In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Sensorkonzept mit Hilfe der Si-basierten Lichtemitter (MOSLED) zum Östrogennachweis in wässrigen Lösungen entwickelt. Das Sensorkonzept basiert auf einer direkten Fluoreszenzanalyse und besteht aus der Anordnung der Bio-Komponenten und dem Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung sowie dem eigentlichen Meßverfahren. Die Anordnung besteht aus drei Teilen: die Funktionalisierung der MOSLED-Oberfläche, die Immobilisierung des hER -Rezeptors und die Herstellung der Referenzlösung. Den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildet die Ausführung dieser drei Teile. Die Funktionalisierung der SiO2-Oberfläche der MOSLED wurde mit Hilfe eines im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten SSC (Spraying Spin Coating)- Verfahrens realisiert. Die Ausgangsmaterialien dieses Verfahrens sind organofunktionelle Silangruppen mit drei unterschiedlichen funktionellen Gruppen, nämlich die Amino-, Carboxyl- und die Thiolgruppen. Die Optimierung dieser Methode erfolgte mittels der zwei Silangruppen APMS ((3- Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane und Triamino-APMS (N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine mit der gleichen Molekülstruktur, aber mit einer unterschiedlichen Anzahl an funktionellen Gruppen. Diese Resultate wurden mit in der Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren verglichen. Die Optimierung der SSC-Methode wurde zuerst auf einfache SiO2-Oberflächen und dann auf der Oberfläche der MOSLED angewendet. Die Proben wurden mit Hilfe üblicher Methoden der Oberflächenphysik- wie FTIR-, Raman- und XPS-Spektroskopie untersucht.Die Oberflächenrauhigkeit wurde mittels AFM-Spektroskopie ermittelt, deren Aufnahmen eine glatte Oberfläche bei den mit der SSC-Methode silanisierten Proben zeigen. Während die Hydrophobizität der funktionalisierten SiO2-Oberflächen zunimmt, sinkt dabei die Oberflächenenergie, welche die Anbindung eines hER -Rezeptors mit großer Bindungsenergie begünstigt. Zur Immobilisierung des hER -Rezeptors wurde dieser erst an das Hüllenmolekül des QDots R-655-Farbstoffs gebunden und anschließend an der SSC-silanisierten SiO2-Oberflächen adsorbiert. Der Anteil der immobilisierten Rezeptoren wurde mittels PL-Messung kontrolliert. Eine andere Immobilisierungstrategie des hER -Rezeptors an die SiO2-Oberfläche kann mit Hilfe eines Aminosäure-Derivates um den Rezeptor realisiert werden. Eine Adsorption der Lysinaminosäure an die SSC-APMS silanisierten SiO2- Oberflächen als Funktion des pH-Wertes wurde durchgeführt, und der Adsorbatsanteil des Lysins mittels XPS-Messung durch die Bindungsenergien der Energieniveaus C1s und N1s berechnet. Eine Referenzlösung mit QDots R 800-Farbstoff markierten Östrogenmolekülen kommt zum Einsatz. Dabei wird die Position 17 des β-Estradiolmoleküls, welches mit einem N-Hydroxysuccinimide Derivat versehen ist, an das Hüllenmolekül des QDots R 800-Farbstoff gebunden,sodass der Phenolring des β-Estradiols frei bleibt. Insbesondere ist bei den FTIR-Spektren eine nichtgebunden OH-Gruppe des β-Estradiolmoleküls gut erkennbar. Das gesamte Sensorkonzept wurde an zwei mit Östrogen mit einer Konzentration von 1mM und 1μM versetzten Wasserproben getestet. Die Anordnung der Bio-Komponenten wurde mittels PL nachgewiesen. Der Östrogennachweis wurde mit Hilfe des Ge- und Tb-basierten Lichtemitters demonstriert.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--Konstanz.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_lp_dr_botfca.pdf: 1107682 bytes, checksum: fcdbfe2404360cb226360661e2d2b344 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar linhas laterais convencionais de irrigação por gotejamento com espaçamento único entre gotejadores em relação a laterais compostas por dois segmentos, cada segmento utilizando espaçamento entre emissores diferente, utilizando como indicadores os parâmetros físicos, químicos e físico-químicos da cultura de rabanete e a formação dos bulbos molhados no solo. Linhas laterais convencionais com espaçamento entre emissores de 20 cm foram comparadas às linhas laterais propostas tendo espaçamento entre emissores de 24 cm no segmento inicial e espaçamento de 20 cm no segmento final; linhas laterais convencionais com espaçamento entre emissores de 30 cm foram comparadas às linhas laterais propostas, com espaçamento entre emissores de 36 cm no segmento inicial e espaçamento de 30 cm no segmento final. Em todas as linhas, utilizou-se pressão de 100 kPa no segmento inicial e 70 kPa no segmento final, de modo que as vazões por metro de linha lateral foram as mesmas em todos os tratamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, localizada no município de São Manuel-SP, e pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo que os tratamentos simularam os segmentos iniciais e finais de cada linha lateral avaliada.Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, concluindo-se que diferentes espaçamentos entre gotejadores na mesma linha lateral podem ser utilizados para aumentar seu comprimento, sem diminuição de produtividade e qualidade da cultura. / The aim of the work was to compare conventional drip lateral lines with lateral lines composed by two sections, with a different emitter spacing in each section, evaluating the generated wetted bulb and the physical, chemical and physicochemical parameters of the radish crop. Conventional drip lateral lines with 20 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 24 emitter spacing in the initial section and 20 cm emitter spacing in the final section; conventional drip lateral lines with 30 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 36 emitter spacing in the initial section and 30 cm emitter spacing in the final section. It were used head pressure of 100 kPa in the initial section and 70 kPa in the final section of all drip lateral lines, keeping the same unit discharge per meter of the lateral line in all the treatments. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, located at Sao Manuel, SP The experimental design was entirely randomized, with six treatments and four replications, to simulate the initial and final sections of all drip lateral lines evaluated. Results showed no difference among treatments for the most of the evaluated variables. So it is possible to conclude that the use of different spacing between emitters in the same lateral line can be used to increase the line length without decrease the yield and quality of the crop.

Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: José Renato Zanini / Banca: Sérgio Nascimento Duarte / Banca: Marcelo Augusto de Aguiar e Silva / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar linhas laterais convencionais de irrigação por gotejamento com espaçamento único entre gotejadores em relação a laterais compostas por dois segmentos, cada segmento utilizando espaçamento entre emissores diferente, utilizando como indicadores os parâmetros físicos, químicos e físico-químicos da cultura de rabanete e a formação dos bulbos molhados no solo. Linhas laterais convencionais com espaçamento entre emissores de 20 cm foram comparadas às linhas laterais propostas tendo espaçamento entre emissores de 24 cm no segmento inicial e espaçamento de 20 cm no segmento final; linhas laterais convencionais com espaçamento entre emissores de 30 cm foram comparadas às linhas laterais propostas, com espaçamento entre emissores de 36 cm no segmento inicial e espaçamento de 30 cm no segmento final. Em todas as linhas, utilizou-se pressão de 100 kPa no segmento inicial e 70 kPa no segmento final, de modo que as vazões por metro de linha lateral foram as mesmas em todos os tratamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, localizada no município de São Manuel-SP, e pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo que os tratamentos simularam os segmentos iniciais e finais de cada linha lateral avaliada.Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, concluindo-se que diferentes espaçamentos entre gotejadores na mesma linha lateral podem ser utilizados para aumentar seu comprimento, sem diminuição de produtividade e qualidade da cultura. / Abstract: The aim of the work was to compare conventional drip lateral lines with lateral lines composed by two sections, with a different emitter spacing in each section, evaluating the generated wetted bulb and the physical, chemical and physicochemical parameters of the radish crop. Conventional drip lateral lines with 20 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 24 emitter spacing in the initial section and 20 cm emitter spacing in the final section; conventional drip lateral lines with 30 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 36 emitter spacing in the initial section and 30 cm emitter spacing in the final section. It were used head pressure of 100 kPa in the initial section and 70 kPa in the final section of all drip lateral lines, keeping the same unit discharge per meter of the lateral line in all the treatments. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, located at Sao Manuel, SP The experimental design was entirely randomized, with six treatments and four replications, to simulate the initial and final sections of all drip lateral lines evaluated. Results showed no difference among treatments for the most of the evaluated variables. So it is possible to conclude that the use of different spacing between emitters in the same lateral line can be used to increase the line length without decrease the yield and quality of the crop. / Doutor

A busca por estratégias para otimizar a eficiência de aplicação de água tem sido objeto de estudo de vários pesquisadores. Neste sentido, destaca-se a utilização de sistemas de microirrigação com microtubos devido ao seu baixo custo e elevada uniformidade de aplicação de água, sendo uma boa alternativa para pequenos agricultores. O emissor utilizado neste trabalho foi denominado \"microtubo com múltiplas saídas\" (MMS) o qual, por se tratar de uma configuração inovadora, é um tipo de gotejador inexistente no mercado. Este sistema é caracterizado por possuir menor custo em comparação com os sistemas atuais, que utilizam microtubos, tendo em vista a menor quantidade de material necessário à sua implantação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar, determinar as características hidráulicas do microtubo com múltiplas saídas e sua sensibilidade à obstrução por agentes físicos. A condução desta pesquisa dividiu-se em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu na determinação do diâmetro interno dos microtubos, em ensaios preliminares de verificação do modelo de dimensionamento dos MMS e na determinação do coeficiente de variação de fabricação, os quais foram realizados no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\"/USP, em Piracicaba - SP. A segunda consistiu na determinação das características hidráulicas, na modelagem do escoamento d\'água no interior do microtubo com múltiplas saídas e na avaliação da sensibilidade dos microtubos à obstrução por agentes físicos, as quais foram realizadas no Laboratoire d\'essais et de recherche des matériels d\'irrigation pertencente ao Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l\'environnement et l\'agriculture (LERMI/IRSTEA, Aix en Provence, Montpellier, França). A configuração do emissor proposto consiste em um microtubo regulador de pressão (MRP) ligado a um conector com disposição radial de onde derivam seis microtubos emissores (ME). Realizou-se simulações hidráulicas do escoamento nos MMS, utilizando o programa computacional ANSYS Fluent. Determinou-se a sensibilidade à obstrução do MMS e dos microtubos com diâmetro interno de 0,888 e 1,074 mm. O microtubo com múltiplas saídas foi menos sensível à obstrução que os outros microtubos testados, entretanto, o mesmo apresenta áreas críticas quanto à ocorrência de obstrução no interior do conector, principalmente em áreas onde a velocidade da água é próxima ou igual à zero. As diferenças máxima e mínima entre a pressão simulada e a pressão observada experimentalmente foram 13% e 0,2% respectivamente. Desse modo, a simulação não apresentou resultados totalmente satisfatórios em termos de previsão da perda de carga, entretanto, é uma importante ferramenta para identificação de pontos críticos quanto à dissipação da perda de carga e que favorecem a ocorrência de obstrução. Para microtubos, as equações utilizadas no cálculo do fator de atrito da equação de Darcy-Weisbach não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, contradizendo às recomendações da literatura para tubos convencionais. Uma possível causa dessa discordância é que a definição da faixa do regime de escoamento para microtubos seja diferente dos tubos convencionais, sendo necessária a realização de estudos complementares para se obter resultados mais