<p>I två studier undersöktes skillnader I empati beroende på målpersons kön. I</p><p>studie 1 fick 72 psykologistudenter läsa fyra berättelser där målpersonerna</p><p>befann sig i besvärliga situationer och upplevde känslorna ilska, skam,</p><p>rädsla och sorg. Därefter fick deltagarna skatta sin empati. Resultatet</p><p>öppnade för möjligheten att sorg medförde mer empati för männen och ilska</p><p>mer empati för kvinnorna. I studie 2 fick därför 101 psykologistudenter läsa</p><p>en berättelse där målpersonen upplevde ilska eller sorg i en svår situation</p><p>och därefter skatta sin empati. Resultatet visade en stark tendens att män</p><p>som känner sorg väcker mer empati än kvinnor och att kvinnor som känner</p><p>ilska väcker mer empati än kvinnor som känner sorg. Majoriteten av</p><p>deltagarna var kvinnor. Målpersonens kön, känsloupplevelse och grad av</p><p>empati verkar ha ett samband då en känsla kan medföra skillnader i empati</p><p>mellan kön och olika känslor medföra skillnader i empati för kvinnor.</p> / <p>In two studies differences in empathy depending on target person’s gender</p><p>was examined. In study 1 72 psychology students read four stories</p><p>describing target persons in troublesome situations who experienced anger,</p><p>shame, fear and sadness. Thereafter participants estimate their empathy. The</p><p>results opened for the possibilities that sadness evoke more empathy for men</p><p>and anger more empathy for women. Therefore in study 2 101 psychology</p><p>students read a story where a target person experienced sadness or anger in a</p><p>difficult situation and thereafter estimate their empathy. The result showed</p><p>strong tendency that men who experiencing sadness evoke more empathy</p><p>than women and women experiencing anger evoke more empathy than</p><p>women experiencing sadness. The majority of participants where female.</p><p>Target persons, gender, emotion and degree of empathy seem to be related</p><p>when an emotion can bring difference in empathy between gender and</p><p>different emotions can bring difference in empathy for women.</p>

Thesis advisor: Andrea Heberlein / Expressions of empathy are considered a core component of a physician’s treatment of their patients. It is imperative to the establishment of open communication, which aids in facilitating a good interpersonal relationship, exchanging information and making treatment-related decisions. Although empathy is widely viewed as essential, it is also commonly viewed as burdensome. We propose that empathy can be divided based on the characteristics in which we evaluate another’s mind. Previous research indicates that we attribute mental capacities based on two distinct dimensions: experience and agency, described as the capacity to feel and the capacity to act, respectively. By dividing physician empathy into an understanding of a patient’s feelings and an understanding of a patient’s goals, it may be possible to extract what we are assuming to be the emotionally taxing component by focusing just on the patient’s agency. 270 participants were surveyed regarding their opinions of their physician’s communication in an attempt to identify trends within demographic populations for preferences for goal-directed or emotional empathy. Results indicate significant effects of age, gender and combined income. As age and combined income increase, appreciation for agency-related communication decreases. Females also expressed significantly higher appreciation for an experience-related style of communication. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

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Obliti is a game meant to promote empathy for people with depression, and applies a personal story to the experience. Empathy is the experience of understanding another person€™s condition from their perspective. You place yourself in their shoes and feel what they are feeling. 17 The story follows the character through corrupted dream states, stuck in an infinite loop; reliving the tarnished dreams. This paper will discuss the story of Obliti, its history and the way the design helped the story come to the forefront of the experience. Using lighting, first person character and art assets, Obliti puts the player into the shoes of the main character. The paper also includes a post mortem in order to discuss the challenges of working with paid art assets, making a game about your past and the overall outcome of the project. In order to test the effectiveness of Obliti, 20 subjects were asked to fill out a series of questions regarding mood and depression. The results of the study showed a change in mood from pretest and posttest, pointing toward empathy being transferred to the player. Part of the study asked players if they understood depression, in which there was a 10% change from €œNo,€� to €œI don€™t know,€� suggesting some internal thoughts were changed on the topic.

