This diploma thesis is focused on the theory of contactless measurement of surface temperatures with thermovision camera Flir SC2000 and on the principles of imaging the camera is based on. The tablets and the applications making work with camera easier are processed in the Visual Basic in practical part. The stand for fine taking emissivity is compiled and described, and emissivity of different materials and different milling cutters is taken in this diploma thesis.

The thesis engage in structure of solar collectors in theoretical part. Secondly, theory of thermal spraying coating and anodizing is subscribed. In practical part of thesis is proposition of producing a spectral selective surface suitable for solar absorbers. Finally the properties of the samples are checked by thermographic camera shots.

This work deals with non-contact measurement of surface temperatures. The aim of the first part is to explain basic terms, principles and ways of measuring temperature. Furthermore, there is an overview of thermal imagining cameras usable in industry. In the practical part there is a theoretically suggested experiment, which monitors the dependence of the surface temperature on the size of the cross-section of the workpiece during the turning under unchanged cutting conditions. Experimental measurements are executed with using thermocamera ThermaCAM SC 200 and they are evaluated in software called Researcher.

La télédétection thermique en temps réel de systèmes volcaniques actifs est une technique cruciale pour comprendre le comportement et l'activité éruptive de corps magmatiques chauds. Cette technologie repose sur la détermination de l'émissivité thermique du magma, un paramètre permettant d'identifier la température du magma. Nous avons utilisé une méthode directe pour obtenir des spectres dans la plage de nombres d’onde allant de 400 à 13000 cm-1; d’échantillons naturels volcaniques (volcan Erebus et Teide) et synthétiques (avec différents éléments). Ces matériaux ont été chauffés de la température ambiante à 2000K avec un laser CO2 et les données ont été collectées pendant toute la phase de chauffage avec un spectromètre IRTF.Nos résultats indiquent que l’émissivité d’une roche magmatique est affectée par les changements de composition et l’histoire thermique. Les mesures d'émittance montrent le rôle important du fer et de la vitesse de refroidissement du magma sur la réponse spectrale des compositions de type phonolitique. Ces observations sont importantes, car une méconnaissance des valeurs d’émissivité engendre des erreurs sur la détermination de la température et, donc à une interprétation erronée de la rhéologie et de l'efficacité thermique du corps magmatique. / Real time thermal remote sensing of active volcanic systems is a crucial technique for understanding the behavior and eruptive activity of hot magmatic bodies. Such technology relies on determining the thermal emissivity of the magma, a parameter to identify the temperature of magma. We used a direct method to obtain a spectrum in the wavenumber range from 400 to 13000 cm-1; the natural (volcano Erebus and Teide) and synthetic samples were heated up from room temperature to 2000K with a CO2 laser and data were collected during all the heating stage with a FTIR spectrometer.Our results thus indicate that thermal emissivity of magmatic rock is affected by changes in composition and thermal history. The emissivity measurements show the important role of the iron and the cooling rate on the spectral response of the phonolite composition. These are important observations since different emissivity will lead to different temperature determinations and hence, an erroneous interpretation on the rheology and thermal efficiency of the magmatic body.

L’utilisation de micromembranes suspendues chauffées par effet Joule comme source de rayonnement infrarouge est une piste prometteuse pour la réalisation de détecteurs de gaz compacts, basse consommation et à bas coût. Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité de ces dispositifs récemment introduits, il est nécessaire d’optimiser ceux-ci à la fois du point de vue optique et thermique.En ajoutant des résonateurs plasmoniques frustrés sur les membranes, il est possible de modifier l’émissivité de ces dernières, afin de contrôler spectralement et angulairement le rayonnement émis. De cette façon, la puissance utile est augmentée, tandis que la consommation électrique diminue. D’autre part, l’étude en profondeur des rôles des différents canaux thermiques conduit à relier rayon de la membrane, temps de chauffe et énergie disponible par mesure et de définir un régime optimal de fonctionnement dynamique.Finalement les membranes sont fabriquées en salle blanche et caractérisées électriquement, optiquement et mécaniquement afin d’estimer les gains en performances. La réalisation d’un prototype de capteur de CO2 à 4,26 µm à partir de ces sources indique des précisions de l’ordre de la vingtaine de ppm pour une consommation d’un milliwatt, en compétition favorable avec l’état de l’art mondial dans ce domaine. / Joule-heated suspended microhotplates can be used as infrared sources in cheap, low-consumption spectroscopic gas sensors. To enhance the very low efficiency of first generation structures, both their thermal and optical designs have to be optimized.The implementation of frustrated plasmonic resonators on top of the membrane grants both spectral and angular control of its emissivity. It is thus possible to make it radiate only at the frequencies absorbed by the gas under study, and in the solid angle of the detector. This leads to an increase in useful radiated power while the overall electrical consumption is decreased. Dynamical studies of membrane heating provide welcome insight on the relationship between membrane radius, heating time and energy consumption per measurement. The existence of a compromise is demonstrated in order to maximize the radiative efficiency, and its physical interpretation is detailed.Eventually, membranes fabricated in LETI’s clean room were characterized to measure their electrical, optical and mechanical properties. The implementation of such sources in a CO2 prototype sensor led to state-of-the-art results, with a few dozen ppm sensitivity with a power consumption of only one milliwatt.