conclusivos. / The search for strategies to optimize the efficiency of water application has been studied by several researchers. In this sense, we highlight the use of microirrigation systems with microtubes due to its low cost and high uniformity of water application, being a good alternative for small farmers. The emitter used in this work was named \"microtube with multiple outlets\" (MMO) which is a kind of dripper non-existent in the market, because it is an innovative configuration. This system is characterized by having lower cost compared to existing systems that use microtubes, in view of the smaller amount of material required for its implementation. The objective of this work was to model, to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the microtube with multiple outlets and their sensitivity to clogging due physical agents. This research was divided into two stages. The first stage was determining the internal diameter of the microtubes, the lengths of the microtubes and the manufacturing coefficient of variation was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP) in Piracicaba - SP. The second stage was determining the hydraulic characteristics of the microtubes with multiple outlets, to model the flow of water within the microtube with multiple outlets and to evaluate a susceptibility of microtubes to physical agents. This tests were performed at the Laboratoire d\'essais et de recherche des matériels d\'irrigation belonging to the Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l\'environnement et l\'agriculture (LERMI/IRSTEA, Aix en Provence, Montpellier, France). The configuration of the proposed system consists of a supply microtube (SM) and six emitter microtubes (EM) that are connected to the supply microtube through a connector. The hydraulic simulations of flow in microtubes with multiple outlets was carried out using the software ANSYS Fluent. It was determined the MMO sensitivity to clogging and of microtubes with internal diameter of 0.888 and 1.074 mm. The microtube with multiple outlets was less sensitive to clogging than other tested microtubes, however, the MMO presents critical areas to occurrence of clogging within the connector, especially in areas where the water velocity is close or equal to zero. The maximum and minimum difference between the simulated pressure and experimentally observed pressure was 13% and 0.2 % respectively. The simulation did not provide fully satisfactory results in terms of predicting the head loss, however, it is an important tool to identify critical points of head loss and of critical points that favors the occurrence of clogging. For microtubes, the equations used to calculate the Darcy- Weisbach equation friction factor showed no satisfactory results, contradicting the recommendations from the literature for conventional tubes. One possible cause of this discrepancy is that the definition of the flow regime for microtubes is different from conventional tubes. More studies must be conducted to obtain more conclusive results are required.

A obstrução de emissores tem sido um entrave para a microirrigação. Porém, tem-se notado poucos estudos relativos ao desenvolvimento de equipamentos que auxiliam na prevenção da obstrução de emissores nos últimos anos. Os estudos realizados nesta linha estão geralmente ligados à caracterização dos sistemas em uso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de filtragem com reversão automática de fluxo, de alta frequência. O sistema foi concebido para operar com água de baixa qualidade, com inversão de fluxo e limpezas automáticas e com volume mínimo de água para realização das limpezas. As decisões do controlador do sistema de filtragem têm como base a perda de carga, obtida por meio de transdutores de pressão instalados na entrada e na saída do sistema. O protótipo final é composto, basicamente, por três filtros de tela e onze válvulas solenoides controladas eletronicamente. Determinou-se a curva de perda de carga em função da vazão, a eficiência de retenção e o volume mínimo de água para limpeza dos filtros. A eficiência de retenção de partículas foi determinada em delineamento experimental inteiramente aleatorizado em esquema fatorial, sendo testados três fatores: tempo de reversão (15 e 30 s); incremento da