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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Estudo do comportamento de misturas asfálticas mornas em revestimentos de pavimento com adição de borracha moída de pneu. / Study of behavior of rubberized warm mix asphalt.

Cecilia Fortes Merighi 02 March 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo realizado com uma mistura asfáltica morna utilizando ligante aditivado com agente surfactante e borracha moída de pneus inservíveis. Um trecho experimental foi executado com a mistura asfáltica morna, localizado na SPA-248-055, Pista Oeste, entre os quilômetros 3+000 e 6+000 e comparado ao trecho de referência, localizado na mesma rodovia, entre os quilômetros 1+000 e 3+000. Foram feitos também ensaios fundamentais para caracterização do ligante modificado com borracha e com aditivo químico para mistura morna e também ensaios para verificar o comportamento mecânico da mistura de usina, de modo que possibilitou comparar seus resultados com uma mistura de referência, com produção na temperatura a quente. Os ensaios realizados para verificação do comportamento mecânico foram: resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência, fadiga e resistência à formação de trilha de roda no simulador de tráfego francês do LCPC. Comparando a mistura asfáltica morna com uma mistura de referencia, os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios. Além destes experimentos também foram realizados ensaios de resistência ao dano por umidade induzida (DUI). No caso deste estudo, os resultados foram satisfatórios. Durante a produção da mistura asfáltica, foi realizada a análise da redução de emissões de poluentes, no momento da produção da mistura. Os resultados indicaram que há redução de poluentes como fumos totais, fumos solúveis e compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC). Tanto o trecho experimental quanto o trecho de referência foram avaliados durante 3 anos quanto aos parâmetros de desempenho do pavimento, como irregularidade e condição de superfície. Os resultados obtidos mostram o comportamento positivo da mistura asfáltica morna, quando comparado ao pavimento do trecho de referência, ao longo de dois anos de observação. / This paper presents a study of a warm asphalt mix using binder additive with surfactant agent and tire crumb rubber. A test section was performed with the warm asphalt mixture, located in SPA-248-055, West Lane, between kilometers 3+00 to 6+000 and compared to the reference section, a hot mix section, located on the same highway, between kilometers 1 + 000 and 3 + 000. Basic tests were also made to characterize the rubber-modified binder and to verify the mechanical behavior of the plant mixture, than compared to results of a reference hot mixture. The tests performed to check the mechanical behavior were: tensile strength, resilient modulus, fatigue and rooting in French LCPC traffic simulator. Comparing the warm asphalt mixture with a mixture of reference, the results achieved were satisfactory. In addiction, in this research were also performed induced moisture damage, and check the adhesion of the binder to the aggregate. In the case of this study, the results were acceptable. During warm asphalt mix and hot mix production, analysis of reducing pollutant emissions were recorded. The results indicated that there is a reduction of pollutants such as total smoke, fumes soluble and organic volatile compounds. Both the experimental section and the reference section were evaluated for 3 years for pavement performance parameters such as roughness and surface condition. The results show a positive behavior of warm asphalt mix compared to the reference pavement section over two years of observation.
22

Sustentabilidade aplicada à indústria : o uso eficiente da energia como forma de conservação ambiental / Industrial susteinability: the efficient energy use as form of environmental consertion

Francisco Savastano Neto 23 February 2010 (has links)
Uma parcela significativa da energia gasta no Brasil está relacionada ao consumo industrial (40,6%). Este trabalho propõe a mostrar um dos muitos caminhos para se obter a redução no consumo de energia elétrica na indústria e, com isso, diminuir as emissões associadas à geração, transmissão e consumo deste recurso. A busca da indústria pela eficiência energética, aliada às práticas econômicas, sociais e ambientais adequadas, pode colocá-la no caminho da sustentabilidade. A emissão de CO2/kWh foi o indicador escolhido para monitorar o comportamento do consumo de energia no desenvolvimento dos dois estudos de caso. O principal objetivo destes casos foi a redução das emissões de gases do efeito estufa por meio do uso eficiente da energia elétrica. No primeiro caso um sistema de moagem de polpa de celulose usada na fabricação de fraldas foi substituído por outro mais eficiente, obtendo-se uma redução no consumo de energia de 60%, o que gera uma redução estimada das emissões de CO2 de 80 t/ano. No segundo caso, o sistema de vácuo da formação da fralda foi trocado por outro mais eficiente, conseguindo-se uma redução de 56% no consumo de energia, com a conseqüente redução estimada de emissão de CO2 de 74 t/ano. Nestes casos observou-se que a utilização eficiente de fontes de energia, além de gerar um menor nível nas emissões de gases do efeito estufa, também contribui para a redução dos custos industriais. / A significant fraction of the energy spent in Brazil is associated with industrial consumption (40.6%). The purpose of this work is to demonstrate one of many ways to reduce electric energy consumption by the industry and, as consequence, reduce emissions associated with generation, transmission, and consumption of this resource. The search of energetic efficiency, coupled with economical, social, and environmental practices can shift the industry in the direction of a sustainability path. The emission of CO2/kWh was chosen as a sustainability indicator to monitor the energy consumption pattern during the development of this research. The main objective was to assess the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission, associated with a higher electric energy efficiency consumption strategy adopted in two cases that were analyzed. At the first case, a cellulose pulp milling system, used at a diaper manufacturing process, was replaced by another system with higher efficiency. The reduction in energy consumption reached 60%, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in an estimated 80 ton/year. At the second case, a fan of the diaper vacuum system was also replaced by a more efficient system. The energy consumption decreased 56%, resulting in a greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 74 ton/year. These results demonstrate the relationship between adopting more energy efficient system, and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, that moreover, contributes to industrial cost reduction.
23

