O gerenciamento de riscos em uma instalação nuclear é necessário para a segurança de trabalhadores e de populações vizinhas. Parte desse processo é a comunicação dos riscos que propicia o diálogo entre gestores da empresa e moradores das áreas de risco. A população que conhece os riscos a que está exposta, como esses riscos são gerenciados e o que deve ser feito em uma situação de emergência tende a se sentir mais segura e a confiar nas instituições responsáveis pelo plano de emergência. Sem diálogo entre empresa e público, o conhecimento dos procedimentos a serem seguidos em caso de acidente não chega à população, ou quando chega, não há confiança dessas pessoas na sua eficácia. Em Angra dos Reis, no litoral sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, está a Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto. No entorno dessa Central Nuclear existe uma população que, de acordo com o Plano de Emergência Externo (PEE/RJ), deverá ser evacuada ou ficar abrigada, caso ocorra um acidente na instalação. Um trabalho de comunicação de riscos entre esses moradores é necessário para que eles conheçam o plano de emergência e os procedimentos corretos para uma situação de emergência, além de buscar esclarecer dúvidas e mitos. Esse trabalho apresenta uma análise da comunicação dos riscos feita para a população local, a percepção que ela tem dos riscos e o grau de conhecimento do plano de emergência externo por parte dessas pessoas. / Risk management in a nuclear facility is necessary for the safety of workers and the surrounding population. One part of this process is risk communication that enables dialogue between the company managers and people who live within risk area. People who are aware of the risks to which they are exposed, how these risks are handled and how to behave in an emergency situation tend to feel safer and to trust the institutions responsible for the emergency plan. Without dialogue, the population has no access to the procedures necessary in occurrence of an accident, and even if they do have access, there is no trust in the institution. In Angra dos Reis, on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, there is the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant. In the surroundings of the power plant there is a population that, according to the External Emergency Plan, must be evacuated or sheltered in the occurrence of an accident. Communication with this population is crucial, so that they become aware of the emergency plan and to its procedures, in addition to clarify doubts and myths about the risks they are exposed. This work presents an analysis of risk communication regarding local population surrounding the nuclear power plant in Angra dos Reis, their risk perception and the degree of knowledge of the external emergency plan by this population.

<p>Varje skola har skyldighet att inneha en aktuell krisplan att tillgå vid händelser och situationer som kan utlösa en krisreaktion hos en eller flera individer på skolan. Det finns inga direktiv från varken arbetsmiljöverket eller skolverket kring hur dessa krisplaner skall vara utformade eller vilka händelser och situationer som bör tas upp. Detta ger varje enskild skola stora friheter i utformningen av krisplanerna. Jag har inhämtat krisplaner från fem grundskolor med årskurser från förskoleklass till årskurs fem och gjort kritiska diskursanalyser av dessa varpå jag upptäckt stora skillnader och även likheter mellan dessa vilka jag ger en redogörelse för i mitt resultat. Jag har fokuserat på tre utkristalliserade teman:</p><ul><li>Elevs dödsfall</li><li>Uppföljning av elever som mår dåligt till följd av inträffat dödsfall</li><li>Situationer som en enskild skola är ensam om att lyfta upp</li></ul><p>Vidare för jag en diskussion kring krisplanernas utformning och de utkristalliserade teman jag funnit och kopplar dessa till psykologisk forskning kring barns känslor, krisreaktioner samt barnens bearbetningsprocess vid en kris.</p><p>Jag söker även efter indikationer på att barn som mår dåligt till följd av att föräldrarna separerar lyfts upp i krisplanerna. Då jag inte finner några indikationer på att dessa barn omfattas av krisplanernas åtgärder för jag en diskussion om dessa barns specifika reaktioner på separationen i slutdiskussionen. Jag diskuterar även huruvida barnen får vara delaktiga i utformandet av krisplanerna på skolan utifrån barnkonventionens tredje artikel som belyser att barns bästa alltid skall komma i främsta rummet samt tolfte artikeln som lyfter fram att barns åsikter alltid skall tas i beaktande i situationer som rör dem.</p> / <p>Each school is obligated to maintain an emergency plan in case of events and situations that could lead to a state of crisis with one or among several individuals at school. There are no directives from the department of work environment or the department of education on how an emergency plan should look like or what topics to be covered. This gives each school the freedom of choice to form the emergency plan in their own manner. I have gathered emergency plans from five elementary schools ranging from preschool to fifth grade and upon critical analysis, great differences was noticed but also some similarities which I will describe in my results. Focus was put into three recurring themes noticed:</p><ul><li>Death of a pupil</li><li>Follow up of pupil´s feeling depressed as a result of occurred death</li><li>Emergency plan topics covered by one individual school only</li></ul><p>There is a discussion around how the emergency plans are formed and around the three themes which then are connected with psychological research around children’s emotions when a state of crisis occur and their ability to handle and process a state of crisis.</p><p>I also seek indications that children feeling depressed as a result of parents separating are considered in the emergency plan. As no indications where found that this was covered in the emergency plans there is a discussion around children’s specific reactions to a separation within the end discussion. There is also a discussion if children can take part in the creation of the emergency plans at their school on the basis of the children’s convention, third article which points out that the children’s best must be of the highest interest and the twelfth article which points out that the children´s opinion must be considered in situations where they are affected.</p>

