Notre étude a porté sur le contrôle génétique des comportements sociaux ou de peur et leur relation avec les caractères de production au sein d’un croisement entre deux lignées de cailles sélectionnées de façon divergente sur la motivation sociale. Les résultats alertent sur un possible effet délétère de la sélection pour une plus forte productivité sur la sociabilité et la réactivité émotionnelle des animaux. Dans le même temps, ils indiquent des synergies possibles entre une plus forte motivation sociale et la précocité de la ponte, ou une plus faible réactivité émotionnelle et une production d’œufs plus importante. L’étude a permis la construction de la première carte génétique de moyenne densité à l’aide de marqueurs SNP chez la caille. Les analyses de liaison ont révélé un total de 45 QTLs dont 23 pour les caractères comportementaux et 22 pour ceux de production. Ce sont pour les critères de motivation sociale que les QTLs sont les plus nombreux (15). Certaines régions contrôlent à la fois la réactivité émotionnelle et le poids ou la sociabilité et l’âge au premier œuf. Plusieurs gènes candidats en lien avec la sociabilité ont été suggérés. / Our study focused on the genetic control of social and fear behaviors and their relationships with production traits in a second generation crossing between two lines of quail divergently selected for their social reinstatement behavior. The results warn us about a possible deleterious effect of the selection for higher productivity on the animal’s sociability and emotional reactivity. At the same time, they also indicate possible synergies between a stronger social motivation and a precocious laying onset, or a lower emotional reactivity toward a novel object and a higher egg production. The study allowed us to construct the first genetic map of medium density using SNP markers in the quail. Linkage analyses reveal a total of 45 QTLs with 23 linked to behavioral traits and 22 to the production traits. Most of the behavioral QTLs were linked to the social motivation (15). Also, some regions control both emotional reactivity and weight or sociability and the age at first egg. At this stage of the study, several candidate genes related to sociability were suggested.

Emotions are a central part of our lives and the ability to effectively regulate them is central to well-being. Although a lot of research shows the beneficial role of sleep on emotional reactivity and regulation, little is known about how dream emotions relate to emotional reactivity and regulation. The current study investigated how dreams with high vs low levels of self-rated negative dream affect related to next-day waking emotional reactivity and regulation. Participants kept a home dream diary until reporting dreams on five days. They also reported dream and wake emotions and performed an online emotional reactivity and regulation task. Opposing predictions were derived from the continuity hypothesis and from the emotion regulation theories of dreaming. However, no significant differences were found between emotional reactivity and regulation on mornings following dreams with high vs low negative affect. Thus, no support was provided for the direct predictions made from the two theories. Nevertheless, morning wake affect differed significantly as a function of dream emotions. Specifically, participants reported significantly higher levels of positive emotions on mornings after a dream low, rather than high, in negative affect. Similarly, wake morning negative affect was higher following dreams high, rather than low, in negative affect. Thus, the results support a form of affective continuity between dreams and morning wakefulness.

No description available.

No description available.

