abstract: Zoos are a unique collection-based institution with deep roots in the social structure of modern society. From their beginnings as elite menageries to display power or wealth, they have evolved into public institutions committed to providing exemplary animal care, and recreational and educational opportunities for visitors. More recently, zoos have developed a series of significant conservation programs and partnerships around the globe, efforts that have proved vital to saving endangered species such as the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), among other species. Intrinsic to the development of modern zoo designs are the interwoven concerns of naturalism and animal welfare. Animal welfare, in particular, has become the paramount responsibility for professionally run zoological institutions as they seek to become centers of conservation and education without compromising animal wellbeing. Animal welfare and naturalism (understood as a design feature in zoo exhibits) are typically harmonious objectives, but these goals have occasionally clashed in implementation. While animal welfare and naturalism are defined in various (and not always consistent) ways in the literature, in-depth interviews of leading professionals and scholars in the zoo community and multi-dimensional case studies of exemplary, accredited institutions (including the Phoenix Zoo, the San Diego Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum) provide unique insight into the shifting meaning of these terms and how welfare and naturalism have and continue to shape the development of modern zoo enclosures. This study concludes by suggesting a possible future trajectory for innovative and alternative zoo designs that incorporate both animal welfare and naturalism without sacrificing either goal. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2017

While providing nursing care, in exceptional cases it is necessary to use restrictive measures to calm down a patient by applying physical restraints. However, since these are methods that seriously interfere with the patient´s personal liberty, it is necessary to observe certain principles in such a way that the methods minimize the risk of various complications, which may be both mental and physical, but also legal. Therefore, the indication for the use of these measures is especially the patient´s behavior that involves significant imminent danger or harm to the patient and others. The aim of our study was to determine what is the most frequent indication for putting the patient to a net bed enclosure in traumatological and psychiatric wards, to find out whether nurses have at their disposal the standards developed in relation to restraints, to find out what nurses regard as advantages and disadvantages in placing patients into net bed enclosures, to identify how nurses see the public´s attitude to the issue of the use of bed net enclosures and to determine the public opinion on the use of net bed enclosures. It can be seen from the results that over several years the approach to this issue of both the public and the medical management has changed and there is a readiness to use physical restraints or net bed enclosures properly and in accordance with human rights and human dignity. This thesis may be used as a theoretical basis for training students of non-medical disciplines or in training nurses on the issue related to the restraints. Furthermore, it could be used as a guide for the public to get the notion how the restraints and net bed enclosures are being used, how much attention is being paid to human dignity and personal liberty. This thesis also provides an overview of how the issue has evolved over time and what level it has reached at present. The issue of net bed enclosures and restraints in general is very "sensitive". Over the past ten years this issue has undergone many changes, has aroused indignation, but also understanding. Forms of restraints will certainly be the subject of a lot of negative or positive discussions in the future. It is important that nurses consider the patients, in which restraints have been applied, as their partners, that they meet all their needs and do their best to provide comfort taking into consideration their individualities.