Estudo da estabilidade da estrutura bainítica na redução da força tangencial de anéis de pistão de segundo canalete em motores ciclo otto

Quartarolo, Ricardo Mazziero 30 November 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Mazziero Quartarolo.pdf: 8600660 bytes, checksum: 6058bd2a64c8a23a963ef69194501521 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / Increasing the energy efficiency of internal combustion engines manufactured for light vehicles is a growing demand from society due to the importance of the transport sector in relation to emissions of greenhouse gases. In a move led by the developed countries of Europe, regulatory agencies have been imposing aggressive emission reduction targets for new cars. The reduction of the mechanical losses caused by friction between engine components through the development of new technologies and materials is mandatory for the most industries involved in the manufacture of engines. The piston rings are responsible for much of the losses due to their adverse operating conditions within the combustion chamber. The interaction between the rings and the cylinder is decisive in determining beyond the mechanical friction losses, wear of the assembly, oil consumption and power. The improvement of mechanical properties of piston rings by heat treatment is an important alternative to reduce friction. The reduction of tangential force is especially important in the rings of the second channel, although they are known as scraper rings, in practice its main function is to stabilize the piston and prevent compression ring floating and consequently the flow of combustion gases into the crankcase. Results suggest that bainitic microstructure, obtained by austempering of the piston rings made from gray cast iron enables the reduction of their tangential force. This reduction has a positive relationship with the engine operating temperature exposure time as found in simulations carried out at constant temperature and logarithmic timescale. / O aumento da eficiência energética dos motores de combustão interna utilizados por automóveis leves é uma demanda crescente da sociedade, devido à representatividade do setor de transporte em relação às emissões dos gases do efeito estufa. Em um movimento liderado pelos países desenvolvidos da Europa, as agências reguladoras vêm impondo metas agressivas de redução de emissões para automóveis novos. A redução das perdas mecânicas geradas pelo atrito entre os componentes do motor através do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e materiais é mandatório entre a maior parte das indústrias envolvidas na fabricação de motores. Os anéis de pistão são responsáveis por grande parte dessas perdas, devido às suas condições de operação adversas dentro da câmara de combustão. A interação entre os anéis e o cilindro é decisiva para determinar além das perdas mecânicas por atrito, o desgaste do conjunto, consumo de óleo e potência. A modificação das propriedades mecânicas dos anéis de pistão através de tratamento térmico é uma alternativa importante para reduzir o atrito. Esse efeito é especialmente importante nos anéis de segunda canaleta, que apesar de serem considerados anéis raspadores, na prática tem como principal função estabilizar o conjunto e evitar a flutuação do anel de compressão e consequentemente a passagem de gases de combustão para o cárter. Os resultados sugerem que a microestrutura bainítica, obtida através da austêmpera dos anéis de pistão fabricados a partir de ferro fundido cinzento possibilita a redução da força tangencial, sendo que essa redução apresenta uma relação positiva com o tempo de exposição à temperatura de trabalho do motor conforme constatado em simulações realizadas à temperatura constante e escala logarítmica de tempo.
24

Scénarios de décarbonisation du secteur électrique au Vietnam / Decarbonisation scenario of electricity sector in Vietnam