Oxy-combustion is a developing technology that enables carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Flame temperature and emissivity data were taken on a 150 kWth, pulverized-coal, burner flow reactor (BFR) that has been modified to run oxy-combustion with pure CO2 as simulated recycled flue gas. Data were taken at 78 conditions in which three parameters were varied, namely: the swirl angle of the fuel stream, the location of the oxidizer as it exited the burner, and the flow rate of diluent (pure CO2) added to the outer, secondary stream. At each condition, digital color images were obtained using a calibrated RGB camera. The images were used to determine lift-off length, temperature, and emissivity. The mathematical theory of two-color pyrometry and the calibration process used to measure the camera sensitivity is presented. The two most commonly used emissivity models in two-color pyrometry, the Hottel and Broughton and gray models, were investigated to determine which was the most appropriate for use in an oxy-coal flame. A significant difference of 7% in the temperature and 24% in the emissivity results were found when processing an image with the Hottel and Broughton and gray emissivity models. The Hottel and Broughton model was selected for processing, because the Hottel and Broughton model is more appropriate for soot which appeared to dominate flame emissions. Using the two-color data, several trends were documented. Flame temperature was seen to decrease with increasing CO2 flow rate. Within a given flame along the axial direction, temperature was seen to correlate with emissivity. As emissivity increased, flame temperature was seen to decrease. Many flames were lifted from the burner exit. Lift-off length was decreased and the flames became more attached by: 1) Increasing the amount of swirl given to the fuel stream, 2) Adding O2 to the center primary tube or 3) Decreasing the flow of secondary CO2. At higher center oxygen flow rates (above 8.5 kg/hr), the O2 jet velocity was large causing increased entrainment and mixing which degraded burner performance.

This work produced the retrofit of an air-fired, 150 kW reactor for oxy-combustion which was then used in three oxy-combustion studies: strategic oxy-combustion design, oxy-combustion of petroleum coke, and air versus oxy-combustion radiative heat flux measurements. The oxy-combustion retrofit was accomplished using a system of mass flow controllers and automated pressure switches which allowed safe and convenient operation. The system was used successfully in the three studies reported here and was also used in an unrelated study. A study was completed where a novel high oxygen participation burner was investigated for performance while burning coal related to flame stability, NO, and burnout using a burner supplied by Air Liquide. Parameters investigated included oxygen (O2) injection location, burner swirl number and secondary carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate. The data showed swirl can be used to stabilize the flame while reducing NO and improving burnout. Center O2 injection helped to stabilize the flame but increased NO formation and decreased burnout by reducing particle residence time. Additional CO2 flow lifted the flame and increased NO but was beneficial for burnout. High O2 concentrations up to 100% in the secondary were accomplished without damage to the burner. Petroleum coke was successfully burned using the Air Liquide burner. Swirl of the secondary air and O2 injection into the center tube of the burner were needed to stabilize the flame. Trends in the data similar to those reported for the coal study are apparent. Axial total radiant intensity profiles were obtained for air combustion and three oxy-combustion operating conditions that used hot recycled flue gas in the secondary stream. The oxygen concentration of the oxidizer stream was increased from 25 to 35% O2 by decreasing the flow rate of recycled flue gas. The decrease in secondary flow rate decreased the secondary velocity, overall swirl, and mixing which elongated the flame. Changing from air to neat CO2 as the coal carrier gas also decreased premixing which elongated the flame. Flame elongation caused increased total heat transfer from the flame. The air flame was short and had a higher intensity near the burner, while high O2 concentration conditions produced lower intensities near the burner but higher intensities and temperatures farther downstream. It was shown that oxycombustion can change flame shape, temperature and soot concentration all influencing heat transfer. Differences in gas emission appear negligible in comparison to changes in particle emission.