No projeto de um forno, normalmente busca-se uma configuração para a posição dos aquecedores que resulte em aquecimento uniforme na superfície inferior, a superfície de projeto. Neste trabalho, o fluxo de calor e a temperatura são prescritos na superfície de projeto e os elementos aquecedores devem ser projetados em um conjunto de quatro filamentos, ou um filamento em cada quarto simétrico do forno, a fim de satisfazer às condições prescritas. O forno é modelado como uma cavidade tridimensional preenchida com meio transparente; assume-se que as paredes sejam cinzas e difusas e que o único mecanismo de transferência de calor presente é a radiação térmica. Esse problema, convencionalmente, é solucionado através de um procedimento de tentativa-e-erro; neste trabalho, a solução é obtida através da análise inversa, uma técnica mais versátil e eficaz de projeto, embora exija tratamentos matemáticos especiais. O problema inverso é resolvido nesta pesquisa de forma implícita, como um problema de otimização. A solução é obtida através do método da Otimização Extrema Generalizada (GEO), um método de otimização estocástico e global, utilizado para encontrar as posições para os aquecedores respeitando a condição de formar um filamento. A metodologia é aplicada para se obter a configuração geométrica e posição do filamento aquecedor, uma abordagem inédita na literatura, conduzindo a resultados com desvio máximo inferior a 2%. Por fim, nesta pesquisa, realiza-se um estudo acerca do fator de forma dos elementos aquecedores que indica a aplicabilidade da solução obtida para filamentos com diferentes espessuras. / In the design of a oven is desired to obtain the positions for the heaters that results in a uniform heating to the bottom surface, the design surface. The heat flux and temperature are prescribed in the design surface and the heating elements are positioned in a single filament so as to satisfy prescribed conditions. The oven is modeled as a three-dimensional cavity filled with transparent medium, it is assumed that the walls are gray and diffuse and the dominant heat transfer mechanism is thermal radiation. This problem, conventionally, is solved through a trial and error procedure, in this work, the solution is obtained by inverse analysis. The inverse problem is solved implicitly, as an optimization problem. The solution is obtained by the method of optimization extreme (GEO) a stochastic global optimization method used to find the locations for the heaters respecting the condition of build a filament. The methodology leads to satisfactory results, with maximum error less than 2%. Finally, this research, realized a study of the view factor of the elements heaters that indicates the applicability of the solution into filaments with different thicknesses.

No projeto de um forno, normalmente busca-se uma configuração para a posição dos aquecedores que resulte em aquecimento uniforme na superfície inferior, a superfície de projeto. Neste trabalho, o fluxo de calor e a temperatura são prescritos na superfície de projeto e os elementos aquecedores devem ser projetados em um conjunto de quatro filamentos, ou um filamento em cada quarto simétrico do forno, a fim de satisfazer às condições prescritas. O forno é modelado como uma cavidade tridimensional preenchida com meio transparente; assume-se que as paredes sejam cinzas e difusas e que o único mecanismo de transferência de calor presente é a radiação térmica. Esse problema, convencionalmente, é solucionado através de um procedimento de tentativa-e-erro; neste trabalho, a solução é obtida através da análise inversa, uma técnica mais versátil e eficaz de projeto, embora exija tratamentos matemáticos especiais. O problema inverso é resolvido nesta pesquisa de forma implícita, como um problema de otimização. A solução é obtida através do método da Otimização Extrema Generalizada (GEO), um método de otimização estocástico e global, utilizado para encontrar as posições para os aquecedores respeitando a condição de formar um filamento. A metodologia é aplicada para se obter a configuração geométrica e posição do filamento aquecedor, uma abordagem inédita na literatura, conduzindo a resultados com desvio máximo inferior a 2%. Por fim, nesta pesquisa, realiza-se um estudo acerca do fator de forma dos elementos aquecedores que indica a aplicabilidade da solução obtida para filamentos com diferentes espessuras. / In the design of a oven is desired to obtain the positions for the heaters that results in a uniform heating to the bottom surface, the design surface. The heat flux and temperature are prescribed in the design surface and the heating elements are positioned in a single filament so as to satisfy prescribed conditions. The oven is modeled as a three-dimensional cavity filled with transparent medium, it is assumed that the walls are gray and diffuse and the dominant heat transfer mechanism is thermal radiation. This problem, conventionally, is solved through a trial and error procedure, in this work, the solution is obtained by inverse analysis. The inverse problem is solved implicitly, as an optimization problem. The solution is obtained by the method of optimization extreme (GEO) a stochastic global optimization method used to find the locations for the heaters respecting the condition of build a filament. The methodology leads to satisfactory results, with maximum error less than 2%. Finally, this research, realized a study of the view factor of the elements heaters that indicates the applicability of the solution into filaments with different thicknesses.

No description available.

