NO ROMANCE DE MARCEL PROUST Em busca do tempo perdidodesfilam ante os olhos do leitorum compêndio de seres enigmáticos, fragmentários, que oferecem em si, ao longo da obra, uma gama de novas imagens e possibilidades. Desse complexo conjunto de seres imprevisíveis, há um caso particular de uma personagem secundária. Figuraaparentemente dentro da narrativa como um ser anedótico, apenas para compor um ambiente cômico, pueril dentro de Combray, a cidadezinha prosaica de infância do herói do romance: a tia Léonie. O objetivo do trabalho que apresentamos não é somente analisar esse ser aparentemente risório, a eterna doente de Combray. Sobretudo, pretende-se mostrar dentro dopróprio romance proustiano que Léonie, como os tantos personagens desse trajeto rumo à descoberta da verdadeira vocação do herói, também colocará sua pequena pedra na composição monumental da obra por vir, pois, ao seu modo, também contribuirá para a composição daquele que renunciará à vida, se reservando apenas o essencial, para compor seu romance. / IN THE NOVEL OF MARCEL PROUST\'S \"In Search of Lost Time\", parade before the reader\'s eyes, a compendium of enigmatic, fragmentary beings, offering itself, throughout the work, a range of new images and possibilities. In this complex set of unpredictable beings, there is a particular case of a secondary character, apparently figuring in the narrative as being anecdotal, just to make a comic, childlike environment in Combray, the prosaic town of the novel heros childhood: Aunt Léonie. The objective of the present work is not only to analyze this seemingly be risorius, \"the eternal sick of Combray.\" Above all, it presents in the Proustian novel itself that Léonie, as so many characters that path towards the discovery of the true vocation of the hero, also put your little stone in monumental composition of the work to come, for, in his own way, also contribute for the composition that he would resign to life, reserve to itself only the essentials, in order to compose his novel.

L’étude archéologique d’un site est réalisée sur la base d’une fouille, qui est une étude précise sur une ouverture restreinte. En amont de cette opération, la prospection géophysique offre la possibilité de localiser une zone susceptible d’apporter des informations majeures par une cartographie détaillée du site. Ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur un protocole original de prospection magnétique pour détecter des structures pluri-métriques à pluri-décimétriques et une démarche méthodologique pour estimer la conservation d’un niveau d’occupation archéologique. Ces développements ont été réalisés pour apporter un maximum d’information sur l’occupation anthropique et cibler une zone de fouille suivant la problématique archéologique associée au site. Dans les zones littorales et suivant la période chronologique considérée, l’environnement associé à une occupation était différent. La modification relativement rapide des environnements côtiers résulte de la remontée du niveau marin depuis la fin du dernier maximum glaciaire. Dans le cadre d'une étude paléoenvironnementale associée à un site, l’objectif de la prospection géophysique est similaire à celle effectuée pour une fouille : localiser une zone d’implantation des carottages paléoenvironnementaux. La démarche méthodologique développée dans ces travaux est basée sur une approche paléogéographique de l’environnement à partir de prospections géophysiques multi-méthodes et multi-échelles. Des prospections électromagnétiques (Slingram), des sections électriques et des diagraphies électriques (direct-push) apportent une représentation cartographique et stratigraphique des contrastes géophysiques de la subsurface. Deux zones d’étude ont été sélectionnées pour tester et mettre en place ces démarches méthodologiques, le site néolithique du Pontet (Charente-Maritime) et les ports antiques de Narbonne. Ces deux sites sont dans des contextes archéologiques, géographiques et géologiques différents. / Archaeological study of a site is based on an excavation which is a comprehensive study on a restricted gap. Before excavation, geophysical survey supplies the possibility to locate an area likely to provide details by detailed mapping of the site. This PhD work focus on an original magnetic survey protocol to detect pluri-metric and pluri-decimetric structures and a methodological approach to estimate the conservation of an archaeological level occupation. These developments have provided maximum information on anthropogenic settlement and to target excavation zone according to the archaeological problem of the site. In coastal zones and according to the considered chronological period, the environment of the settlement was different. The relatively rapid change in coastal environments results from the rise of sea level since the end of the last glacial maximum. As part of a paleoenvironmental study of a site, the objective of geophysical survey is similar to that for excavation : locating an area to paleoenvironmental coring. The methodological approach developed in this work is based on a paleogeographic approach to the site environment using multi-method and multi-scale geophysical surveys. Electromagnetic survey (Slingram), electrical tomography and direct-push electrical resistivity logging provide a cartographic and stratigraphic representation of the geophysical contrasts of the subsurface. Two study areas were selected to test and implement these methodological approaches, the Neolithic site of Le Pontet (Charente-Maritime) and the ancient harbours of Narbonne. These two sites are in different archaeological, geographical and geological contexts.