An electromagnetic model is developed for predicting the microwave blackbody emission from the ocean surface over a wide range of frequencies, incidence angles, and wind vector (speed and direction) for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. This ocean surface emissivity model is intended to be incorporated into an oceanic radiative transfer model to be used for microwave radiometric applications including geophysical retrievals over oceans. The model development is based on a collection of published ocean emissivity measurements obtained from satellites, aircraft, field experiments, and laboratory measurements. This dissertation presents the details of methods used in the ocean surface emissivity model development and comparisons with current emissivity models and aircraft radiometric measurements in hurricanes. Especially, this empirically derived ocean emissivity model relates changes in vertical and horizontal polarized ocean microwave brightness temperature measurements over a wide range of observation frequencies and incidence angles to physical roughness changes in the ocean surface, which are the result of the air/sea interaction with surface winds. Of primary importance are the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) brightness temperature measurements from hurricane flights and independent measurements of surface wind speed that are used to define empirical relationships between C-band (4 - 7 GHz) microwave brightness temperature and surface wind speed. By employing statistical regression techniques, we develop a physical-based ocean emissivity model with empirical coefficients that depends on geophysical parameters, such as wind speed, wind direction, sea surface temperature, and observational parameters, such as electromagnetic frequency, electromagnetic polarization, and incidence angle.

<p dir="ltr">During atmospheric re-entry, the hypersonic leading edges can experience enormous heat fluxes, with surface temperatures greater than 1600℃ expected. While carbon/carbon (C/C) is a candidate material for leading edge structures, it is prone to oxidation and ablation damage above 500℃. Ablation-resistant coatings can protect the C/C, while emissivity can be engineered to lower the leading-edge surface temperature via radiative cooling. In this dissertation, a novel bilayer coating system and a multilayer coating system based on individual layers consisting of ultra-high temperature ceramics (borides, carbides), refractory oxides (zirconia), and rare-earth oxide as emissivity modifiers were applied to a C/C surface via pack cementation and plasma spray. Ablation tests were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the multilayer coatings in simulated high heat flux environments. <a href="" target="_blank">The spectral emittance of the rare-earth modified topcoat ZrO₂ was measured at high temperatures up to 1200</a>℃ using a benchtop emissometer. ZrO₂ stabilized with 6 mol% Sm₂O₃ demonstrated a maximum spectral emissivity of 0.99 at λ = 12.5 µm proving its effectiveness in cooling the leading edge surface through enhanced thermal radiation.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">The bilayer coating system comprised of Sm₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ topcoat layer and SiC intermediate sublayer on C/C. </a><a href="" target="_blank">This coating significantly improved the ablation resistance of C/C by reducing the mass ablation rate by ~71%. Despite a significant thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the substrate and the coating, a well-defined mechanical adhesion characterized by the anchors was observed in pre- and post-ablated coating microstructures, indicating their influence on improving ablation resistance.</a></p><p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">The multilayer coating architecture consisted of SiC, ZrB₂-SiC, ZrC-ZrO₂ sublayers and a Sm₂O₃-ZrO₂ topcoat. The as-sprayed coating microstructure demonstrated well-defined adhesion between the layers and the substrate without forming major voids or cracks. The multilayer coating with optimized</a> sublayer thickness demonstrated excellent ablation and mass erosion resistance as they reduced the mass ablation rate of C/C by ~90% after being subjected to an aggressive oxyacetylene torch heating for 60 s. During testing, the Sm₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ topcoat acted as oxygen and thermal barrier, protecting the underlying sublayers from oxidation-induced damage while maintaining a constant surface temperature of ~2100 ℃. Additionally, the high spectral emittance of topcoat material contributed to efficient outward heat transfer via thermal radiation from the external surface while maintaining a constant temperature.</p>

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