Evidências sugerem o envolvimento de um estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau na fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar (TB). Os estudos apresentados nesta tese tiveram como objetivo explorar o papel da inflamação crônica nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do TB através da avaliação dos níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (PCR). A PCR é um marcador de inflamação sistêmica comumente utilizado na prática clínica, sendo considerado fator de risco para várias patologias, incluindo câncer e doença cardiovascular. O primeiro artigo, através de um estudo de meta-análise, teve como objetivo avaliar o tamanho de efeito da associação entre níveis de PCR em pacientes bipolares nas diferentes fases de humor (n=730) comparado a indivíduos controles (n=888). Pacientes bipolares apresentaram níveis de PCR significativamente elevados em comparação ao grupo controle, com moderado tamanho de efeito (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% IC, 0.24 – 0.55; P < 0.0001). Níveis de PCR foram significativamente maiores em pacientes maníacos (ES = 0.73; 95% IC, 0.44 – 1.02; P < 0.001) e em eutímicos (ES = 0.26; 95% IC, 0.01 – 0.51; P = 0.04). O segundo artigo se propôs a revisar dados da literatura relacionados a biomarcadores periféricos potencialmente implicados na progressão do TB. Pacientes em diferentes estágios do TB apresentaram níveis alterados de marcadores de estresse oxidativo, neurotrofinas e de inflamação, incluindo a PCR, o que reforça a hipótese da inflamação crônica exercer um papel importante na fisiopatologia do TB. Em seguida, considerando a abordagem multidimensional no TB, o terceiro artigo avaliou a reatividade emocional como uma dimensão relevante para caracterizar pacientes bipolares apresentando sintomas subclínicos de humor durante a fase de remissão (N=613). Apesar de todos pacientes estarem em remissão, a maioria deles (68%) apresentou reatividade emocional anormal (hipo ou hiper-reatividade emocional). Esse estudo avaliou, também, o funcionamento psicossocial nesses pacientes e os níveis de PCR ultra-sensível como um possível marcador objetivo de hiper-reatividade emocional no TB. Os pacientes com hiper-reatividade emocional, em comparação aos pacientes com hipo- ou normal reatividade emocional, apresentaram prejuízo cognitivo e níveis de PCR significativamente mais elevados (P < 0.001). Esses resultados provêm de um estudo transversal e, portanto, conclusões sobre causalidade dessas associações não podem ser inferidas, já que outros fatores, além dos níveis de PCR, podem também contribuir para o estado inflamatório crônico observado nesses pacientes. Em suma, os resultados desta tese sugerem que a inflamação crônica de baixo grau, evidenciada pelas alterações nos níveis de PCR, parece estar implicada na fisiopatologia e na progressão do TB. Novas intervenções terapêuticas com alvo em mecanismos inflamatórios e na modulação dos níveis de PCR devem ser priorizados em estudos futuros. / Evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). The studies presented in this thesis aimed at exploring the role of chronic inflammation in the BD pathophysiological mechanisms by assessing serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a marker of low-grade inflammation widely used in clinical practice, and a risk factor for cardiovascular and malignant diseases. The first article, a meta-analysis, aimed at evaluating the effect size of the association between CRP levels in bipolar patients (n=730) compared to healthy subjects (n=888). Overall, CRP levels were significantly elevated in patients with BD versus controls (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.55; P < .0001). CRP levels were significantly higher in manic (ES = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.02; P < 0.001) and euthymic (ES = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.51; P = 0.04). The second paper aimed at reviewing the scientific literature regarding peripheral biomarkers potentially implicated in the progression of BD. Bipolar patients within different disease’s stages presented altered levels of oxidative stress, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers, including PCR. These findings reinforce the hypothesis of the potential role of the chronic inflammation in BD pathophysiology. Regarding the multidimensional approach in BD, the third article assessed emotional reactivity as a major dimension for better characterizing remitted bipolar patients with subthreshold mood symptoms (N=613). Although all patients were in remission, most of them (68%) showed abnormal emotional reactivity (hipo- or hyper-reactivity). In addition, this study assessed the psychosocial functioning in these patients as well as the levels of high-sensitivty PCR (hsCRP) as an objective marker of emotional hyper-reactivity in BD. Patients with emotional hyper-reactivity had higher levels of PCR and cognitive impairment compared to patients with emotional hypo or normal emotional reactivity (P < 0.001). This was a crosssectional study of emotional reactivity, hsCRP levels and functional status in remitted bipolar patients, and no conclusions regarding the causality of these associations can be substantiated. Others factors could also be contributing to the chronic inflammatory state in these patients. In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest that low-grade chronic inflammation, as evidenced by alteration in CRP levels, may be implicated in the pathophysiology as well as in the BD progression. Novel therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory mechanisms and the modulation of CRP levels should be prioritized in future studies.

