Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem elektrochemischen Verhalten verschiedener Ferrocenyl-substituierter Thiophene. Dabei wird sich zunächst mit dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der Serie der Ferrocenylthiophene beschäftigt, die Anzahl der Ferrocenyleinheiten variiert von n = 1 – 4. Die Abhängigkeit der elektronischen Eigenschaften von numerischen und konstitutionellen Veränderungen der redox-aktiven Gruppen wird evaluiert. Daraus resultierend wird sich einer eingehenderen Untersuchung und Modifikation des 2,5-Diferrocenylthiophen-Motivs zugewandt. Diese Modifikationen werden im Kontext möglicher Ladungstransferprozesse zwischen den Ferrocenyleinheiten in den verschiedenen Redoxzuständen und unter Beeinflussung durch den Thiophen-Brückenliganden diskutiert. Es folgen des Weiteren Ausführungen zu Substitutionen an den Ferrocenylen (Einführung elektronen-ziehender Funktionalitäten) sowie der Vergleich zwischen einer Thiophen- und der Ethylendioxythiophen-Brückeneinheit. Anschließend wird sich mit der elektronischen Variation des Brückenliganden durch die Einführung von N-haltigen Substituenten befasst. In den abschließenden Kapiteln wird der Einfluss zusätzlicher σ- (Fischercarben-Komplexe) oder π-gebundener ([Ru(η5-C5H5)]+/[Ru(η5-C5Me5)]+) Übergangsmetallkomplexfragmente auf Ladungstransferwechselwirkungen im 2,5-Diferrocenylthiophen in verschiedenen Redoxzuständen beleuchtet.

L'écrit judiciaire s’analyse à la fois comme un moyen de communication et d'argumentation devant les juridictions répressives françaises. C'est un instrument utile et nécessaire à la bonne administration de la justice qui connaît à l'ère des nouvelles technologies, de profondes mutations. Extrêmement formel dans ses retranchements, ce n’est que par sa présence que le jugement peut trouver force exécutoire. Mais si sa fonction demeure purement probatoire au sein de l’institution judiciaire, sa nature tend aujourd’hui à évoluer. Il est en effet plus aisé d’accéder aux bases juridiques constituées de ces écrits, notamment via l’internet. L’écrit judiciaire se démocratise donc par sa facilité d’accès alors même qu’il reste abscons et que le nombre de ses rédacteurs habilités reste très limité. Présent à tous les niveaux de la procédure pénale française en ce qu’il permet d’assurer le secret (de l’enquête, de l’instruction, des délibérations), l’écrit devient cependant de moins en moins sûr. Informatisé, il est souvent la cible d’intrusion et de convoitise, ce qui pourrait mettre à mal les tribunaux répressifs astreints à la discrétion. Informatique, il permet un archivage et une rapidité de traitement hors pair. Certaines procédures telle celle que l’on retrouve devant la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation sont complètement numériques et non plus seulement numérisées, grâce à un bureau virtuel spécialement conçu à cet effet. Le changement de support de l’écrit judiciaire est en définitive ambivalent. Des progrès sans précédent sont à en attendre, de même que les dangers actuels qu’il présente sont préoccupants. L’écrit papier traditionnel ne satisfait plus les besoins de notre temps, or l’écrit électronique n’a pas connu un essor suffisant et n’a pas acquis assez d’autorité pour être accepté comme tel. Le présent travail universitaire se situe lui-même à la croisée des chemins, entre un écrit papier imparfait et un écrit électronique toujours tâtonnant. / Legal writing can be analyzed both as a communication and an argumentation means before the French criminal courts. It is undoubtedly a useful and required way to a good rendering of justice, and moreover a deeply mutating one in our era of new technologies. Formal by essence, it is only through writing that the legal decision can be executed. If it mainly functions as way of proof within the institution, its nature is evolving. The access to databases consisting of these written records is easier through the internet. The legal writing is both more democratic through easier access, and hermetic as its authorized producers are limited in number. While present at every layer of the criminal procedure as it assures its secrecy (from the investigation to the deliberation), it is becoming less safe. Digitalized, it is coveted and sometimes penetrated from the outside, thwarting the obligation of confidentiality that binds the institution. Digital, it allows an unmatched archiving and data-processing. Some procedures, beyond their mere digitalization, are exclusively digital before the “Cour de cassation” criminal chamber, thanks to a tailored virtual desktop. This change in support is double-sided. Unprecedented progress as well as potential threats are to be expected. While the traditional paper writing no longer matches our modern needs, its digital counterpart has not grown enough in usage and authority to be accepted as such. The current dissertation thesis itself is a the crossroads of these trends, between an imperfect paper writing and a still struggling digital writing.