perda de carga (25 e 50%) e concentração de sólidos (500 e 1000 mg L-1). A eficiência de retenção de sólidos totais foi de 71,7 e 78,3% para as concentrações de 500 e 1000 mg L-1, respectivamente, tendo apresentado diferença significativa a 1% de probabilidade. Entretanto, a eficiência retenção de sólidos maiores que 50 ?m (Ed > 50) foi de 98,6 ± 0,7%, não sendo significante para nenhum dos tratamentos ao nível de significância de 1%. O volume médio de água despendido durante as limpezas foi de 5,39 L por limpeza, que representou um volume de água de limpeza por volume de água filtrada de 8,0 e 12,6 L m-3, para as concentrações de 500 e 1000 mg L-1, respectivamente. Os valores de eficiência energética do sistema de filtragem variaram de 80 a 90% para a vazão de 2 m3 h-1 com pressão de entrada entre 15 a 40 mca. As limpezas do sistema de filtragem não foram totalmente eficazes na retomada da perda de carga, com tendência de aumento com o tempo. A inversão de fluxo com frequências de 11,11 e 22,22 mHz influenciou na evolução da perda de carga do sistema de filtragem, tornando-a mais lenta que a evolução para o sistema funcionando sem inversão de fluxo. Considerou-se que o sistema de filtragem desenvolvido apresentou potencial para filtragem da água de irrigação com baixa qualidade, porém necessita de manutenções periódicas para limpeza do elemento filtrante. A perda de carga admissível do sistema de filtragem deve ser o valor mais restritivo entre o critério de desempenho de retenção de partículas e o de variação de vazão do sistema de irrigação. / Emitters clogging have been a barrier to trickle irrigation. Just a few studies have been performed concerning equipments which assist in preventing emitters clogging in recent years, especially regarding to development equipment. Studies carried out on this issue are usually linked to the characterization of systems in use. The aim of this study was to develop a filtering system with automatic flow reversal of high frequency. The system is designed to operate with low quality water, with reverse flow and automatic cleanings and with minimum volume of water to perform the cleaning. Decisions by the controller of the filtration system are based on head loss, obtained by pressure transducers installed at the upstream and downstream of the system. The final prototype consists of three screen filters and eleven electronically controlled solenoid valves. The curve of head loss was determined as a function of water flow, retention efficiency and minimum volume of water required for cleaning the filters. The efficiency in particle retention was determined following a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial scheme in which three factors were tested: reversal time (15 and 30 s) increase in head loss (25 and 50%) and solids concentration (500 and 1000 mg L-1). The total solids retention efficiency was 71.7 and 78.3% for concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L-1, respectively, presenting a significant difference at 1%. However, when analyzing the retention efficiency of solids larger than 50 ?m (Ed> 50), none of the treatments was significant at 1%, whose efficiency was 98.6 ± 0.7%. The mean volume of water expended during the cleaning was 5.39 L. It represented a volume of water for cleaning per volume of filtered water from 8.0 and 12.6 L m-3, to concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L-1, respectively. The energy efficiency values of filtering system ranged from 80 to 90% considering flow rate of 2 m3 h-1 and inlet pressure ranging from 15 to 40 mca. The filtering system cleaning was not totally effective in reestablishing the head loss, with an upward trend over time. The reverse flow with frequency of 11.11 and 22.22 mHz influenced the head loss evolution of the filtration system, making it slower than the trend for the system running without flow reversal. The developed filtration system has potential for filtering low quality irrigation water, but it requires periodic maintenance to clean the filter element. The allowable head loss of the filter system should be the most restrictive value between the criterion of particle retention performance and the flow variation of the irrigation system because of the increase in head loss in the filters.