Evidências sugerem o envolvimento de um estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau na fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar (TB). Os estudos apresentados nesta tese tiveram como objetivo explorar o papel da inflamação crônica nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do TB através da avaliação dos níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (PCR). A PCR é um marcador de inflamação sistêmica comumente utilizado na prática clínica, sendo considerado fator de risco para várias patologias, incluindo câncer e doença cardiovascular. O primeiro artigo, através de um estudo de meta-análise, teve como objetivo avaliar o tamanho de efeito da associação entre níveis de PCR em pacientes bipolares nas diferentes fases de humor (n=730) comparado a indivíduos controles (n=888). Pacientes bipolares apresentaram níveis de PCR significativamente elevados em comparação ao grupo controle, com moderado tamanho de efeito (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% IC, 0.24 – 0.55; P < 0.0001). Níveis de PCR foram significativamente maiores em pacientes maníacos (ES = 0.73; 95% IC, 0.44 – 1.02; P < 0.001) e em eutímicos (ES = 0.26; 95% IC, 0.01 – 0.51; P = 0.04). O segundo artigo se propôs a revisar dados da literatura relacionados a biomarcadores periféricos potencialmente implicados na progressão do TB. Pacientes em diferentes estágios do TB apresentaram níveis alterados de marcadores de estresse oxidativo, neurotrofinas e de inflamação, incluindo a PCR, o que reforça a hipótese da inflamação crônica exercer um papel importante na fisiopatologia do TB. Em seguida, considerando a abordagem multidimensional no TB, o terceiro artigo avaliou a reatividade emocional como uma dimensão relevante para caracterizar pacientes bipolares apresentando sintomas subclínicos de humor durante a fase de remissão (N=613). Apesar de todos pacientes estarem em remissão, a maioria deles (68%) apresentou reatividade emocional anormal (hipo ou hiper-reatividade emocional). Esse estudo avaliou, também, o funcionamento psicossocial nesses pacientes e os níveis de PCR ultra-sensível como um possível marcador objetivo de hiper-reatividade emocional no TB. Os pacientes com hiper-reatividade emocional, em comparação aos pacientes com hipo- ou normal reatividade emocional, apresentaram prejuízo cognitivo e níveis de PCR significativamente mais elevados (P < 0.001). Esses resultados provêm de um estudo transversal e, portanto, conclusões sobre causalidade dessas associações não podem ser inferidas, já que outros fatores, além dos níveis de PCR, podem também contribuir para o estado inflamatório crônico observado nesses pacientes. Em suma, os resultados desta tese sugerem que a inflamação crônica de baixo grau, evidenciada pelas alterações nos níveis de PCR, parece estar implicada na fisiopatologia e na progressão do TB. Novas intervenções terapêuticas com alvo em mecanismos inflamatórios e na modulação dos níveis de PCR devem ser priorizados em estudos futuros. / Evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). The studies presented in this thesis aimed at exploring the role of chronic inflammation in the BD pathophysiological mechanisms by assessing serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a marker of low-grade inflammation widely used in clinical practice, and a risk factor for cardiovascular and malignant diseases. The first article, a meta-analysis, aimed at evaluating the effect size of the association between CRP levels in bipolar patients (n=730) compared to healthy subjects (n=888). Overall, CRP levels were significantly elevated in patients with BD versus controls (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.55; P < .0001). CRP levels were significantly higher in manic (ES = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.02; P < 0.001) and euthymic (ES = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.51; P = 0.04). The second paper aimed at reviewing the scientific literature regarding peripheral biomarkers potentially implicated in the progression of BD. Bipolar patients within different disease’s stages presented altered levels of oxidative stress, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers, including PCR. These findings reinforce the hypothesis of the potential role of the chronic inflammation in BD pathophysiology. Regarding the multidimensional approach in BD, the third article assessed emotional reactivity as a major dimension for better characterizing remitted bipolar patients with subthreshold mood symptoms (N=613). Although all patients were in remission, most of them (68%) showed abnormal emotional reactivity (hipo- or hyper-reactivity). In addition, this study assessed the psychosocial functioning in these patients as well as the levels of high-sensitivty PCR (hsCRP) as an objective marker of emotional hyper-reactivity in BD. Patients with emotional hyper-reactivity had higher levels of PCR and cognitive impairment compared to patients with emotional hypo or normal emotional reactivity (P < 0.001). This was a crosssectional study of emotional reactivity, hsCRP levels and functional status in remitted bipolar patients, and no conclusions regarding the causality of these associations can be substantiated. Others factors could also be contributing to the chronic inflammatory state in these patients. In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest that low-grade chronic inflammation, as evidenced by alteration in CRP levels, may be implicated in the pathophysiology as well as in the BD progression. Novel therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory mechanisms and the modulation of CRP levels should be prioritized in future studies.