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The Internet is now facilitating the provision of an increasing number of services. Thus, technology has become a more integrated part of people‟s daily routine. Some of these technologies include electronic communication, online banking, and shopping as well as electronic learning - to name but a few. However, for various reasons, such as limited formal education (which is a key promoter of reading and writing skills), access and skills, not everyone has an equal opportunity to benefit from the use of these technologies. The unequal distribution of opportunities of such nature is often broadly referred to as the digital divide. That is the gap between those who have access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and those who do not. One noted challenge that influences the use of ICT consists of socioeconomic conditions, which together elicit high levels of poverty. An identified strategy for uplifting these areas was (and still is) entrepreneurship, notably small businesses. These small businesses however, generally have very short and mostly unsuccessful lives. As a result the government at all levels (national, provincial and local) has endeavoured to provide support to these businesses. Some of this support is provided through mediums, such as the Internet (here named “electronic support”) to assist these small businesses. This support, which comes from government, is however, not being fully utilised by the intended beneficiaries. Thus, the small businesses are not benefiting from the support provided. Consequently, many are still experiencing a short and unsuccessful existence. This research thus analyses the small businesses in areas of the greater Cape Town, which are characterised by high levels of poverty and unemployment. Previous studies in these areas have reported the lack of ICT related skills, also known as electronic skills (e-skills), as one of the reasons for the low uptake of electronic support (e-support). This e-support is provided by various levels of government through selected agencies (service providers). In essence, this study is aimed at investigating the influence of e-skills in the access and use of the provided e-support by owners of small businesses. Considering that the lack of adequate e-skills has been identified as influencing the use of e-support, the study also aims to identify the e-skills needed to fully utilise the provided e-support. The approach to this investigation included a review of pertinent literature and devising a conceptual model. This model was then tested in the empirical setting of this study. This setting included: (i) Providers of e-support (various specialised government agencies) and (ii) the intended beneficiaries of this esupport, i.e. small businesses in the previously disadvantaged areas (PDAs) of the greater Cape Town. Through the use of case study methodology and face to face interviews, it was found that many small business owners were not able to appropriately use the provided e-support. This was due to their lack of e-skills, which resulted in their inability to use ICT. Additionally, some were unaware of the existence of the e-support or the service providers. During the review of pertinent literature done as part of the study, an e-skills framework was designed. The framework identified the e-skills considered necessary in order for small business owners to effectively utilise the provided e-support and other technologies. The e-skills framework suggested by this study could be used as a tool to assist: (i) The providers of e-support to understand the usage of their services and enable (ii) a more informed understanding of the need for appropriate e-skills among small business owners, in relation to their use of the provided e-support. Additionally, (iii) small business owners should be in a better position to recognise the benefits of using technology, especially the Internet. The contribution of this study is seen as twofold. Firstly, it should assist the providers and users of e-support. This is done by addressing the practical side of the provision and usage of these services. Secondly, the study contributes an informative e-skills framework related to the effective use of esupport. This study also furthers academic knowledge in the area of the investigation, and suggests further directions for research. Considering, the limited small business sample (only participants from three PDAs), the generalisation of this study is limited. This limitation does not however, influence the validity of this research, or the credibility of the findings.