O procedimento de dimensionamento de uma linha lateral de irrigação localizada necessita ser avaliado com precisão, devido às perdas de carga tanto distribuídas na tubulação como nas inserções dos emissores com os tubos. Devido a isso, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a determinação da perda de carga localizada mediante a formulação de um modelo matemático a partir do índice de obstrução. Estas perdas localizadas podem ser significativas quando comparadas com as perdas de carga totais, devido ao grande número de emissores instalados ao longo da linha lateral. O experimento foi junto ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural (ESALQ-USP) e ajustado para valores número de Reynolds (R), no intervalo de 7.480 a 32.597 para proporcionar fluxo turbulento e velocidade máxima de 2,0 m s-1. A pesquisa foi conduzida em duas etapas: 1) ajuste do fator f para um seguimento de 0,5 m de tubo,sendo realizada 10 repetições, com o intuito de validação da metodologia empregada comparando-se o ajuste dos dados encontrados com os trabalhos existentes na literatura, 2) determinação da perda de carga (hf) em um seguimento de tubo de 1 m de comprimento com emissor devidamente vedado, portanto, pela diferença entre a hf do tubo mais o emissor e a hf do tubo obtido na primeira etapa, obteve-se a perda de carga localizada do emissor (hfe). Além disso, com a determinação da geometria do emissor, pelo projetor ótico HB 400, formulou-se uma equação que permitiu o cálculo da perda de carga localizada utilizando-se as características geométricas do emissor (comprimento do emissor, índice de obstrução e coeficiente de contração). Pelos resultados obtidos para 4 modelos utilizados, o modelo estimou satisfatoriamente para 2 modelos, e também verificou-se que o modelo apresentou um desempenho classificado como \'ótimo\', portanto, podendo ser empregado para estimativa de perda de carga localizada provocada por emissores integrados não coaxiais com geometria semelhante ao emissor Uniram e Drip Net. / The design of a lateral line of trickle irrigation requires an accurate evaluation of head losses in not only the pipe but the emitters as well. A procedure was developed to determine localized head losses within the emitters by the formulation of a mathematical model accounting for the obstruction caused by the insertion point. These localized losses can be significant when compared with the total head losses within the system, due to the large number of emitters typically installed along the lateral line. An experiment was carried out by altering flow characteristics to create Reynolds Number (R) in the interval from 7480 to 32597 to provide turbulent flow and a maximum velocity of 2.0 m s-1. The geometry of the emitter point was determined by an optical projector and sensor. An equation was formulated that allows the localized head loss calculation using the geometric characteristics of the emitter (emitter length, obstruction index and the contraction coefficient). The obtained results for 4 used models, the model esteemed satisfactorily for 2 models, and was also verified that the model presents an acting classified as \'great\', therefore, could be used to estimate localized head loss provoked by non coaxial emitters inserted in polyethylene pipe with similar geometry as the Uniram and Drip Net emitters.

Radio Frequency Machine Learning (RFML) is the application of ML techniques to solve problems in the RF domain as an alternative to traditional digital-signal processing (DSP) techniques. Notable among these are the tasks of specific emitter identification (SEI), determining source identity of a received RF signal, and automated modulation classification (AMC), determining the modulation scheme of a received RF transmission. Both tasks have a number of algorithms that are effective on simulated data, but struggle to generalize to data collected in the real-world, partially due to the lack of available datasets upon which to train models and understand their limitations. This thesis covers the practical considerations for systems that can create high-quality datasets for RFML tasks, how variances from real-world effects in these datasets affect RFML algorithm performance, and how well models developed from these datasets are able to generalize and adapt across different receiver hardware platforms. Moreover, this thesis presents a proof-of-concept system for large-scale and efficient data generation, proven through the design and implementation of a custom platform capable of coordinating transmissions from nearly a hundred Software-Defined Radios (SDRs). This platform was used to rapidly perform experiments in both RFML performance sensitivity analysis and successful transfer between SDRs of trained models for both SEI and AMC algorithms. / Master of Science / Radio Frequency Machine Learning (RFML) is the application of machine learning techniques to solve problems having to do with radio signals as an alternative to traditional signal processing techniques. Notable among these are the tasks of specific emitter identification (SEI), determining source identity of a received signal, and automated modulation classification (AMC), determining the data encoding format of a received RF transmission. Both tasks have practical limitations related to the real-world collection of RF training data. This thesis presents a proof-of-concept for large-scale, efficient data generation and management, as proven through the design and construction of a custom platform capable of coordinating transmissions from nearly a hundred radios. This platform was used to rapidly perform experiments in both RFML performance sensitivity analysis and successful cross-radio transfer of trained behaviors.

This dissertation develops a framework for modeling vehicle emissions microscopically. In addition, the framework is utilized to develop the VT-Micro model using a number of data sources. Key input variables to the VT-Micro model include instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels. Estimating accurate mobile source emissions is becoming more and more critical as a result of increasing environmental problems in large metropolitan urban areas. Current emission inventory models, such as MOBILE and EMPAC, are designed for developing large scale inventories, but are unable to estimate emissions from specific corridors and intersections. Alternatively, microscopic emission models are capable of assessing the impact of transportation scenarios and performing project-level analyses. The VT-Micro model was developed using data collected at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that included fuel consumption and emission rate measurements (CO, HC, and NOx) for five light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and three light-duty trucks (LDTs) as a function of the vehicle's instantaneous speed and acceleration levels. The hybrid regression models predict hot stabilized vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates for LDVs and LDTs. The model is found to be highly accurate compared to the ORNL data with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. The study compares fuel consumption and emission results from MOBILE5a, VT-Micro, and CMEM models. The dissertation presents that the proposed VT-Micro model appears to be good enough in terms of absolute light-duty hot stabilized normal vehicle tailpipe emissions. Specifically, the emission estimates were found to be within the 95 percent confidence limits of field data and within the same level of magnitude as the MOBILE5a model estimates. Furthermore, the proposed VT-Micro model was found to reflect differences in drive cycles in a fashion that was consistent with field observations. Specifically, the model accurately captures the increase in emissions for aggressive acceleration drive cycles in comparison with other drive cycles. The dissertation also presents a framework for developing microscopic emission models. The framework develops emission models by aggregating data using vehicle and operational variables. Specifically, statistical techniques for aggregating vehicles into homogenous categories are utilized as part of the framework. In addition, the framework accounts for temporal lags between vehicle operational variables and vehicle emissions. Finally, the framework is utilized to develop the VT-Micro model version 2.0 utilizing second-by-second chassis dynamometer emission data for a total of 60 light duty vehicles and trucks. Also, the dissertation introduces a procedure for estimating second-by-second high emitter emissions. This research initially investigates high emitter emission cut-points to verify clear definitions of high emitter vehicles (HEVs) and derives multiplicative factors for newly developed EPA driving cycles. Same model structure with the VT-Micro model is utilized to estimate instantaneous emissions for a total of 36 light duty vehicles and trucks. Finally, the dissertation develops a microscopic framework for estimating instantaneous vehicle start emissions for LDVs and LDTs. The framework assumes a linear decay in instantaneous start emissions over a 200-second time horizon. The initial vehicle start emission rate is computed based on MOBILE6's soak time function assuming a 200-second decay time interval. The validity of the model was demonstrated using independent trips that involved cold start and hot start impacts with vehicle emissions estimated to within 10 percent of the field data. The ultimate expansion of this model is its implementation within a microscopic traffic simulation environment in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative ITS and non-ITS strategies. Also, the model can be applied to estimate vehicle emissions using instantaneous GPS speed measurements. Currently, the VT-Micro model has been implemented in the INTEGRATION software for the environmental assessment of operational-level transportation projects. / Ph. D.

<p> An approximate model has been developed for the p-n-p lateral segmented transistor, and used to characterize the behaviour of the common-emitter dc current gain to the collector segment when the control segment is set to arbitrary voltage levels. The model is a development of the type introduced by Ebers and Moll. </p> <p> The dc current gain is found to be a sensitive function of the control segment voltage, and for changes in this voltage level of the order of± 200mV, it can be made to vary between two limiting values which are dependent on device geometry. A number of applications for this device have been suggested, particularly where an a.g.c. function or controlled current source requirement are needed. </p> <p> An analytic expression has been obtained for the controlled hFE in terms of the control segment voltage and the device parameters, using an approximate analogue for the device geometry. The results have been found to describe the behaviour for a family of p-n-p lateral transistors, having circular geometry with different segment periphery ratios, within the limits of the approximations and experimental errors. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)