Jugé excessivement protecteur à l’égard des investisseurs étrangers au cours des deux dernières décennies, le droit international des investissements fait face aujourd’hui à une crise de légitimité́. L’industrie extractive est particulièrement touchée par ces critiques par les différentes allégations d’atteintes aux droits de l’homme et droit de l’environnement, et dont le traitement par les tribunaux d’investissement reste limité. En outre, le système juridique des pays en développement étant d’une part, fragmenté par l’articulation entre un droit local, national et international, voire transnationale par les nouveaux modes de régulation transnationale privée, et d’autre part, gangrené́ par des dérives corruptives, les populations locales ont un accès limité à la justice en cas de litiges avec les multinationales. En effet, la pratique consiste à̀ délocaliser le droit applicable au contrat d’investissement par les différentes techniques développées par le droit international, et singulièrement par les clauses contractuelles et l’arbitrage transnational. Cette étude propose donc de développer la notion « d’enclavement juridique» pour décrire ce phénomène auquel font face les pays en développement, et comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles l’investissement étranger, pourtant au centre de la concurrence des systèmes juridiques, a des impacts limités et localisés sur le développement de l’État hôte. / Considered as offering overprotection, international investment law faced a crisis of legitimacy. The extractive industry is particularly affected by criticisms of various allegations of human rights violations and environmental law, and their treatment by investment courts remains limited. Furthermore, the legal system of developing countries are fragmented by the articulation among local, national and international law, even transnational law with private regulations, and affected by corruptive drifts, the local populations have limited access to justice when disputes with multinationals occur. As a matter of fact, the practice consists of relocating the law applicable to the investment contract by the various techniques developed by international law, and particularly contractual clauses and transnational arbitration. This thesis develops the concept of "legal enclosure" to describe this phenomenon, and to explain the limited and localized impacts of foreign investments on the development of the host State.

Sound power measurements of acoustic sources are typically performed in anechoic or reverberation chambers using acoustic pressure according to international standards. The anechoic chamber creates a free-field environment where the sound power is estimated from the squared pressure integrated over some enveloping surface. The reverberation chamber produces diffuse-field conditions, where sound power is proportional to the spatially averaged squared pressure. In semi-reverberant environments, the direct and reverberant energies each contribute to the total measured field. If the kinetic and potential components of acoustic energy density are weighted appropriately, the spatial variation of the field can be significantly reduced compared to squared pressure. This generalized energy density allows an adaptation of the sound power formulation by Hopkins and Stryker to be used to make an efficient and accurate in situ sound power estimate of a noise source in a non-ideal acoustical environment. Since generalized energy density optimizes the spatial uniformity of the field, fewer measurement positions are needed compared to traditional standards. However, this method breaks down for sources that are large and extended in nature and considerably underestimates the sound power. This thesis explores the practical limits of this method related to the sound power underestimation. It also seeks to understand the special considerations necessary to achieve accurate, survey-grade sound power data of large, extended noise sources through a laboratory study of custom extended and compact sources. A modified method to accurately and efficiently measure the sound power of large, extended sources is proposed with results.