Varje skola har skyldighet att inneha en aktuell krisplan att tillgå vid händelser och situationer som kan utlösa en krisreaktion hos en eller flera individer på skolan. Det finns inga direktiv från varken arbetsmiljöverket eller skolverket kring hur dessa krisplaner skall vara utformade eller vilka händelser och situationer som bör tas upp. Detta ger varje enskild skola stora friheter i utformningen av krisplanerna. Jag har inhämtat krisplaner från fem grundskolor med årskurser från förskoleklass till årskurs fem och gjort kritiska diskursanalyser av dessa varpå jag upptäckt stora skillnader och även likheter mellan dessa vilka jag ger en redogörelse för i mitt resultat. Jag har fokuserat på tre utkristalliserade teman: Elevs dödsfall Uppföljning av elever som mår dåligt till följd av inträffat dödsfall Situationer som en enskild skola är ensam om att lyfta upp Vidare för jag en diskussion kring krisplanernas utformning och de utkristalliserade teman jag funnit och kopplar dessa till psykologisk forskning kring barns känslor, krisreaktioner samt barnens bearbetningsprocess vid en kris. Jag söker även efter indikationer på att barn som mår dåligt till följd av att föräldrarna separerar lyfts upp i krisplanerna. Då jag inte finner några indikationer på att dessa barn omfattas av krisplanernas åtgärder för jag en diskussion om dessa barns specifika reaktioner på separationen i slutdiskussionen. Jag diskuterar även huruvida barnen får vara delaktiga i utformandet av krisplanerna på skolan utifrån barnkonventionens tredje artikel som belyser att barns bästa alltid skall komma i främsta rummet samt tolfte artikeln som lyfter fram att barns åsikter alltid skall tas i beaktande i situationer som rör dem. / Each school is obligated to maintain an emergency plan in case of events and situations that could lead to a state of crisis with one or among several individuals at school. There are no directives from the department of work environment or the department of education on how an emergency plan should look like or what topics to be covered. This gives each school the freedom of choice to form the emergency plan in their own manner. I have gathered emergency plans from five elementary schools ranging from preschool to fifth grade and upon critical analysis, great differences was noticed but also some similarities which I will describe in my results. Focus was put into three recurring themes noticed: Death of a pupil Follow up of pupil´s feeling depressed as a result of occurred death Emergency plan topics covered by one individual school only There is a discussion around how the emergency plans are formed and around the three themes which then are connected with psychological research around children’s emotions when a state of crisis occur and their ability to handle and process a state of crisis. I also seek indications that children feeling depressed as a result of parents separating are considered in the emergency plan. As no indications where found that this was covered in the emergency plans there is a discussion around children’s specific reactions to a separation within the end discussion. There is also a discussion if children can take part in the creation of the emergency plans at their school on the basis of the children’s convention, third article which points out that the children’s best must be of the highest interest and the twelfth article which points out that the children´s opinion must be considered in situations where they are affected.