No description available.

Since the Internet became available for commercial use in the early 90s, the way of doing business was changed forever. The Internet and electronic commerce have allowed people to carry out business by means of electronic communications, which makes it possible for them to do business and to conclude contracts with people situated within foreign jurisdictions. The need for consumer protection in electronic commerce has become necessary because of the misuse of aspects peculiar to electronic–commerce. Consumers have been cautious to make use of electroniccommerce, as they are uncertain about the consequences that their actions might have. Consumers will only utilise e–commerce if they have confidence in the legal system regulating it; therefore, legislation was needed to regulate their e–commerce activities. In 2002, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 was introduced into South African law as the first piece of legislation that would deal exclusively with electronic communications. Chapter VII of this particular act deals exclusively with consumer protection and seeks to remove certain uncertainties imposed by e–commerce. This is done by providing the South African consumer with statutory rights and obligations when engaging in electronic communications. The Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008 is the most recent piece of legislation that aims to promote a consistent legislative and enforcement framework relating to consumer transactions and agreements. South African legislation dealing with electronic commerce is relatively recent, and it is uncertain whether consumers are offered sufficient protection when they conclude contracts with suppliers or sellers from a foreign jurisdiction, that is, one that is situated outside South Africa. After looking at the protection mechanisms in place for South African consumers engaging in e–commerce, we have seen that there are certain problems that one might experience when trying to determine the applicability of some of the consumer protection measures to international electronic contracts. Most of the problems that we have identified are practical of nature. Consumers may, for instance, find it hard to execute their rights against foreign suppliers in a South African court, even if the court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. Another problem that we identified is that some of the important terms in our legislation are too vaguely defined. Vague terms and definitions can lead to legal uncertainty, as consumers might find it hard to understand the ambit of the acts, and to determine the applicability thereof on their transactions. In order to look for possible solutions for South Africa, the author referred to the legal position with regards to consumer protections in the United Kingdom, and saw the important role that European Union legislation plays when determining the legal position regarding consumer protection in the UK. The legislation in the UK dealing with consumer protection is far more specific than the South African legislation dealing with same. There is definitely consumer protection legislation in place in South Africa but the ongoing technological changes in the electronic commerce milieu make it necessary for our legislators to review consumer protection legislation on a regular basis to ensure that it offers sufficient protection for South African consumers engaging in international electronic contracts. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Since the Internet became available for commercial use in the early 90s, the way of doing business was changed forever. The Internet and electronic commerce have allowed people to carry out business by means of electronic communications, which makes it possible for them to do business and to conclude contracts with people situated within foreign jurisdictions. The need for consumer protection in electronic commerce has become necessary because of the misuse of aspects peculiar to electronic–commerce. Consumers have been cautious to make use of electroniccommerce, as they are uncertain about the consequences that their actions might have. Consumers will only utilise e–commerce if they have confidence in the legal system regulating it; therefore, legislation was needed to regulate their e–commerce activities. In 2002, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 was introduced into South African law as the first piece of legislation that would deal exclusively with electronic communications. Chapter VII of this particular act deals exclusively with consumer protection and seeks to remove certain uncertainties imposed by e–commerce. This is done by providing the South African consumer with statutory rights and obligations when engaging in electronic communications. The Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008 is the most recent piece of legislation that aims to promote a consistent legislative and enforcement framework relating to consumer transactions and agreements. South African legislation dealing with electronic commerce is relatively recent, and it is uncertain whether consumers are offered sufficient protection when they conclude contracts with suppliers or sellers from a foreign jurisdiction, that is, one that is situated outside South Africa. After looking at the protection mechanisms in place for South African consumers engaging in e–commerce, we have seen that there are certain problems that one might experience when trying to determine the applicability of some of the consumer protection measures to international electronic contracts. Most of the problems that we have identified are practical of nature. Consumers may, for instance, find it hard to execute their rights against foreign suppliers in a South African court, even if the court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. Another problem that we identified is that some of the important terms in our legislation are too vaguely defined. Vague terms and definitions can lead to legal uncertainty, as consumers might find it hard to understand the ambit of the acts, and to determine the applicability thereof on their transactions. In order to look for possible solutions for South Africa, the author referred to the legal position with regards to consumer protections in the United Kingdom, and saw the important role that European Union legislation plays when determining the legal position regarding consumer protection in the UK. The legislation in the UK dealing with consumer protection is far more specific than the South African legislation dealing with same. There is definitely consumer protection legislation in place in South Africa but the ongoing technological changes in the electronic commerce milieu make it necessary for our legislators to review consumer protection legislation on a regular basis to ensure that it offers sufficient protection for South African consumers engaging in international electronic contracts. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Zugl.: Zürich, University, Diss., 2006/2007.

The work deals with the topic of electronic communication with the tax authorities. The theoretical part starts with the research of related work and then the development of e-Government to nowadays form is presented. The legislation regarding electronic communication with tax authorities with possible changes towards future follows. The theoretical part of the work is finished with statistics regarding electronic communication with the tax authorities and with comparison of the situation in the Czech Republic with the situation in other European Union countries. In the practical part of the work, a set of best practices which should be obeyed by tax advisors is presented as a main output of the work. Practical part also contains a survey and statistical analysis of data arising from it. The survey is unique because of the fact that all respondents are tax advisors. In the last part, based on the survey, the benefits and shortcomings of the electronic communications with the tax authorities as well as possible steps to streamline are presented.

This thesis work is to do with the Information system of data boxes (ISDS) which is introduced from legislation's and user's point of view. Because the introduction of this system has influenced hundreds of thousands of subjects the main target of this thesis is to find out about the impact of the ISDS on users with the help of the analysis method. In this work firstly the data provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs are examined and interpreted, secondly the results of the poll conducted by the author and then a cost-benefit analysis of the system from the users' point of view is carried out. The results of the work show that the ISDS was at the end of the examined period (2009 -- 2013) beneficial for its users and the total economic benefit for the respective period is 3.6 billion Czech crowns. This means that every crown spent on the operation of the system by the Ministry of Internal Affairs represents savings of 2 Czech crowns. The author of this work has come to the conclusion that the system is from a legislative, technological and economic point of view very well created. The author recommends to the system administrator its further development and also recommends to use its potential among thousands of OSVČ (the self-employed).

Master´s thesis analyses modern methods of communication in company management. The objective is to discover out the crucial defects of this issue and to outline possible solutions which would improve the weaknesses – of internal communication. The master´s thesis consists of three parts: The theoretical part is concerned about communicational instruments which have been used by the operational company ČEPRO, a.s. The analytical part describes implementation of communicational instruments in the company. (external communication, internal communication, crisis communication and communication during the new product implementation) The proposal part recommends appropriate elements for efficient communication within the current communication system in the company.