The aim of the research work presented here, is to contribute to the adaptation of electronic packaging towards the needs of high frequency applications. As the field of electronic packaging stretches over several very different professional areas, it takes an interdisciplinary approach to optimize the technology of electronic packaging. Besides this, an extensive knowledge of industrial engineering should be an essential part of this undertaking to improve electronic packaging. Customary advances in technology are driven by new findings and a continuous development of processes in clearly defined fields. However, in the field of the higher levels of the interconnection hierarchy, that is external to the chip level interconnections and chip packaging, it is supposed that a wide combination of disciplines and technical creativity, instead of advanced technology in a special area should produce most added value. The thesis is divided into five areas, interlinked by the overall aim of there advantages to the common goal. These areas are the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) technology, PWB connections using flexible printed circuit boards, multiconductor cable connections, shielded enclosures and the related EMC issues, and finally the cooling of electronics. A central issue was to improve the shielded enclosures to be effective also at very high frequencies; it will be shown that shielded enclosures without apertures can cope with frequencies up to and above 15 GHz. Due to this enclosure without apertures, it was necessary to develop a novel cooling structure. This cooling structure consists of a heat sink where the PCB’s are inserted in close contact to the cooling fins on one side, whereas the other side of the heat sink is cooled by forced ventilation. The heat transfer between these parts is completely inside the same body. Tests carried out on a prototype have shown that the performance of the cooling structure is satisfactory for electronic cooling. Another problem area that is addressed are the interconnect problems in high frequency applications. Interconnections between parts of a local electronic system, or as within the telecom and datacom field between subscribers, are commonly accomplished by cable connections. In this research work multiconductor cables are examined and a patented novel cable-connector for high frequency use is presented. Further, an experimental complex soldering method between flexible printed circuits boards and rigid printed circuits boards, as part of connections between PCBs, is shown. Finally, different sectors of the PCB technology for high frequency applications are scrutinized and measurements on microstrip structures are presented. / QC 20101006

This research report examines the use of zone modelling compared with CFD modelling to determine when zone model approximation is valid and when a CFD model might be required. A series of computer simulations with enclosures and fires of various sizes was performed to compare the capabilities and limitations of the two computer methods. The relationship between the size of the enclosure space and the size of the fire has been demonstrated in a dimensionless form. The zone model BRANZFIRE and the CFD model FDS were used for simulating smoke development. The simulations included various full-scale experimental data on both small and large spaces found in the literature. Further simulations of large exemplar spaces with a range of fire sizes were performed to investigate different variables, which have not been examined in full-scale experiments. The simulation results have been compared based on the smoke layer height and the average layer temperature. Zukoski’s smoke filling equation was also used to compare the layer height predictions against BRANZFIRE and FDS. It was found that different data reduction techniques gave different approximations to the layer height. A perfect match between the experimental data and the model output was very difficult to achieve. FDS showed a large uncertainty of the smoke layer height and temperature in the early stages of fire across the enclosure space. In the later stages, this uncertainly became minimised where the smoke layer height and temperature were fairly uniformly developed across the space. For fire enclosures with instantaneous steady-state fires, the predictions between BRANZFIRE and FDS agreed well with each other if the fire size and the enclosure size were within a reasonable range. From the modelling of the full-scale experiments, FDS showed favourable layer-height comparisons against the full-scale experimental tests. However, the output results from BRANZFIRE are less comparable with those of FDS for the experiments with fire growth. An appropriate smoke transport time lag should be included for Zukoski’s smoke filling equation and BRANZFIRE; otherwise, they gave conservative estimates of the layer height to smaller fires with a growth phase. In general, the data reduction methods and zone models should not be used if the fire is too small relative to the enclosure size. A very low temperature rise within the enclosure space would give invalid predictions of the layer height and average layer temperature. This is because there is no clear indication of a separation between the upper and lower smoke layers or temperatures. Single point data of smoke concentrations and temperatures from CFD models should be considered through the entire space or at the specified location of interest. This also applies to an extremely large fire relative to the enclosure size where temperature distribution across the space might not be very homogenous. CFD models could also be used to investigate the details of the smoke properties in the early stages of growing fires, in which the smoke transport lag and the plume effects cannot be seen in BRANZFIRE. This research is intended to provide guidance for fire engineers by determining which of the computer methods can be used confidently and appropriately as a design tool.

Wetlands are defined by New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991 as "includ[ing] permanently or intermittently wet areas, shallow water and land water margins that support a natural ecosystem of plants and animals that are adapted to wet conditions" (RMA 1991). Over ninety per cent of New Zealand wetlands have been lost or modified. Several conservation groups composed of volunteers have formed to protect the few remaining areas. These wetlands and their conservators serve as an interesting study into human-nature relationships because of the precarious state of the ecosystems and the dedicated, local volunteer groups that form around them. I explored the relationship between the two through the 'soft systems tradition', which places importance on a human constructed "system of interest" (Oreszczyn 2000, p.109) in order to answer three research questions: How can the relationship between members of the wetland conservation groups and the wetlands they preserve be described; What 'triggers' people's participation and involvement in local environmental groups dedicated to wetland preservation and restoration; How do the groups advocate for wetlands and does the government play a role in this advocacy? Using cultural models (Kempton et al. 1995), I argued that definitions and representations of nature are contested. Notions of place and dwelling, of actor-network theory (Cloke and Jones 2002), and of enclosure/restoration (Watts 2004, Elliot 1986), help to explain how people form their representations of nature within wetlands. Social capital theory (Putnam 2000) helped explain participants' involvement in wetland groups. Participants were involved in the wetland protection groups in order to express personal values, skills and identity through the group (Bishop and Hoggett 1986). Most individuals had a high sense of agency, and joined a wetland protection group because they believed that collective action is more effective than individual action (Taylor 2000, Horvath 1999). Groups that meet regularly and frequently, such as the Travis Wetland Trust, have more cohesive inter-personal bonds and individuals are more committed to the group than groups that meet infrequently (Lawler et al. 2000, Lawler 2001, 2002). This connection between group activities and positive emotion (Lawler 2002) explains why most members of the Travis Wetland Trust identified group involvement as the most important aspect of their involvement. In contrast, Otipua Wetland groups' members, who are divided between the Otipua Wetland Charitable Trust Board and the Friends of the Otipua Wetland, were more likely to name restoration or service as their primary reason for involvement in the group. Advocacy was considered part of group action, although it was not officially included in either group's objectives. Individuals believed they advocated in three ways: through education activities, communication regarding the wetland and through the restoration of the work itself. Individual advocacy translates into group advocacy, since the groups are viewed as vehicles for furthering individual concerns, and acting as a group gives a better chance of achieving results (Horvath 1999). The government played a role in both groups, and all parties maintained a positive working relationship with local government. A cooperative relationship with governments is essential for increasing public awareness of wetlands (Horvath 1999).

Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία μελετάται και αναλύεται η Ηλεκτρομαγνητική συμπεριφορά βασικών κυκλωμάτων και στοιχείων, τα οποία απαντώνται πάνω σε Πλακέτες Τυπωμένων Κυκλωμάτων. Η σχεδίαση και ανάλυση των μοντέλων γίνεται χρησιμοποιώντας τα Ηλεκτρομαγνητικά λογισμικά πακέτα της Agilent, ΕΜPro και ADS, ενώ για τον υπολογισμό χρήσιμων παραμέτρων χρησιμοποιείται η ελεύθερη εφαρμογή της Agilent, Appcad και η εφαρμογή Linecalc, η οποία είναι ενσωματωμένη στο ADS. Αρχικά, γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στις σύγχρονες τάσεις που επικρατούν στην περιοχή των Τυπωμένων Κυκλωμάτων και περιγράφεται η χρησιμότητα των τοπολογιών που αναλύονται. Επιπροσθέτως, αναφέρεται η αναγκαιότητα και οι περιπτώσεις κατά τις οποίες είναι απαραίτητη η διεξαγωγή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ανάλυσης των κυκλωμάτων, αλλά και τα προτερήματα που αυτή προσφέρει. Παρουσιάζεται η χρησιμότητα και αναλύεται η δομή μιας μαιανδρικής μικροταινιακής γραμμής εισαγωγής καθυστερήσεως και συγκρίνονται οι εκπομπές της ως προς τις εκπομπές μιας ευθείας μικροταινιακής γραμμής. Έπειτα, μελετάται η κατανομή του ρεύματος στο επίπεδο αναφοράς μιας απλούστερης γεωμετρίας μαιανδρικής μικροταινιακής γραμμής και παρουσιάζονται φαινόμενα περισσότερο αισθητά σε υψηλές συχνότητες. Έπειτα, μελετώνται οι εκπομπές από μια γεωμετρία μικροταινιακής γραμμής, η οποία διασχίζει σχισμή στο επίπεδο αναφοράς. Επίσης, μελετάται η συμπεριφορά μικροταινιακής γραμμής ευρισκόμενης στο χείλος μιας πλακέτας. Επιπλέον, μελετάται ένα πρόβλημα σχεδιάσεως αποτελεσματικής ηλεκτρομαγνητικής θωρακίσεως και υπολογίζεται η αποδοτικότης της θωρακίσεως. Σε επόμενο κεφάλαιο, μελετάται η επίδραση ασυνεχειών ευρισκόμενων σε μια δομή μικροταινιακής γραμμής και σχεδιάζεται ένα μεταϋλικό, ενώ παράλληλα προσδιορίζονται χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι της δομής. Ακολούθως, σχεδιάζονται τρία είδη δομών που περιλαμβάνουν οπές via. Αυτές είναι: μία απλή via , μια δομή διαφορικών via και μια εφαρμογή απομονώσεως δυο συζευγμένων ταινιογραμμών χρήσει ενός φράχτη από οπές via. Τέλος, προσομοιώνεται η λειτουργία μιας πραγματικής πλακέτας και υπολογίζονται οι ηλεκτρομαγνητικές της εκπομπές στο μακρινό πεδίο. Παράλληλα, παρουσιάζονται ορισμένα στατιστικά του χρόνου εκτελέσεως και των απαιτούμενων πόρων για την προσομοίωση, γίνονται σχόλια και επισημάνσεις που αφορούν στα χαρακτηριστικά των χρησιμοποιούμενων αλγορίθμων για τη διεξαγωγή μετεπεξεργασίας των δεδομένων και δίνονται χρήσιμες συμβουλές όσον αφορά σε χαρακτηριστικά του λογισμικού Προσομοιώσεως και σε δυνατότητες επιταχύνσεως της Προσομοιώσεως που προσφέρονται από το ίδιο το λογισμικό. / -

My thesis is focused on the Business Register of Financial Statements of Companies. This thesis is divided into two parts. Firstly, the basic characters of Financial Statements are described, for example the balance sheet, the income statements, the statement of cash flow, audit of the financial statement. Companies must publish their financial statements in the business register. The practical part is focused on the analysis of this obligation. In the end this thesis has been evaluated situation in publication of the financial statements. 50 % of companies published the financial statements in 2010. There are differences in the publication of the financial statements of individual group of companies. For example it is in legal form. The publication of the financial statements for joint stock companies is around 75 %, but the publication of general partnership is only 20 %.