O gerenciamento de riscos em uma instalação nuclear é necessário para a segurança de trabalhadores e de populações vizinhas. Parte desse processo é a comunicação dos riscos que propicia o diálogo entre gestores da empresa e moradores das áreas de risco. A população que conhece os riscos a que está exposta, como esses riscos são gerenciados e o que deve ser feito em uma situação de emergência tende a se sentir mais segura e a confiar nas instituições responsáveis pelo plano de emergência. Sem diálogo entre empresa e público, o conhecimento dos procedimentos a serem seguidos em caso de acidente não chega à população, ou quando chega, não há confiança dessas pessoas na sua eficácia. Em Angra dos Reis, no litoral sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, está a Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto. No entorno dessa Central Nuclear existe uma população que, de acordo com o Plano de Emergência Externo (PEE/RJ), deverá ser evacuada ou ficar abrigada, caso ocorra um acidente na instalação. Um trabalho de comunicação de riscos entre esses moradores é necessário para que eles conheçam o plano de emergência e os procedimentos corretos para uma situação de emergência, além de buscar esclarecer dúvidas e mitos. Esse trabalho apresenta uma análise da comunicação dos riscos feita para a população local, a percepção que ela tem dos riscos e o grau de conhecimento do plano de emergência externo por parte dessas pessoas. / Risk management in a nuclear facility is necessary for the safety of workers and the surrounding population. One part of this process is risk communication that enables dialogue between the company managers and people who live within risk area. People who are aware of the risks to which they are exposed, how these risks are handled and how to behave in an emergency situation tend to feel safer and to trust the institutions responsible for the emergency plan. Without dialogue, the population has no access to the procedures necessary in occurrence of an accident, and even if they do have access, there is no trust in the institution. In Angra dos Reis, on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, there is the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant. In the surroundings of the power plant there is a population that, according to the External Emergency Plan, must be evacuated or sheltered in the occurrence of an accident. Communication with this population is crucial, so that they become aware of the emergency plan and to its procedures, in addition to clarify doubts and myths about the risks they are exposed. This work presents an analysis of risk communication regarding local population surrounding the nuclear power plant in Angra dos Reis, their risk perception and the degree of knowledge of the external emergency plan by this population.

The organization of processes and activities of Medical Rescue Services must reflect the basic rules for providing EMS in accordance with regulations of the Ministry of Health. Organization process faces many risks (which can be summarized into three key groups - natural disasters, criminal activity and human error) for risk analysis process has been established methodology, which involves the calculation of risk factor, the likelihood of risky situations and the impact - the amount of damage. Risk analysis process was implemented from the perspective of patients with regard to the above risks. To minimize these risks, the impact on patients, was proposed measures, summarized in the emergency plans. These plans should be tested regularly. Managing emergency plans describing the proposed directive, which should be included in the Quality Management System for ZZS JCK

The thesis is focused on the mapping and the appraisal of current processes, using in the field of decontamination and the other manipulation with pets, in the emergency planning area within the possible emergence of radiation accident in nuclear facilities. There are meant animals which are kept like pets, not for farming. For nuclear facilities in our territory, collision plans are made, that contain methods, describing solution processes of radiation accident. The method of pet manipulation is solved only peripherally in these documents. Theoretical part of the thesis is oriented in pet problems in legislation and describes the bases of practical manipulation within the breeding and also the killing. There are described the precautions during the radiation accident, the undesirable effects of ionizing radiation on live organism and the basic techniques of decontamination. Practical part is focused on the data processing from contemporary valid rules and norms in this field and the description of precautions in the emergency planning area of the Nuclear Power Temelín in connection with protection and rescue of pets. The basic document, from which the applied process starts during the radiation accident in the emergency planning area of the Nuclear Power Temelín, is an external emergency plan. This document contains some concrete plans of activities, specifying these problems and that must be solved. These essential documents are important for this thesis ? the plans of iodine prophylaxis, the evacuation plan of individual person rescue, the decontamination and veterinary precautions. In the case of unsatisfactory finding of problems processing of pet handling, the proposal of possible methodology will be made in agreement with other Czech and foreign documents.

The aim of this thesis was to conduct a survey in selected water treatment plants to identify possible faults with which treatment providers may encounter. Within the thesis has been visited these treatments: ÚV Troubky, ÚV Hosov, ÚV Příkazy, ÚV Černovír. Further was performed evaluation of the collected information, specification and frequency disturbances occurring on those premises.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to clarify fundamental principles of activities of police officers of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region in the case of radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station. These principles are concentrated in compact documentation with practical tasks for respective organizational segments of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region. This documentation will be consequently used as a methodical guide for concerned police officers. Fundamental terms are defined in the theoretical part of the diploma thesis, concerning and usable in the course of measures in the case of solving radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station. The analysis of legal standards and technical bibliography is also performed in this part. The External Emergency Plan of the Temelín Nuclear power station is presented in detail, and a comparison of the previous and current atomic law is drawn. Last chapter of this part is devoted to the actual documentation of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region to manage the radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station. Necessary number of legal regulations, agreements and internal acts of management concerning the current topic was used for elaboration of this thesis. Information and findings of employees from the Department of Emergency Management of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region are also included. The practical part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the concentration of all materials and previous findings of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region in the case of measures for radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station into individual chapters. Each of these chapters presents particular activities of police officers of the Regional Directorate of the Police of the South Bohemian Region during performation of tasks in connection with managing the radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station. When listing particular tasks and processes, some of activities of other subjects participating together with members of the Police of the Czech Republic in measures concerning the radiological emergency are also mentioned in this part. The result of this thesis is a focused overview and operative material for police officers of the Police of the Czech Republic, usable for making them acquainted with questions of managing the radiological emergency at the Temelín Nuclear power station. It also serves as a background for regular practices and training courses on this subject.