Li Toi-wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-113). / Abstracts and appendices in English and Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.1-2 / List of Tables --- p.3 / List of Figures --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5-8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.9-41 / Chapter 2.1. --- Historical Views of Empathy --- p.9-10 / Chapter 2.2. --- Contemporary Views of Empathy --- p.11-14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Historical Thinking and Historical Understanding --- p.15-19 / Chapter 2.4. --- Historical Empathy --- p.20-36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Assessment of Empathy and Historical Empathy --- p.37-41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Method --- p.42-55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.42-45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Material and Procedure --- p.46-53 / Chapter ´Ø --- Preliminary Considerations of the Research --- p.46-49 / Chapter ´Ø --- The Actual Research Design --- p.50-53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analysis --- p.54-55 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.56-84 / Chapter 4.1 --- "Samples of Memoirs that Scored ""2"", ""1"" and ""0"" in Each of the Three Aspects of Historical Empathy" --- p.56-65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Assessment of Inter-rater Agreement and Inter-rater Reliability on the Historical Empathy Score --- p.66-67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Descriptive Statistics --- p.67-71 / Chapter 4.4 --- Correlational Analysis of the Three Categories of Historical Empathy --- p.71-73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results of Hypothesis One --- p.73-75 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results of Hypothesis Two --- p.75-77 / Chapter 4.7 --- Interview Results --- p.77-84 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.85-100 / Chapter 5.1 --- Discussion of the General Findings --- p.85-88 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion of Hypothesis One --- p.89-95 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion of Hypothesis Two --- p.95-97 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Follow-up Interview --- p.98-99 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.100-104 / References --- p.105-113 / Appendix / Chapter A. --- Multiple source documents for Case 1: Chang Hsueh-liang --- p.114-115 / Multiple source documents for Case 2: Shang Yang --- p.116-117 / Chapter B. --- Textbook Materials for Case 1: Chang Hsueh-liang --- p.118-119 / Textbook Materials for Case 2: Shang Yang --- p.120-121 / Chapter C. --- Guided questions for the cases of Chang Hsueh-liang and Shang Yang --- p.122 / Chapter D. --- Remarks of Table 3.1 to 3.3 --- p.123-132 / Chapter E. --- "Excerpts of memoirs which obtained the highest score (i.e., “2´ح）in the three aspects of historical empathy respectively" --- p.133-136 / Chapter F. --- Excerpts of students' original writings --- p.137-142 / Chapter G. --- "Full original version of the written memoirs that got the highest score (i.e., ""2"") in all the three aspects of historical empathy (i.e., total score=6)" --- p.143-145

Communication scholars, psychologists, teachers and social scientists recognize the importance of empathy to effective communication; however, its essential nature remains a mystery. The nonverbal and subjective aspects of empathic perception make it difficult to study with traditional Western scientific tools. Existing studies of empathic process concentrate primarily on the early or the latter stages. The central steps are seldom addressed. A method is needed for following empathic perception to its core processes and exploring the principles that govern its nature. Systems science offers a viable alternative method of studying empathy through analysis of models, emphasizing principles of interaction and process.

This study aimed to enhance understanding of the moral reasoning of gifted children. While research has explored the justice moral reasoning of gifted children (Arbuthnot, 1973; Chovan & Freeman, 1993; Gross, 1993; Henderson, Gold, & Clarke, 1984; Howard-Hamilton, 1994), this study explored prosocial moral reasoning, moral reasoning which involves conflict between one??s own needs and desires and the needs and desires of others. In addition, this study sought to gather empirical evidence for literature claims that gifted children have higher levels of empathy than their age peers (Lovecky, 1997; Piechowski, 2003; Silverman, 1993b). The study aimed to investigate the possible relationships among giftedness, prosocial reasoning and empathy. Primary (elementary) school students aged between 9 and 12 years in the Sydney Metropolitan area were administered The Prosocial Reasoning Objective Measure (PROM), The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and The Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IOE) questionnaires. The results for gifted students (n = 176) were compared with a control group of students not identified as gifted (n = 128). The study found that gifted students used more of the highest level of prosocial reasoning in the PROM than their age peers. Furthermore, gifted students used more empathic concern, fantasy empathy and cognitive empathy than their age peers, although ability was not predictive of the other empathy factors in the instruments. Small but significant correlations between some types of empathy and some levels of prosocial reasoning were also found, indicating possible relationships between empathy and prosocial reasoning. Interviews were conducted with selected students (n = 13) from the above sample, along with some of their teachers (n = 5) and parents (n = 2). Despite the small sample, the interviews seemed to indicate a relationship between experience with bullying and prosocial reasoning. The study highlights the need for an empathy questionnaire that specifically tests cognitive and affective empathy in children. A new questionnaire may unravel some of the seemingly contradictory results in the present study. The study also provides empirical evidence that gifted children use higher levels of prosocial moral reasoning and empathy than their age-peers.

<p>Inom vården är empati en viktig grund för vårdarbetet. Forskning har visat att om man känner en ökad empati för en person i nöd så ökar tendensen att hjälpa denne. Frågesällningarna var ifall personal blir utmattade i högre grad vid hög empati och om distansering har att göra med hur länge man har arbetat inom sitt yrke. En kvantitativ studie med 109 mentalskötare och undersköterskor påvisade signifikanta skillnader inom yrkena på empati, utmattning och distans. Undersköterskor uppvisade en högre empati än mentalskötare. Hög empati samvarierar med en högre utmattning. Vid distans upptäcktes en signifikant trevägsinteraktion. En intressant framtida forskning vore att jämföra andra yrkeskategorier, så som andra yrken inom den offentliga sektorn på empati, utmattning och distans.</p><p> </p><p><em>Key words: </em>empathy, subject/object view, care, medical nursing.<em> </em></p><p> </p>

People with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have difficulty empathizing with others, contributing to deficits in social interaction and communication. The degree of difficulty empathizing may be related to the level of impairment associated with the ASD. Little is known about the early development of empathy prior to ASD diagnosis. A novel way of studying the early development of ASDs is to study the development of younger siblings of children with ASDs, who are at an increased genetic risk for these disorders, and compare them to children with typically developing older siblings. The current study examined how empathic responding and cooperation, a measure of prosocial functioning, at 24 and 30 months of age differed between children who later received a diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, and those who did not. Overall, children engaged in more empathic responding at 30 months than at 24 months. As expected, children later diagnosed with autism engaged in less empathic responding than children with no diagnosis. Additionally, lower empathic responding at 24 months predicted higher autism symptomatology at 30 months. In terms of cooperation, children tended to engage in less noncompliant behavior at 30 months than at 24 months. However, no age differences were found for compliant behavior. Contrary to expectations, there were no diagnostic group differences in cooperative behavior nor was there a relation between empathic responding and cooperation. This was one of the first studies to investigate empathic responding in young children prior to diagnosis with an ASD. Results show that empathy deficits are present from an early age, and may be an important predictor for later diagnosis. Implications for these findings and future directions are discussed.

I två studier undersöktes skillnader I empati beroende på målpersons kön. I studie 1 fick 72 psykologistudenter läsa fyra berättelser där målpersonerna befann sig i besvärliga situationer och upplevde känslorna ilska, skam, rädsla och sorg. Därefter fick deltagarna skatta sin empati. Resultatet öppnade för möjligheten att sorg medförde mer empati för männen och ilska mer empati för kvinnorna. I studie 2 fick därför 101 psykologistudenter läsa en berättelse där målpersonen upplevde ilska eller sorg i en svår situation och därefter skatta sin empati. Resultatet visade en stark tendens att män som känner sorg väcker mer empati än kvinnor och att kvinnor som känner ilska väcker mer empati än kvinnor som känner sorg. Majoriteten av deltagarna var kvinnor. Målpersonens kön, känsloupplevelse och grad av empati verkar ha ett samband då en känsla kan medföra skillnader i empati mellan kön och olika känslor medföra skillnader i empati för kvinnor. / In two studies differences in empathy depending on target person’s gender was examined. In study 1 72 psychology students read four stories describing target persons in troublesome situations who experienced anger, shame, fear and sadness. Thereafter participants estimate their empathy. The results opened for the possibilities that sadness evoke more empathy for men and anger more empathy for women. Therefore in study 2 101 psychology students read a story where a target person experienced sadness or anger in a difficult situation and thereafter estimate their empathy. The result showed strong tendency that men who experiencing sadness evoke more empathy than women and women experiencing anger evoke more empathy than women experiencing sadness. The majority of participants where female. Target persons, gender, emotion and degree of empathy seem to be related when an emotion can bring difference in empathy between gender and different emotions can bring difference in empathy for women.