Dang, Thanh 04 February 2016 (has links)
La question de la réduction des émissions de CO2 est aujourd’hui clairement posée dans le monde entier et la COP21 a mis en évidence les nouvelles exigences internationales auxquelles les pays pourraient ou devraient être confrontées à court terme. L’objectif fondamental de la thèse consiste à contribuer à l’identification des solutions possibles dans le domaine de la production croissante d’électricité dans un pays en développement, le Vietnam, en tenant compte de la nécessaire réduction des sources d’énergie carbonées. Dans ce but, plusieurs scénarios concernant le développement du secteur électrique au Vietnam sont construits en vue de mesurer les effets des choix relatifs à la production d’électricité sur les émissions de CO2.Après avoir présenté un panorama de la situation énergétique du Vietnam et mis en évidence l’augmentation rapide de la consommation d’électricité du fait de la pression démographique et de l’expression de nouveaux besoins, la question des importations de charbon et de gaz et celle de la production de nouvelles forme d’énergie sont posées, au regard des contraintes économiques, mais aussi environnementales. Les réflexions théoriques, l’étude de la construction des plans directeurs d’électricité, l’analyse des outils économiques disponibles et l’application des modèles de la prévision de la demande d’énergie permettent de comprendre la complexité du « pari électrique » auquel est confronté le Vietnam. Après une présentation des instruments quantitatifs potentiels de simulation, ELECsim a été choisi pour la modélisation du secteur électrique au Vietnam. Les scénarios se basent sur plusieurs hypothèses concernant l’évolution de la croissance économique et de la démographie, le prix de l’énergie, le développement des technologies de production d’électricité, la valeur déclarée du carbone, les taux d’actualisation et les taux de change. Le Vietnam peut d’abord maîtriser la croissance de la demande par une action forte sur l’efficacité énergétique, tout en réduisant parallèlement à la fois les coûts de production de l’électricité et les émissions de CO2. Plusieurs scenarios sont alors proposés, mettant en évidence à la fois la nécessité de la recherche d’une plus grande efficacité énergétique et la promotion des énergies en bas carbone, dans le cadre d’une réorientation rapide des choix politiques face aux nécessités d’un développement économique accéléré, mais aussi durable. Six scenarios ont été construits, sur la base d’un scenario de référence, insistant successivement sur l’efficacité énergétique, le nucléaire, la technologie CCS, les énergies renouvelables et un mix électrique plus équilibré. La contrainte environnementale globale (réduction des émissions de CO2) est prioritaire dans le processus de construction des scénarios. Cette approche multicritères est très nouvelle au Vietnam, pays plutôt préoccupé, aujourd’hui, par la contrainte des coûts d’approvisionnement. Les scénarios analysés dans la thèse prennent en compte la réduction de l’intensité carbone du secteur électrique du Vietnam. Il est alors proposé, comme seuil du critère de référence, le niveau d’émission de 50 à 80 g/kWh (choisi à partir des seuils étudiés par deux économies asiatiques voisines du Vietnam telles qu’Indonésie et Inde). Les différents mix de production électrique proposés semblent offrir des solutions pertinentes. Elles permettent de relever les défis économiques et environnementaux lié à l’expansion du secteur électrique du Vietnam. L’analyse prend en compte notamment la pression croissante de la demande, la sécurité de l’approvisionnement des combustibles avec des choix alternatifs, la réduction des coûts totaux d’une production électrique élevée, le contrôle de la facture extérieure, la prise en compte de l’impact social (notamment sur la santé des citoyens) et de l’occupation des sols et, enfin, le respect des normes relatives à la protection de l’environnement régional, national et mondial. / Reduction of CO2 emissions issue is clearly a world challenge today and COP21 highlighted the international requirements for countries to address related issues in the short and long term. The fundamental objective of the thesis is to contribute to the identification of possible climate policy solutions related to growing electricity production in a developing country, namely Vietnam, taking into account the need to reduce carbon energy sources. For this purpose several scenarios for electricity sector development are constructed in order to measure effects of choices related to the electricity production on CO2 emissions.The thesis presents an overview of the energy situation in Vietnam and highlights the rapid increase in electricity consumption due to population pressure and new needs. It also considers major issues of coal and gas imports, new energy sources, in light of economic constraints but also environmental challenges. The theoretical and analytical chapter reviews the analyses of electricity master plans construction, major available economic tools for energy demand forecast models. This forms the framework to understanding the complexity of the "electric bet" which Vietnam faces. After a presentation of potential quantitative simulation instruments, ELECsim was chosen for modeling the electricity sector in Vietnam. This leads to a comprehensive scenario approach; Scenarios are based on several assumptions about the evolution of economic growth and demographics, energy prices, the power generation technology development, the declared carbon value, discount rates and change rate. As a first step in energy and climate policy Vietnam can control the demand growth by strong action on energy efficiency, while reducing parallel to both the electricity production costs and CO2 emissions. Several scenarios are then proposed, highlighting both the need to search for higher energy efficiency and the promotion of low-carbon energies. Research envisages a rapid shift in policy choices to face the needs of an accelerated but sustainable economic development. Six scenarios were constructed on the basis of a reference scenario, focusing successively on energy efficiency, nuclear, CCS, renewables and a more balanced electricity mix. Environmental constraints (CO2 emissions reduction) have priority in the scenario building process. This multi-criteria approach is very new in Vietnam, a country more familiar with supply cost-based approach. Scenarios analyzed here take into account the carbon intensity reduction of Vietnam's power sector. It is proposed as the benchmark threshold, the emission level of 50-80 g/kWh (similar to reference level studied in two of Vietnam’s neighboring Asian economies such as Indonesia and India). In our research, the different mix of electricity generation offer relevant solutions. They allow meeting the economic and environmental challenges related to the expansion of the Vietnam’s electricity sector. The analysis takes into account several dimensions such as the increasing demand pressure, fuels supply security with alternative choices, reduced high electrical production total costs, control of external bill, considered social impact (especially on health of citizens) and land use and, finally, compliance with standards related to the regional, national and global environment/climate protection.
25

Assessing Barriers and Benefits to a Food Waste Composting Pilot Program in Oberlin, Ohio

Halm, Julia 23 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
26

Feed-Forward Air-Fuel Ratio Control during Transient Operation of an Alternative Fueled Engine

Garcia, Andrew Michael 09 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
27

Design of a novel rotary compact power pack for the series hybrid electric vehicle. Design and simulation of a compact power pack consisting of a novel rotary engine and outer rotor induction machine for the series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain.

