This thesis explores the evolution of American Western narrative after the 1893 closing of the Western Frontier. Formerly representing a seemingly limitless fuel of symbolic growth, the frontier's closing threatened further national prosperity. Without new Western lands to conquer, narratives about the West began to be romanticized in a new way, selectively omitting non-Anglo narrative elements and presenting a more palatable West in the form of celebratory conquest. Ignoring its imperial roots, this new twentieth-century mythologization of the West became an increasingly ubiquitous narrative of America's honorable origins. Despite its ties to the perpetuation of empire, the pervasiveness of contemporary Western narratives remains largely benign in resonance, resulting in a past that is wholly severed from the present. Using a New Historicist approach, this study pairs literary works with cultural artifacts, tracking the role of Western narrative in the furtherance of empire. The first chapter examines Frederick J. Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" and Owen Wister's The Virginian (1902) as representatives of the new romanticization of the West. Chapter two looks at how Willa Cather's anti-spectacle novel, Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927), responds to the spectacle of Empire at early twentieth-century World's Fairs. The final chapter pairs Japanese-American Internment during World War II with Cormac McCarthy's All the Pretty Horses (1992), as a commentary on the oppressive rhetoric of western space.

La construction au Bas-Empire d’un rempart dans de nombreuses villes ouvertes de Gaule fut un événement important dans l’évolution spatiale de ces villes. Pour autant, l’impact de l’érection de ces murailles dans le tissu urbain préexistant fut jusqu’à aujourd’hui rarement étudié. Les découvertes récentes permettent aujourd’hui de dresser un tableau, certes parfois incomplet, des transformations apportées aux villes au moment et peu après la mise en place de l’enceinte. L’étude de ces villes permet-elle de dégager un schéma commun de réaménagement du territoire urbain durant l’Antiquité tardive ? L’analyse de cinquante-trois villes de Gaule a donné l’occasion d’étudier la datation, l’architecture et le fonctionnement de cinquante-quatre systèmes défensifs. Le choix du lieu d’implantation du castrum dans la ville a également été abordé du point de vue de la topographie et des structures urbaines du Haut-Empire (édifices publics, bâtiments privés, voirie). L’évolution chronologique des monuments publics, des structures privées (habitat, artisanat, commerce,…), des axes de circulation et des nécropoles a ensuite été analysé dans les différentes zones de la ville de l’Antiquité tardive (intra muros, sur le tracé du rempart, extra muros) afin d’étudier les transformations effectuées dans le tissu urbain. / During the Later Empire, the construction of an enclosing wall in many Gaulish cities was an important event in their spatial development. Despite this, the impact of the erection of these ramparts on the pre-existent urban framework has hitherto rarely been studied. Recent discoveries however now allow us to draw up a picture, albeit incomplete, of the transformations brought about in the cities during and shortly following the building of the wall. Does the study of these cities enable us to put forward a general model for redevelopments of urban territory during the Later Empire? Analysis of fifty-three cities in Gaul has provided the opportunity to study the dating, the architecture and how each of the fifty-four ramparts worked. The choice of the location of the castrum within the city has been approached both from a topographical point of view, and by taking into account the urban structures of the Early Empire (public and private buildings, public highways). Following this, the chronological evolution of public monuments, private structures (houses, craftsman’s trade, commerce,…), roads and necropolese have been analysed in the different quarters of the Later Empire city (intra muros, on the line of the rampart, extra muros) in order to study the transformations made in the urban framework.

No description available.

No description available.

In 1789 the Bristol Corporation for the Poor re-enacted legislation that aimed to outlaw beggar ballad singers the city’s streets. Seventy-five years later, the Street Music Act (Metropolis) endeavoured to complete the job that Bristol’s legislators had started. Although the outcome was never as effective as the authorities had wished, legislation provides this thesis with a chronological framework within which to examine the transformation of the music of the poor. As the targets of the legislator’s pen, the poor are taken as our primary subjects. Their musical presence is easily read into Nicholas Temperley’s inspirational comment in The Romantic Age, 1800-1914 in which he said, ‘At the beginning of the period the working classes were making their own entertainment, while at the end of it their music was supplied by a large, commercially organized population of professional entertainers.’ This statement forms the basis of the question: how, and in what ways, was the music of the poor transformed between 1789 and 1864? The thesis combines two approaches: musical and social. Its primary aim is to fill historical gaps in our existing knowledge of subaltern music and to examine the sounds of an under-reported world. By adopting two second cites as case-studies—Bristol and Hobart—the social and musical clues to the transformation of the music of the poor will be examined. Bristol is chosen out of convenience. By choosing a convict community, Hobart offers the opportunity to examine unique social and musical questions based on homesickness, attachments to and replication of home, and resistance to or compliance with authority. In both cities, the ephemera of the streets, the courts’ and newspapers’ response to its musical sound, and musical scores themselves will provide the detail of the music of the poor.