To seek the essence of architecture in the provision of physical control would be to reduce architecture to mere building1. This dissertation questions the accepted pre-eminence of the rational over the intuitive in architectural design. Further investigation into the question forms a themed theoretical discourse around the origins of architecture, or enclosure and the escapism provided by ornamentation. The question is not restricted to the current architectural context and is discussed and ordered by the title trilogy. The investigation departs from a mythical scale gradually focussing to the macro and micro theories, ending on a site contextual level. Anima is the feminine Latin root for ‘soul’ or ‘spirit’, also ‘animal life’ (related to a creature’s breath); Technic is from the Latin technicus which means ‘details’ and ‘methods’. Combined, the words anima and technic refer to an imaginative creative ability, mediation between the unconscious and conscious mind2. Animatechnic becomes a mythological state of process and becoming in which the art of making or representation blurs the boundary between the emotional artisan and the technician; it is further viewed as a simile to the origins of architecture and the art of enclosure. Architecture as Escapism presents the post-modern theoretical debate regarding representation in the current age of production and consumerism, where the authenticity of product and experience plays a vital role. Ornamentation and representation provides objects with narrative lines and places objects in a metaphorical position against each other. The relevance of this understanding to the dissertation is in a possible neo-archaic approach to inventiveness and meaning in an age of production devoid or illusive of sacred being or awareness. ZOO becomes the metaphysical space where the situations of enclosure and escapism accumulate in multiple forms, a place where man’s perceptions of authenticity and reality is challenged. The concepts within the ZOO situation crystallises in the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (NZG). ZOO is regarded as a collective, a world within a world, a representation in itself of the post modern situation, a microcosm. NZG is the place where, the situations and conditions of the mythical and further theoretical discourse are staged. It is a place where contemporary Animal and Man meets; a landscape of enclosure, cages or artificially copied habitats and representations to provide escapism. ZOO is a space where the collection of Animal and Man can be observed on a global spectrum; the mythical tempus of Paradise, of primordial plenitude. The dissertation aims to communicate the interconnectedness of the trilogy and investigates, interprets and gives form to the discourse and the metaphors or analogies surrounding the theme on various theoretical scales. The project hopes to inform intuitive design approaches by documenting and illustrating the design process involved. The building is redesigned and reinterpreted throughout the process. The investigation should therefore, be seen as the near final synthesis of method or the becoming of a structure and not the rationalised drive to a product. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Environmental enrichment is a technique used at many captive animal facilities that can improve the well-being of their animals. It seeks to enhance habitat features and promote natural behavior by providing a variety of practical ways for captive animals to control their environmental settings, especially during stressful circumstances. Enclosure features, such as shelter structures, are one tool that promotes wild behavior by adding complexity to an enclosure’s physical environment. Enrichment efforts for captive wildlife are most effective when they are specialized to the biological needs of the animals. Human activity may alter captive animal behavior and utility of enclosure features, and there is concern that human presence can negatively impact the welfare of some captive animals. Captive coyotes (Canis latrans) at the USDA-National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) Predator Research Facility in Millville, UT, USA, are maintained for research on biology, ecology, physiology and behavior. Coyotes at the research facility are routinely noticed utilizing shelter structures to hide, rest, and display vigilant behavior. Because they regularly use these simple structures, new and more complex enrichment shelter structures were installed to be evaluated. Specific research objectives aimed to assess (1) coyote enclosure utilization and shelter structure preferences, and (2) coyote spatial and behavioral responses to human activity. Using 32 mated coyote pairs rotated through eight 1.5-acre enclosures for 28-day trials over the winter months (January – March) of 2015 and 2016, spatial and behavioral patterns were monitored via the implementation of GPS-collars and live behavioral observations. Coyotes showed preference for shelter structure designs, but still spent most of their time at the perimeter and open areas of their enclosures. Complex structures were preferred over simple structures. Coyotes most often demonstrated inactive and vigilant behavior without human activity, but showed increased vigilance when there was human activity. Human activity also stimulated coyotes to become more active than inactive and reduce their utilization of enrichment structures. Although there was no clear preference for one specific type of enrichment structure, composite evidence from GPS-collars and behavioral data suggest the ramp may have heightened biological suitability. This study advances the knowledge of captive coyote spatial patterns and helps improve environmental enrichment planning for captive animals by exploring effective methods of adding complexity to animal enclosures.

The two-point in situ method is a technique for measuring the room constant of a semi-reverberant room and the sound power of a source in that room simultaneously using two measurement positions. Using a reference directivity source, where the directivity factor along any given axis of the source has been measured, one is able to use the Hopkins-Stryker equation to measure both the room constant and the sound power level of another source rather simply. Using both numerical and experimental data, it was found that by using generalized energy density (GED) as a measurement quantity, the results were more accurate than those using squared pressure. The results also improved when one measurement position was near the source and the other measurement position was far from the source. This resulted in strong contribution of both the direct and reverberant fields in each of the measurement positions. Another improvement to the two-point method was the use of a local, spatial average around the measurement position. The assumptions in the Hopkins-Stryker equation rely on this average and it was found that a small local spatial average improved the measurements. However, this improvement was greater for squared pressure than for GED. Several source sound power levels and room constants were measured to show that these measurements are improved by using the suggested techniques.