Amirian, Hossein January 2010 (has links)
Hybrid electric vehicles significantly reduce exhaust emissions and increase fuel economy. Power packs are the most fundamental components in a series powertrain configuration of a hybrid vehicle, which produce the necessary power to run the vehicle. The aim of this project is to design a compact power pack for a series hybrid vehicle, using virtual prototyping. The hybrid electric vehicle characteristics and configurations are analysed, followed by an explanation of the principles of induction machines. A new type of rotary induction machine with an outer rotor construction is designed to be coupled with the novel rotary internal combustion engine with rotating crankcase in order to form the compact power unit for the hybrid vehicle. The starting and generation performance of the designed machine is analysed by an electric machine simulator, called JMAG. ADVISOR software is studied and utilised to simulate the overall vehicle performance, employing different categories of power packs in the powertrain. Results show that the proposed compact power pack has the best performance in terms of fuel economy, emissions and battery charging compared to the existing power unit options. Over the city cycle, fuel economy is increased by up to 47 % with emission reduced by up to 36 % and over the highway cycle, fuel economy is increased by up to 69 % with emission reduced by up to 42 %.
28

Study of Different Strategies to Improve the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Operating at Cold Conditions

Bernal Maldonado, Miguel Ángel 30 March 2023 (has links)
[ES] Las actuales y futuras normativas, en términos de emisiones contaminantes y movilidad sostenible, continuarán fijando una difícil etapa para el desarrollo y mejoramiento de los motores de combustión interna alternativos (MCIA). Los nuevos parámetros conocidos como, emisiones reales de conducción, los cambios de altitud y las condiciones extremas de operación a bajas temperaturas, son los mayores desafíos para cumplir bajo estas nuevas normativas. Por esta razón, la academia y los fabricantes de la industria de la automoción continúan trabajando en colaboración, tratando de desarrollar más eficientes y menos contaminantes sistemas de propulsión. En este trabajo experimental de investigación, los principales resultados de un proyecto de colaboración llevado a cabo entre la empresa Valeo Systèmes Thermiques y la Universitat Poltècnica de València son presentados. La recirculación de gases de escape, en sus dos configuraciones, de alta y de baja presión, y la desactivación de cilindros, son las principales estrategias que se estudiarán en este trabajo, debido a su alto potencial y su bajo costo de implementación. Estas estrategias son evaluadas en un motor Diesel, instalado en una cámara de ensayos climática y operando a bajas temperaturas ambiente (-7°C). La primera estrategia, es la activación de la EGR de alta presión desde el inicio de un arranque de motor y el desarrollo de un modelo de condensación simple capaz de predecir si hay o no condensación dentro de la línea de EGR bajo estas condiciones. En particular, el ratio de humedad y las condiciones internas del motor que caracterizan la aparición de este fenómeno son calculadas por el modelo. Este modelo es validado por medio de cámaras instaladas en el rail de EGR con el objetivo de visualizar la evolución de la condensación dentro de los componentes. El ratio de humedad calculado y el comportamiento de la condensación observado a través de las cámaras, muestran que durante un arranque de motor en frío, las condiciones de condensación en los gases están presentes hasta que se alcanzan aproximadamente 50°C, mientras que en las paredes sólidas y en los componentes, las condiciones se mantienen hasta que se alcanzan aproximadamente 30°C. En la segunda estrategia, una nueva línea de EGR compacta, equipada con un sistema de bypass para el intercambiador de calor es usada con el objetivo de acelerar el proceso de calentamiento del motor en comparación a la línea de EGR de baja presión original del motor. El objeto de esta estrategia es evaluar el impacto en el comportamiento del motor de realizar EGR de baja presión a bajas temperaturas con la activación del sistema de bypass para deshabilitar el intercambiador de calor. Siguiendo esta estrategia, una notable reducción en emisiones de NOx de aproximadamente 60% con respecto a un caso de referencia sin activación de la EGR de baja presión es lograda. Además, el proceso de calentamiento del motor ha sido reducido en aproximadamente 60 segundos y la temperatura de admisión del motor ha sido aumentada en 30°C, liderando una reducción en las emisiones de CO de aproximadamente 12%. En la tercera estrategia, el impacto de usar una nueva configuración de la desactivación de cilindros con el propósito de acelerar el proceso de calentamiento del motor es evaluada. Los resultados muestran un incremento en la temperatura de escape de alrededor de 100°C, el cual permite reducir la activación del catalizador en 250 segundos además de reducir el proceso de calentamiento del motor en aproximadamente 120 segundos. Esto permite reducir las emisiones de CO y HC en un 70% y 50%, respectivamente. Y finalmente, la última estrategia experimental realizada, evalúa el impacto de usar la EGR de alta presión mientras el filtro de partículas está en el modo activo de regeneración. Siguiendo esta posible condición de calibración de motor, una reducción en emisiones de NOx de aproximadamente 50% con respecto a un caso de referencia ha sido alcanzada. / [CA] Les actuals i futures normatives, en termes d'emissions contaminants i mobilitat sostenible, continuaran fixant una difícil etapa per al desenvolupament i millorament dels motors de combustió interna alternatius (MCIA). Els nous paràmetres coneguts com, emissions reals de conducció, els canvis d'altitud i les condicions extremes d'operació a baixes temperatures, són els majors desafiaments per a complir les noves normatives. Per aquesta raó, l'acadèmia i els fabricants de la indústria de l'automoció continuen treballant en col·laboració, tractant de desenvolupar més eficients i menys contaminants sistemes de propulsió. En aquest treball experimental d'investigació, es presenten els principals resultats d'un projecte de col·laboració dut a terme entre l'empresa Valeo Systèmes Thermiques i la Universitat Politècnica de València. La recirculació de gasos del motor, en les seues dues configuracions, d'alta i de baixa pressió, i la desactivació de cilindres, són les principals estratègies que s'estudiaran en aquest treball, a causa del seu alt potencial i el seu baix cost d'implementació. Aquestes estratègies són avaluades en un motor Dièsel, instal·lat en una cambra d'assajos climàtica i operant a baixes temperatures ambient (-7 °C). La primera estratègia, és l'activació de la EGR d'alta pressió des de l'inici d'una arrancada de motor i el desenvolupament d'un model de condensació simple capaç de predir si hi ha o no condensació dins de la línia de EGR. En particular, el ràtio d'humitat i les condicions internes del motor que caracteritzen l'aparició d'aquest fenomen són calculades pel model. Aquest model és validat per mitjà de càmeres instal·lades a el rail de EGR amb l'objectiu de visualitzar l'evolució de la condensació dins dels components. El ràtio d'humitat calculat i el comportament de la condensació observat a través de les càmeres, mostren que durant una arrancada de motor en fred, les condicions de condensació en els gasos són presents fins que s'aconsegueixen aproximadament 50 °C, mentre que a les parets i als components, les condicions es mantenen fins que s'aconsegueixen aproximadament 30 °C. En la segona estratègia, una nova línia de EGR compacta, equipada amb un sistema de bypass per a l'intercanviador de calor és usada amb l'objectiu d'accelerar el procés de calfament del motor en comparació a la línia de EGR de baixa pressió original del motor. L'objecte d'aquesta estratègia és avaluar l'impacte en el comportament del motor de realitzar EGR de baixa pressió a baixes temperatures amb l'activació del sistema de bypass per a evitar l'intercanviador de calor. Seguint aquesta estratègia, s'aconsegueix una notable reducció en emissions de NOx d'aproximadament 60% respecte a un cas de referència sense activació de la EGR de baixa pressió. A més, el procés de calfament del motor ha sigut reduït en aproximadament 60 segons i la temperatura d'admissió del motor ha sigut augmentada en 30 °C, produint una reducció en les emissions de CO d'aproximadament 12%. Per a la tercera estratègia, és avaluat l'impacte d'usar una nova configuració de la desactivació de cilindres amb el propòsit d'accelerar el procés de calfament del motor. Els resultats mostren un increment a la temperatura dels gasos de al voltant de 100 °C, el qual permet reduir l'activació del catalitzador en 250 segons a més de reduir el procés de calfament del motor en aproximadament 120 segons. Això permet reduir les emissions de CO i HC en un 70% i 50%, respectivament. Finalment, l'última estratègia experimental realitzada, avalua l'impacte d'usar la EGR d'alta pressió mentre el filtre de partícules està en la manera activa de regeneració. Seguint aquesta possible condició de calibratge de motor, ha sigut aconseguida una reducció en emissions de NOx d'aproximadament 50% respecte a un cas de referència sense activar la EGR d'alta pressió. / [EN] Current and future legislations, regarding pollutant emissions reduction and green mobility, will continue fixing a difficult stage for the development and improvement of internal combustions engines (ICEs). The Real Driving Emissions (RDE) parameters, the changes of altitude, and the extreme ambient temperature conditions in operation, are the major challenges to fulfill under these new legislations. By these reason, academy and automotive manufacturers continue working in collaboration, trying to develop more efficient and less polluting powertrains. In this experimental research work, the main results of a collaboration project between the private company Valeo Systèmes Thermiques and the Universitat Poltècnica de València are presented. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), in both configurations, high-pressure and low-pressure, and Cylinder Deactivation (CDA), are the main strategies studied in this work due to its high potential and low-cost implementation. These strategies are evaluated in a Light-duty Diesel engine, fitted in a climatic test bench and operating under low ambient temperature (-7ºC). The first strategy is the High-pressure EGR activation from the beginning of the engine start and the development of a simple condensation model able to predict whether or not there is condensation inside the EGR line under these conditions. In particular, the humidity ratio and the internal engine conditions that characterize the appearance of this phenomenon are estimated by the model. This model is validated by means of cameras fitted on the EGR rail in order to visualize the condensation evolution. The humidity ratio estimate and the condensation behavior observed through the cameras, shows that during an engine cold start, condensation conditions in the gases are present until reach approximately 50ºC, while in solid walls and components, the conditions remains until reach approximately 30ºC. In the second strategy, a new compact line fitted with a bypass system for the cooler is used with the aim of accelerating the engine warm-up process as compared to the original low-pressure EGR line. The aim of this strategy is to evaluate the impact on the engine behavior of performing Low-pressure EGR at cold conditions and to activate the bypass system in order to disable the cooler. Following this strategy, a noticeable NOx emissions reduction of approximately 60% with respect to a reference case without low-pressure EGR has been achieved. In addition, the engine warm-up process has been reduced in approximately 60 seconds and the engine intake temperature has been increased 30ºC, leading a CO emissions reduction of approximately 12%. In the third strategy, the impact of using a new cylinder deactivation configuration with the aim of improving the engine warm-up process is evaluated. The results show an increase of the exhaust temperatures of around 100ºC, which allows to reduce the diesel oxidation catalyst light-off by 250 seconds besides of reducing the engine warm-up process in approximately 120 seconds. This allows to reduce the CO and HC emissions by 70% and 50%, respectively. And finally, the last experimental strategy evaluates the impact of using the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation while the diesel particulate filter is under active regeneration mode. Following these possible engine calibration conditions, a NOx emissions reduction of approximately 50% with respect to a reference case without high-pressure EGR during a DPF regeneration process has been achieved. / Miguel Ángel Bernal Maldonado has been partially supported through contract FPI-S1-2017-2377 of "Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID-01-17) de la Universitat Politècnica de València". The support of Valeo Systèmes Thermiques through projects CN-2016-99 and CN-2018-08 is also greatly acknowledged. / Bernal Maldonado, MÁ. (2023). Study of Different Strategies to Improve the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Operating at Cold Conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192652
29