Traditionally, the Middle Horizon has been characterized by the presence or influence of Wari imperialism throughout ancient Peru. With lesser known areas of the Andes now being explored, this view is considered somewhat passé, monolithic, and lacking heuristic value. Although many Middle Horizon peoples may not have fallen under the rubric of direct Wari control, others certainly did, and it is this variability in degrees of administrative control across regions that is considered a classic hallmark of imperialism. With that said, Middle Horizon research in Cuzco offers a unique opportunity to study a Wari region that was under direct imperial control. Archaeological investigations of Wari Cuzco sites show that this region was not only tightly administered by the Wari heartland, but also that the control that the Wari imposed upon it endured for more than two centuries. This chapter reviews evidence for exchange between the Cuzco Wari and people in other regions towards an understanding of its highly controlled nature. It considers how Cuzco was run and why it was so important to the empire as a whole. / Por todo el antiguo Perú, el Horizonte Medio tradicionalmente ha sido caracterizado por la presencia o influencia del Imperio wari. Con la exploración reciente de áreas hasta hace poco desconocidas, esta perspectiva está considerada anticuada y sin valor. Aunque mucha gente del Horizonte Medio pudo no haber estado bajo el control administrativo de los wari, otra gente si lo estaba y esta diferencia, la cual existía por todas las regiones, representaba el sistema imperialista. Habiendo dicho esto, las investigaciones sobre el Horizonte Medio en Cuzco ofrecen una oportunidad única para estudiar una región bajo el control administrativo directo de los wari. Investigaciones en los sitios arqueológicos wari en Cuzco muestran que esta región ha estado no solo controlada estrictamente por el gobierno de la capital wari, sino que también fue un control que duró por más que dos siglos. Este capítulo revisa la evidencia del intercambio que hubo entre los wari del Cuzco y la gente de otras regiones, para poder llegar a un entendimiento de la naturaleza de este control. También se considera cómo Cuzco funcionaba y la influencia del imperio.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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This thesis brings together two important developments in contemporary geography; firstly, the recognition of the need to write critical histories of geographical thought and, particularly, the relationship between modern geography and European imperialism, and secondly, the attempt by feminist geographers to countervail the absence of women in these histories. Drawing on recent innovative attempts by geographers to construct alternative, contextual perspectives in (re)writing histories of geographical thought, the thesis analyzes the travel narratives of British women travellers in West Africa between 1840 and 1915. Recent attempts by feminists to include women in histories of geography and imperialism have, all too often, failed to analyze critically the role of women in imperial culture, or have reproduced gender dichotomies in their analysis. This thesis seeks to overcome these problems in three ways. Firstly, it explores the contributions of women travellers to imperial culture, primarily through their production of popular geographies. Secondly, it analyzes the ways in which these women were empowered in the imperial context by virtue of both race and class. Thirdly, it frames the accounts of each woman within the specific spatial and temporal context of their journeys in order to explore the complexities in the popular geographies they produced. The thesis illustrates that while gender was an important factor in the construction of images in the travel narratives of Victorian women travellers, this cannot be divorced from the wider context of their journey, nor from other elements in power relations based on difference such as race and class. Using this framework, the study explores in detail the production of popular geographies of the landscapes and peoples of West Africa by British women travellers, and formulates an argument on how women and their experiences can be included in histories of geographical thought.

On Tuesday, 27 November 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II made an appeal for a military expedition to fight for brethren in the Byzantine Empire and to liberate Jerusalem. The appeal, which was taken up was very successful. The result of the First Crusade was that the Latin States of the East were born: the county of Antioch, the county of Edessa, the county of Tripoli and the kingdom of Jerusalem. As time went by, the Crusades to the Holy Land became weakened. Finally, on 28th, May 1291, the remainder of the Holy Land (Acre) fell into Mamluk hands. In the period of the Crusades, the Crusade affected two great effects to the outside Western world. First, in April 1204, the Fourth Crusaders occupied Constantinople, which was the heart of the Byzantine Empire. It was the greatest sacking of Byzantine. Second, Saladin the most famous of Muslim heroes appeared on the scene. He recaptured Jerusalem (2 October 1187) and roused the sprit of jihad. At the present time, many leaders of Islam countries and terrorists groups regard themselves as successors of Saladin. On September 11, 2001, a group of 19 Muslim Arab terrorists hijacked four passenger planes en route across the United States. The immediate death toll was estimated at about three thousand civilians. After the attack of September 11, President Bush labelled the attacks as ‘acts of war’ and declared war on terrorism. On 29 January 2002, President Bush said that America would act against an ‘Axis of Evil’ formed by Iran, Iraq and North Korea. He accused these countries of developing weapons of mass destruction. On 20 March 2003, U.S. troops and allied troops launched an invasion on Iraq without the sanction of the UN Security Council. Finally, on May 1, 2003, Bush declared his victory and announced the end of a “major combat operation” in Iraq. Bush adduced three reasons for attacking Iraq. First, Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Second, the Iraqi government had persistently violated human rights, and routinely used torture and carried out summary executions. Third, the regime of Saddam Hussein was implicated in transnational terrorism and, specifically, in the attacks of September 11. I tentatively conclude that Bush lacked the necessary evidence, but he, nevertheless, attacked Iraq. In the period of the Crusades or even nowadays, it is difficult to keep the peace between Islam and Christianity. Our duty is not to conquer Islam by war but to preach the Gospel in peaceful ways, and then it is necessary for us to learn peaceful coexistence. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted