seedlings were then collected after 0, 6, 18 and 120 hours of exposure to continuous ilumination. The plastidial development evaluated by light microscopy, showed an advanced chloroplast formation of the transgenic lines (TR1 and TR2) in relation to the wild type (WTSR1). The ultrastructural analysis of the plastids by electronic microscopy showed, indeed on advanced formation of mature chloroplasts in the transgenic lines. The Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of two specific proteins (CAB and D1), of the photosystem II. This fact implies that the assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus might occurs earlier in the transgenic lines, as well as the morphological and structural development of the plastids.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T13:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:46:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-03 / Este estudo objetivou avaliar, in vitro, a resistência ao cisalhamento apresentada por três marcas comerciais de bráquetes ortodônticos cerâmicos policristalinos e uma marca de bráquete metálico, todos com retenção mecânica, verificando os índices de resina remanescentes após os ensaios, e analisar, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as topografias superficiais do esmalte pós-descolagem, detectando o desprendimento de partículas minerais do esmalte após a remoção dos bráquetes. Foram utilizados 60 incisivos inferiores bovinos recém-extraídos. Os bráquetes cerâmicos policristalinos (Allure®, InVu® e Clarity®) e metálico (Geneus®) foram colados utilizando-se o adesivo Transbond XT®. Para os resultados referentes ao cisalhamento, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. O teste de Mann-Whtiney foi utilizado para comparar os diferentes tipos de bráquetes aos pares, quanto aos índices de resina remanescentes. Para a análise dos resultados referentes às composições químicas do esmalte aplicou-se o teste de Brown-Forsythe com significância estatística ao nível de 5%. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando os testes Post Hoc de Games-Hoewell. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, quanto as cargas de cisalhamento, durante a descolagem dos bráquetes. Em relação ao IRA, quando comparados aos pares, foi possível observar diferenças estatísticas entre os bráquetes Clarity® e InVu® (p = 0,002), Allure® e InVu® (p = 0,006) e, Clarity® e Geneus® (p = 0,0022). Foi confirmada a prevalência do escore “4”, com um percentual de 40,4%. Em relação à topografia superficial do esmalte, o Geneus® foi o único que não apresentou perda de tecido superficial. O Clarity® foi o mais afetado em relação à topografia superficial e ao desprendimento de partículas minerais do esmalte (íons Ca). O InVu® e o Clarity® apresentaram fraturas coesivas de 33,3% de suas amostras e o Allure® de 50%, sendo o que mais apresentou fraturas durante a remoção. / This study aimed at evaluating, in vitro, the shear bond strength shown by three different brands of polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic brackets and a brand of metallic orthodontic bracket, all with mechanical retention, by verifying the adhesive remnant index after trials, and to analyze, by means of scanning electronic microscopy, the superficial enamel topographies after debonding, detecting the release of mineral particles of enamel after bracket removal. Sixty recently extracted mandibular bovine incisors were used in this study. Polycrystalline ceramic brackets (Allure®, InVu®, and Clarity®), and metallic brackets (Geneus®) were bonded with Transbond XT®. For the results concerning the shear bond strength the KruskalWallis test was applied with a significance level of 5%. The Mann Whitney test was performed to compare the different types of brackets by pair, in relation to the adhesive remnant. For the analysis of the results concerning the chemical composition of the enamel the Brown-Forsythe test was applied with a significance level of 5%. Comparisons between the groups were analyzed using the GamesHowell Post Hoc test. No statistically significant differences were observed in relation to shear loads during bracket debonding. In relation to ARI, when the pairs are compared, it was possible to observe statistically significant differences between Clarity and InVu brackets (p = 0,002), Allure and InVu (p = 0.006), and Clarity and Geneus (p = 0.0022). The prevalence of score “4” was confirmed with a percentile of 40.4%. In relation to the superficial enamel topography, the Geneus® bracket was the only one which did not show loss of superficial tissue. Clarity® brackets was the most affected in relation to superficial topography and to the release of mineral particles of enamel (Ca ions). InVu® and Clarity® brackets showed cohesive fractures in 33.3% of their samples and the Allure® in 50%, the latter being the one that presented most fractures during removal.

Objectifs Aucun agent n’a été approuvé pour prévenir l’ototoxicité secondaire au cisplatin. Nos objectifs consistaient à évaluer la protection auditive offerte par le lactate et le N-acétylcystéine (NAC) intra-tympaniques après injection de cisplatin, ainsi que l’absorption systémique du NAC intra-tympanique. Méthodes Seize cochons d’inde formaient 2 groupes ayant reçu une solution de lactate et de NAC à 20% dans l’oreille testée. L’oreille contro-latérale a reçu une solution saline contrôle. Après 30 minutes, une injection intrapéritonéale de 3 mg/kg de cisplatin a été effectuée et répétée une fois par semaine jusqu’à une dose finale de 24 mg/kg. Les potentiels évoqués auditifs du tronc cérébral (PEATC) ont été mesurés avant les injections, après 9 mg/kg et 24 mg/kg de cisplatin. Les cochlées ont été analysées au microscope électronique à balayage. La diffusion systémique du NAC a été évaluée par chromatographie en phase liquide. Résultats Pour les oreilles contrôles, les seuils auditifs des PEATC ont augmenté uniformément sur toutes les fréquences (28,4 dB en moyenne). Le groupe lactate montrait une augmentation moins importante (17,0 dB). Les basses fréquences étaient nettement moins affectées. Le groupe NAC a subi une augmentation des seuils de 89 dB. La microscopie électronique a démontré une préservation partielle des cellules ciliées externes des cochlées traitées au lactate et une destruction complète de celles traitées au NAC. La chromatographie n’a démontré aucune diffusion de NAC. Conclusions Le lactate offre une protection partielle significative contre l’ototoxicité induite par le cisplatin. Les injections de NAC n’offrent pas de protection lorsque administrées en concentrations élevée. Le NAC intra-tympanique ne se diffuse pas systémiquement. / Objectives There is no approved agent to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Our objectives are to identify and compare the protective effect of intratympanic injections of lactate or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and to study systemic diffusion of intratympanic NAC. Methods Sixteen guinea pigs, forming two groups, received respectively intratympanic lactate and 20% NAC in one ear. The contra-lateral ears received a control saline solution. After 30 minutes, an intra-peritoneal cisplatin injection of 3 mg/kg was performed and repeated once a week to achieve a final dose of 24mg/kg. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded before any injection, after 9mg/kg and after 24mg/kg of cisplatin for the frequencies 2, 4, 6 and 8kHz. Cochleas were analyzed under scanning electron microscope. Systemic diffusion of NAC was studied using high performance liquid chromatography. Results For the control ears, ABR thresholds increased uniformly by an average of 28.4dB. The lactate group showed a lower threshold increase by an average of 17.0dB. The NAC showed an important threshold increase of 89.0dB. Lactate showed a significant hearing protection at 2000Hz (p<0.01). Electron microscopy revealed partial preservation of cochlear outer hair cells stereocilia for the ears treated with lactate and severe disruption for NAC group. No systemic diffusion of NAC was observed with chromatography. Conclusion Lactate offers significant partial protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. NAC does not offer any protection when administered in high concentrations. Intratympanic NAC does not diffuse systemically.