Contribution to the Assessment of the Potential of Low Viscosity Engine Oils to Reduce ICE Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions

Ramírez Roa, Leonardo Andrés 02 November 2016 (has links)
[EN] The automotive industry is currently experiencing one of its most rapidly changing periods in recent decades, driven by a growing interest in reducing the negative environmental impacts caused by fossil fuels consumption and the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated during the operation of the internal combustion engine (ICE) which have proven to contribute significantly to Global Warming. Given the fact that a total replacement of the current fleet, dependent of fossil fuels, is unlikely to happen in the immediate future and the urgency to reducing CO2 emissions from transportation in order to tackle Global Warming, it is possible to say that optimizing current ICE technologies and conventional vehicles and engines is a first order priority. Among the technical solutions developed to improve the efficiency of ICE, low viscosity engine oils (LVEO) have emerged as an effective and low-cost method that provides reductions in fuel consumption between 0.5% and 5%. During the development of this thesis, a test plan focused on determining fuel consumption reduction when low viscosity oils are used in light duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy duty vehicles (HDV) were carried out. The test plan has been divided in three parts; the first part was focused on the study of light-duty vehicles (LDV) using one diesel engine representative of the European market. During this part three testing modes were used: comparative motored, fired stationary points and transient homologation cycle tests. All test were performed in the engine test bed. The second part of the study consisted of another comparative test, this time using a different engine oils in a HDV fleet. The study was conducted using the urban buses fleet of the city of Valencia, including 3 buses models , with 2 different powertrain technologies. The third part of the study was focused on the friction coefficient behavior within the engine tribological pairs making comparative tests in two specialized tribometers; one of reciprocating action to simulate the lubrication conditions in the piston ring-cylinder liner contact and a "ball-on-disk" tribometer to simulate the lubrication in the distribution system. The various comparative studies have served to analyze how the friction and fuel consumption responded when LVEO were used both in the ICE and the complete vehicle contexts. The fuel consumption benefit found during the test was used to calculate the carbon footprint reduction when LVEO were used. / [ES] Actualmente la industria de la automoción vive uno de los periodos de cambio más vertiginosos de las últimas décadas, marcado por un creciente interés en reducir los impactos medioambientales negativos generados por el consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus consecuentes emisiones nocivas de dioxido de carbono (CO2) generados durante el funcionamiento del motor de combustión interna alternativo (MCIA). Teniendo en cuenta que el proceso de sustitución de la flota actual por una totalmente independiente de los combustibles fósiles puede tomar varias décadas, y ante la urgencia inmediata de reducir las emisiones de CO2, se puede decir que actualmente es más urgente hacer una optimización de los vehículos con motorizaciones convencionales. Entre las soluciones técnicas que se han desarrollado para mejorar la eficiencia del MCIA destaca la utilización de aceites de baja viscosidad como un método efectivo y de bajo coste de implementación que brinda reducciones del consumo entre el 0.5% y el 5%. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis se ha llevado a cabo un plan de ensayos enfocado en determinar valores concretos de ahorro de combustible esperados cuando se utilizan aceites de baja viscosidad en vehículos de trabajo ligero y pesado. El plan de estudios se dividió en tres partes; la primera se centró en el estudio de MCIA de vehículos de trabajo ligero, utilizando un motor Diesel representativo del mercado Europeo y llevando a cabo pruebas comparativas en arrastre, puntos de funcionamiento estacionarios y ciclos transitorios de homologación. La segunda parte del estudio consta de otro ensayo comparativo, esta vez utilizando una flota de vehículos de trabajo pesado. El estudio se realizó con la flota de autobuses urbanos de la ciudad de Valencia, incluyéndose 3 modelos de autobuses, con 2 tipos de motorización diferente. La tercera parte del estudio se centró en el comportamiento del coeficiente de friction en los pares tribológicos del motor haciendo ensayos comparativos con tribómetros especializados; uno de movimiento alternativo para simular las condiciones de la interfaz piston-camisa y un "bola y disco" para simular la lubricación en el sistema de distribución, específicamente en la interfaz leva-taqué. Los diversos estudios comparativos han servido para analizar como es la respuesta general de la fricción y el consumo de combustible cuando se usan aceites de baja viscosidad, tanto a nivel de motor como para la totalidad del vehículo, encontrando diferencias de par en los ensayos de arrastre, de consumo específico de combustible en los ensayos de motor en estado estacionario y diferencias totales de consumo de combustible en los ensayos en régimen transitorio y en flota, que a su vez han permitido estimar la reducción esperada en la huella de carbono. / [CA] Actualment la indústria de l'automoció viu un dels períodes de canvi més vertiginoses de les últimes dècades, marcat per un creixent interès en reduir els impactes mediambientals negatius generats pel consum de combustibles fòssils i els seus conseqüents emissions nocives de diòxid de carboni (CO2) generats durant el funcionament del motor de combustió interna alternatiu (MCIA). Tenint en compte que el procés de substitució de la flota actual per una totalment independent dels combustibles fòssils pot prendre diverses dècades, i davant la urgència immediata de reduir les emissions de CO2, es pot dir que actualment és més urgent fer una optimització dels vehicles amb motoritzacions convencionals. Entre les solucions tècniques que s'han desenvolupat per millorar l'eficiència del MCIA destaca la utilització d'olis de baixa viscositat com un mètode efectiu i de baix cost d'implementació que brinda reduccions del consum entre el 0.5% i el 5%. Durant el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi s'ha dut a terme un pla d'assajos enfocat a determinar valors concrets d'estalvi de combustible esperats quan s'utilitzen olis de baixa viscositat en vehicles de treball lleuger i pesat. El pla d'estudis es va dividir en tres parts; la primera es va centrar en l'estudi de MCIA de vehicles de treball lleuger, utilitzant un motor dièsel representatiu del mercat Europeu i portant a terme proves comparatives en arrossegament, punts de funcionament estacionaris i cicles transitoris d'homologació. la segona part de l'estudi consta d'un altre assaig comparatiu, aquest cop utilitzant una flota de vehicles de treball pesat. L'estudi es va realitzar amb la flota d'autobusos urbans de la ciutat de València, incloent-se 3 models d'autobusos, amb 2 tipus de motorització diferent. La tercera part de l'estudi es va centrar en el comportament del coeficient de friction en els parells tribològics del motor fent assajos comparatius amb tribómetros especialitzats; Un acció reciprocante per simular les condicions del piston camisa i un bola i disc per simular la lubricació en el sistema de distribució. Els diversos estudis comparatius han servit per analitzar com és la resposta general de la fricció i el consum de combustible quan es fan servir olis de baixa viscositat, tant a nivell de motor com la totalitat del vehicle, trobant diferències de bat a els assajos d'arrossegament, de consum específic de combustible en els assajos de motor en estat estacionari i diferències totals de consum de combustible en els assajos en règim transitori i en flota, que al seu torn han permès calcular la reducció en la petjada de carbono. / Ramírez Roa, LA. (2016). Contribution to the Assessment of the Potential of Low Viscosity Engine Oils to Reduce ICE Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73068
30

Household preferences for energy goods and services:a choice experiment application

Ruokamo, E. (Enni) 12 March 2019 (has links)
Abstract This thesis includes three studies on household preferences for energy goods and services. The first study examines determinants of households’ heating system choices using a choice experiment. The choice sets include six main heating alternatives (district heating, ground heat pump, exhaust air heat pump, solid wood boiler, wood pellet boiler, and electric storage heating) that are described by five attributes (supplementary heating systems, investment costs, operating costs, comfort of use and environmental friendliness). The results imply that hybrid heating appears to be accepted among households. The results also reveal differing preferences for the main heating alternatives and show that they are affected by demographic characteristics. The studied attributes also play a significant role when heating systems are being chosen. The second study is a methodological one that extends the analysis of the first study. The second study explores the effect of perceived choice complexity on the randomness of choices in choice experiments. The study investigates how different self-evaluated factors of choice complexity affect mean scale and scale variance. The findings suggest that perceived choice complexity has a systematic impact on the parameters of econometric models of choice. However, differences exist between alternative self-evaluated complexity-related covariates. The results indicate that individuals who report that answering the choice tasks is more difficult have less deterministic choices. Perceptions of the realism of home heating choice options also affect scale and scale variance. The third study utilizes the choice experiment to analyze households’ willingness to participate in demand side flexibility. The study examines whether individuals are willing to time their electricity usage and heating; whether they are interested in dynamic pricing contracts such as real-time pricing, two-rate tariffs, or power-based tariffs; and how emissions reductions affect their choices. The results indicate that households’ sensitivity to restrictions in electricity usage is much stronger than their sensitivity to restrictions in heating. Households also require compensation to choose real-time pricing over fixed fees. The findings suggest that room may exist for new dynamic electricity distribution contracts, such as power-based tariffs, in the market. Other value-creating elements besides monetary compensation also exist that could incentivize households to offer demand side flexibility because households value power system level reductions in CO2 emissions. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta tutkimuksesta, joissa tarkastellaan kotitalouksien preferenssejä energiahyödykkeitä ja -palveluita kohtaan. Ensimmäinen tutkimus keskittyy kotitalouksien lämmitysjärjestelmävalintoihin ja niitä määrittäviin tekijöihin. Tämä tutkimus on tehty valintakoemenetelmällä, jonka valintatilanteet sisältävät kuusi eri päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoa (kaukolämpö, maalämpöpumppu, puulämmitys, pellettilämmitys, varaava sähkölämmitys ja poistoilmalämpöpumppu). Päälämmitysjärjestelmiä kuvataan viiden ominaisuuden avulla, jotka ovat tukilämmitysjärjestelmä, investointikustannukset, käyttökustannukset, käyttömukavuus ja ympäristöystävällisyys. Tulosten mukaan kotitalouksien preferenssit päälämmitysjärjestelmävaihtoehtoja kohtaan ovat vaihtelevia. Valintaan vaikuttavat sekä tarkastellut ominaisuudet että kotitalouden demografiset tekijät. Tulokset myös paljastavat, että kotitaloudet suhtautuvat myönteisesti hybridilämmitykseen. Toinen tutkimus on menetelmällinen, missä hyödynnetään ensimmäisen tutkimuksen aineistoa. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy yksilöiden kokeman vastaamisen vaikeuden vaikutuksiin valintakoemenetelmässä. Vastaamisen epätarkkuus tunnistetaan valintakoemenetelmässä skaalan ja skaalavarianssin avulla. Tutkimus tarkastelee, kuinka itsearvioidut vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavat tekijät vaikuttavat keskimääräiseen skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin valintojen ekonometrisissa malleissa. Tulosten mukaan koettu vastaamisen vaikeus vaikuttaa systemaattisesti ekonometrisen valintamallin parametreihin. Vastaamisen vaikeutta mittaavien tekijöiden välillä on kuitenkin eroja. Tuloksien perusteella vastaajat, jotka kokevat valintatilanteisiin vastaamisen keskimääräistä vaikeampana, tekevät satunnaisempia valintoja. Myös valintatilanteiden koettu realistisuus vaikuttaa skaalaan ja skaalavarianssiin. Kolmannessa tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kotitalouksien halukkuutta osallistua energian kysyntäjoustoon valintakoemenetelmällä. Tämä tutkimus selvittää ovatko kotitaloudet halukkaitta siirtämään sähkönkulutusta ja lämmitystä, ja kuinka kiinnostuneita he ovat dynaamisista sähkön hinnoittelusopimuksista kuten pörssisähkösopimuksesta, yösähkösopimuksesta tai tehoperusteisesta sopimuksesta. Lisäksi tutkitaan vaikuttavatko järjestelmätason päästövähennykset kotitalouksien valintoihin. Tulosten perusteella kotitaloudet suhtautuvat sähkönkulutuksen rajoituksiin selvästi negatiivisemmin kuin lämmityksen rajoituksiin. Kotitaloudet myös vaativat rahallista korvausta valitakseen pörssisähkösopimuksen kiinteähintaisen sopimuksen sijaan. Tulosten mukaan markkinoilla voisi olla tilaa uudenlaisille sopimustyypeille, kuten tehoperusteiselle vaihtoehdolle. Tulokset osoittavat, että kotitaloudet arvostavat järjestelmätason hiilidioksidipäästövähennyksiä. Täten rahallisen korvauksen lisäksi on olemassa myös muita arvoa luovia tekijöitä lisätä kotitalouksien osallistumista kysyntäjoustoon.

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