Evidências sugerem o envolvimento de um estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau na fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar (TB). Os estudos apresentados nesta tese tiveram como objetivo explorar o papel da inflamação crônica nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do TB através da avaliação dos níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (PCR). A PCR é um marcador de inflamação sistêmica comumente utilizado na prática clínica, sendo considerado fator de risco para várias patologias, incluindo câncer e doença cardiovascular. O primeiro artigo, através de um estudo de meta-análise, teve como objetivo avaliar o tamanho de efeito da associação entre níveis de PCR em pacientes bipolares nas diferentes fases de humor (n=730) comparado a indivíduos controles (n=888). Pacientes bipolares apresentaram níveis de PCR significativamente elevados em comparação ao grupo controle, com moderado tamanho de efeito (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% IC, 0.24 – 0.55; P < 0.0001). Níveis de PCR foram significativamente maiores em pacientes maníacos (ES = 0.73; 95% IC, 0.44 – 1.02; P < 0.001) e em eutímicos (ES = 0.26; 95% IC, 0.01 – 0.51; P = 0.04). O segundo artigo se propôs a revisar dados da literatura relacionados a biomarcadores periféricos potencialmente implicados na progressão do TB. Pacientes em diferentes estágios do TB apresentaram níveis alterados de marcadores de estresse oxidativo, neurotrofinas e de inflamação, incluindo a PCR, o que reforça a hipótese da inflamação crônica exercer um papel importante na fisiopatologia do TB. Em seguida, considerando a abordagem multidimensional no TB, o terceiro artigo avaliou a reatividade emocional como uma dimensão relevante para caracterizar pacientes bipolares apresentando sintomas subclínicos de humor durante a fase de remissão (N=613). Apesar de todos pacientes estarem em remissão, a maioria deles (68%) apresentou reatividade emocional anormal (hipo ou hiper-reatividade emocional). Esse estudo avaliou, também, o funcionamento psicossocial nesses pacientes e os níveis de PCR ultra-sensível como um possível marcador objetivo de hiper-reatividade emocional no TB. Os pacientes com hiper-reatividade emocional, em comparação aos pacientes com hipo- ou normal reatividade emocional, apresentaram prejuízo cognitivo e níveis de PCR significativamente mais elevados (P < 0.001). Esses resultados provêm de um estudo transversal e, portanto, conclusões sobre causalidade dessas associações não podem ser inferidas, já que outros fatores, além dos níveis de PCR, podem também contribuir para o estado inflamatório crônico observado nesses pacientes. Em suma, os resultados desta tese sugerem que a inflamação crônica de baixo grau, evidenciada pelas alterações nos níveis de PCR, parece estar implicada na fisiopatologia e na progressão do TB. Novas intervenções terapêuticas com alvo em mecanismos inflamatórios e na modulação dos níveis de PCR devem ser priorizados em estudos futuros. / Evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). The studies presented in this thesis aimed at exploring the role of chronic inflammation in the BD pathophysiological mechanisms by assessing serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a marker of low-grade inflammation widely used in clinical practice, and a risk factor for cardiovascular and malignant diseases. The first article, a meta-analysis, aimed at evaluating the effect size of the association between CRP levels in bipolar patients (n=730) compared to healthy subjects (n=888). Overall, CRP levels were significantly elevated in patients with BD versus controls (effect size, ES = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.55; P < .0001). CRP levels were significantly higher in manic (ES = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.02; P < 0.001) and euthymic (ES = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.51; P = 0.04). The second paper aimed at reviewing the scientific literature regarding peripheral biomarkers potentially implicated in the progression of BD. Bipolar patients within different disease’s stages presented altered levels of oxidative stress, neurotrophins and inflammatory markers, including PCR. These findings reinforce the hypothesis of the potential role of the chronic inflammation in BD pathophysiology. Regarding the multidimensional approach in BD, the third article assessed emotional reactivity as a major dimension for better characterizing remitted bipolar patients with subthreshold mood symptoms (N=613). Although all patients were in remission, most of them (68%) showed abnormal emotional reactivity (hipo- or hyper-reactivity). In addition, this study assessed the psychosocial functioning in these patients as well as the levels of high-sensitivty PCR (hsCRP) as an objective marker of emotional hyper-reactivity in BD. Patients with emotional hyper-reactivity had higher levels of PCR and cognitive impairment compared to patients with emotional hypo or normal emotional reactivity (P < 0.001). This was a crosssectional study of emotional reactivity, hsCRP levels and functional status in remitted bipolar patients, and no conclusions regarding the causality of these associations can be substantiated. Others factors could also be contributing to the chronic inflammatory state in these patients. In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest that low-grade chronic inflammation, as evidenced by alteration in CRP levels, may be implicated in the pathophysiology as well as in the BD progression. Novel therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory mechanisms and the modulation of CRP levels should be prioritized in future studies.