The aim of my thesis was to evaluate radiation consequences in patients, and to evaluate unusual occurrences stemming from radiation at the department of nuclear medicine in hospital Ceske Budejovice. In the theory part, I worked with professional literature, applicable laws and internal documentation provided by the department of nuclear medicine in hospital Ceske Budejovice Plc The thesis reacted to the need of the department of nuclear medicine (dept. NM) in hospital Ceske Budejovice to evaluate the optimisation of doses for the patients and set local diagnostic levels. Different organisations worldwide deal with the question of optimising radiation protection, and their recommendations and standards are used in the Czech Republic. For this purpose, it is necessary to know the real activity of radiopharmaceuticals applied in each examination and to conduct a forecast resulting in effective doses also based on CT scans. The thesis also evaluates the occurrence of special radiation events really experienced at the department of NM (nuclear medicine) in the hospital mentioned above, the reasons for these events happening and precautions preventing them from happening in future. The owner of the permission for this activity, meaning the use of the source of ionizing radiation, has the duty to keep all documentation and paperwork in accordance with the law regulating nuclear power, abide by the rules of good practices and the real state of allowed practice. The occurrence of unusual events is closely connected with the documentation - internal emergency plan and monitoring program. (Law 263/2016) Therefore, it was recommended to compare these to the actual state and to review them based on the facts found. The values of applied activities and effective doses found were compared to the values published in the last report from UNSCEAR in 2016 and national referential values published in the bill about radiation protection no 422/ 2016. All results were inputted into tables and graphs. It was found that the applied activities at the department of NM in hospital Ceske Budejovice are in agreement with the values presented in UNSCEAR report and that they are lower than the national referential levels, which shows that there is optimised state of radiation protection for patients. The occurrence of concrete unusual radiation events at the department of NM in hospital Ceske Budejovice and their analysis revealed certain shortcomings in the process and the absence of security elements needed while holding radioactive liquid waste in storage at the hospital. It was necessary to find and implement such precautions, which will prevent similar type of events in future. The thesis will be handed in to the person tending to the radiation protection for the use of evaluation and providing the protection at the department of NM at the hospital Ceske Budejovice and to enable the documentation to be completed for the allowed activity.

De la 1ère extinction massive il y a 443 millions d’années, à la catastrophe nucléaire de Fukushima en 2011, notre planète nous montre qu’elle est un organisme vivant en perpétuelle évolution. Alors que les catastrophes et les crises rythment l’humanité, il semble se révéler que les ruptures d’hier permettent les constructions de demain. Le concept polysémique de crise s’est imposé au travers des âges, pour nommer ce qui paraissait indéfinissable. En s’enrichissant de l’histoire ancienne et moderne, ce travail de recherche essaye d’appréhender la notion de crise dans son système. L’approche écosystémique contribue alors à bien discerner ce qui la caractérise. Ce travail effectué nous autorise alors à étudier ce qui constitue la nature de la crise. L’ambition étant de décrypter les ruptures pour éviter le chaos. Comme nous l’apprenait Antoine Lavoisier « rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme ». Pour y arriver, les retours d’expériences et la théorisation des bonnes pratiques nous démontrent qu’il est nécessaire de bien discerner la nature de l’équilibre propre à notre système pour réussir à identifier les éléments du socle qui nous constitue. Il se révèle alors vital de déterminer ce qui constitue notre homéostasie, ce qui caractérise un écosystème qui résiste aux changements (perturbations) et arrive néanmoins à conserver un état d’équilibre. Cette analyse nous permet alors d’étudier et d’envisager les process nécessaires à mettre en place pour augmenter notre résilience. / From the 1st massive extinction 443 million years ago to Fukushima’s nuclear catastrophe in 2011, our planet never stopped demonstrating it is a living organism continually evolving. As disasters and crisis are pacing humanity, it seems that the past disruptions are leading to the future achievements. The polysemous nature of crisis has emerged through ages, to define the indefinable. Enriched with modern and ancient history, this study tries to circumscribe the notion of crisis. An ecosystem approach helps identifying its features. The work done allows us to study the origins of crisis. The ambition is to decipher disruptions in order to avoid chaos. As Antoine Lavoisier would put it « noting is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed », but to succeed, best practices and operating experience show us that we must understand the real nature of our system, and clearly identify the basics. It is essential to identify what constitute our homeostasis, what are the features of an ecosystem that stands firm and maintain its balance, this analysis allows us to study and consider the necessary processes that must be implemented in order to increase our resilience.