Neophobia, the fear of novelty, is a behavioral trait found across a number of animal species, including humans. Neophobic individuals perceive novel environments and stimuli to have aversive properties, and exhibit fearful behaviors when presented with non-familiar situations. The present study examined how early life exposure to aversive novel stimuli could reduce neophobia in bobwhite quail chicks. Experiment 1 exposed chicks to a novel auditory tone previously shown to be aversive to naïve chicks (Suarez, 2012) for 24 hours immediately after hatching, then subsequently tested them in the presence of the tone within a novel maze task. Postnatally exposed chicks demonstrated decreased fearfulness compared to naïve chicks, and behaved more similarly to chicks tested in the presence of a known attractive auditory stimulus (a bobwhite maternal assembly call vocalization). Experiment 2 exposed chicks to the novel auditory tone for 24 hours prenatally, then subsequently tested them within a novel maze task. Prenatally exposed chicks showed decreased fearfulness to a similar degree as those postnatally exposed, revealing that both prenatal and postnatal exposure methods are capable of decreasing fear of auditory stimuli. Experiment 3 exposed chicks to a novel visual stimulus for 24 hours postnatally, then subsequently tested them within a novel emergence box / T-maze apparatus. Chicks exposed to the visual stimulus showed decreased fearfulness compared to naïve chicks, thereby demonstrating the utility of this method across sense modalities. Experiment 4 assessed whether early postnatal exposure to one novel stimulus could generalize and serve to decrease fear of novelty when chicks were tested in the presence of markedly different stimuli. By combining the methods of Experiments 1 and 3, this experiment revealed that chicks exposed to one type of stimulus (auditory or visual) demonstrated decreased fear when subsequently tested in the presence of the opposite type of novel stimulus. These results suggest that experience with novel stimuli can moderate the extent to which neophobia will develop during early development.

La période d’abattage est complexe car elle se compose d’une succession de situations associées à une multitude de facteurs de stress. L’animal est généralement privé d’alimentation et est ensuite confronté à un environnement changeant et contraignant qui demande en permanence des adaptations comportementales et physiologiques affectant son état émotionnel. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (i) de mieux comprendre l’origine des réactions des bovins au cours de la période d’abattage, et (ii) d’évaluer leur stress d’un point de vue comportemental et physiologique à l’aide d’études menées à la fois en abattoir industriel et dans des conditions expérimentales.Nos travaux sur le terrain mettent en évidence la nécessité de tenir compte de toutes les procédures d’abattage, y compris les plus courtes, ainsi que des contraintes organisationnelles des abattoirs car elles influencent l’état de stress des bovins. Pendant la période d’élevage, la caractérisation des bovins selon leur réactivité émotionnelle,qui dépend en partie de leur expérience antérieure et de leur race, permet d’identifier les animaux susceptibles de réagir plus fortement aux procédures d’abattage. Elle permet également de déterminer les facteurs de stress prépondérants associés à ces procédures. Ainsi, la nouveauté et la séparation sociale expliquent en partie les réactions de stress à l’abattage chez les vaches. Chez les taurillons, les réactions de stress à l’abattage sont liées à leur réactivité cardiaque à la soudaineté et à l’Homme. De plus, les bovins réagissent plus fortement à différents facteurs de stress lorsqu’ils sont privés de nourriture. L’état physiologique des bovins influence donc leurs réactions de stress à l’abattage, probablement en modulant leur perception de la situation. Afin de réduire le niveau de stress des bovins pendant la période d’abattage, nos travaux montrent qu’il est possible d’agir sur l’environnement en limitant les sources de stress directes et indirectes. Il est également possible d’agir au niveau de l’animal par le biais de son expérience antérieure et de sa génétique. / The slaughter period is complex as it consists of a series of situations during which the animal is confronted with various stress-inducing factors. The animal is often food deprived and subjected to a changing and demanding environment that it needs constantly to adapt to in behavioural and physiological terms and which may affect the emotional status of the animal. The present thesis aimed to (i) better understand causes underlying the reactions of cattle during the slaughter period and (ii) evaluate their stress status using behavioural and physiological measurements, in studies conducted in industrial and experimental conditions.Results show that all slaughter procedures, even short-lasting, as well as organisational constraints of the abattoir, should be taken into account as they may all influence cattle stress status. During rearing, characterising the cattle according to their emotional reactivity, which depends partly on prior experience and genetic background, allows identifying animals that are likely to react relatively strongly to the slaughter procedures. It allows also identifying the main factors associated with slaughter procedures that may cause stress. Thus, novelty and social separation explain part of the slaughter stress reactions in cows. In young bulls, stress reactions at slaughter are related to their cardiac reactivity to suddenness and to human. Additionally, cattle reacted more strongly to different stressful situations when they are food-deprived. This suggests that in cattle, physiological status may influence stress reactions slaughter, possibly by modulating their perception of the situation. In order to reduce stress levels during the slaughter period in cattle, it is possible to improve aspects of the environment by avoiding direct and indirect stress-inducing factors. It is also possible to take action at the animal level by modifying its prior experience or genetic background.

No description available.