The function and symbolism of the Swedish bronze age rampart enclosures has been debated since the late 1800´s. Arguments highlighting their function as fortifications and/ or as ritual centres has been passed back and forth in what today seems to be a subject in a standstill. Very little has been done in comparing the Swedish enclosures with their European equivalents when it comes to the understanding of function. In the early 1990´s their origin in the Lausitz culture of the Late Bronze Age was put forth by several archaeologists, but one needs to keep in mind that this was a time where the Lausitz culture was an increasingly popular subject for Swedish archaeologists to study. In time the similarities between the materials came to be questioned from both an architectural and a chronological standpoint. This paper has therefore been focused on re-examining the Swedish rampart enclosures relation to the European hill forts and fortified settlements. By examining its relations to the import of bronze and ceramics between the southern and eastern coastal areas of the Baltic Sea area and Scandinavia around 1300­-1000 BC, my main goal was to provide an updated and valid theory for the origins of the earliest Swedish rampart enclosures from the same time. Based on the analysis presented in this paper I have, to some extent, been able to distance the earliest Swedish rampart enclosures from the previous Lausitz origin theory. The conclusion is instead that an origin is to be sought in the earlier Únětice culture and it´s rampart fortified settlements from between 1800-1500 BC.

Interval analysis is an essential tool in the construction of validated numerical solutions of Initial Value Problems (IVP) for Ordinary (ODE) and Partial (PDE) Differential Equations. A validated solution typically consists of guaranteed lower and upper bounds for the exact solution or set of exact solutions in the case of uncertain data, i.e. it is an interval function (enclosure) containing all solutions of the problem. IVP for ODE: The central point of discussion is the wrapping effect. A new concept of wrapping function is introduced and applied in studying this effect. It is proved that the wrapping function is the limit of the enclosures produced by any method of certain type (propagate and wrap type). Then, the wrapping effect can be quantified as the difference between the wrapping function and the optimal interval enclosure of the solution set (or some norm of it). The problems with no wrapping effect are characterized as problems for which the wrapping function equals the optimal interval enclosure. A sufficient condition for no wrapping effect is that there exist a linear transformation, preserving the intervals, which reduces the right-hand side of the system of ODE to a quasi-isotone function. This condition is also necessary for linear problems and "near" necessary in the general case. Hyperbolic PDE: The Initial Value Problem with periodic boundary conditions for the wave equation is considered. It is proved that under certain conditions the problem is an operator equation with an operator of monotone type. Using the established monotone properties, an interval (validated) method for numerical solution of the problem is proposed. The solution is obtained step by step in the time dimension as a Fourier series of the space variable and a polynomial of the time variable. The numerical implementation involves computations in Fourier and Taylor functoids. Propagation of discontinuo~swaves is a serious problem when a Fourier series is used (Gibbs phenomenon, etc.). We propose the combined use of periodic splines and Fourier series for representing discontinuous functions and a method for propagating discontinuous waves. The numerical implementation involves computations in a Fourier hyper functoid. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

Cette étude s'organise autour d'une réflexion sur l'occupation humaine de la Tassili du Fadnoun (sud-est algérien) à travers l'analyse architecturale des tumulus à couloir et enclos et de leurs contextes géographique et funéraire. La position géographique de ce grand massif, à proximité de Tanget, de la Tassedjebest, de la Tamelghiq et des autres massifs situés au sud-est, lui confère un rôle de carrefour où s'échangeaient les productions culturelles parmi lesquelles figurent l'art rupestre et l'architecture funéraire. Depuis la publication de Jean Pierre Savary qui date du début des années soixante, l'étude des monuments funéraires du Fadnoun n'a pas connu d'évolution importante. L'objectif majeur de notre recherche est de réexaminer les données anciennes concernant les tumulus à couloir et enclos et de donner une impulsion à de nouvelles recherches introduisant les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) et l'imagerie satellitaire à une échelle et un contexte régional plus large. Le complément d’étude que nous apportons dans le cadre de cette thèse s'inscrit clairement dans la continuité des travaux antérieurs. Ces premiers résultats obtenus sont un point de départ pour des recherches ultérieures dans la Tassili du Fadnoun, restée longtemps marginalisée en raison des difficultés d'accès. Il ressort de cette étude, malgré une distribution géographique très étendue à l’échelle des massifs du Sahara centro-méridional que les monuments de type à couloir et enclos présentent plusieurs caractéristiques communes notamment en matière d'architecture, de mode d'inhumation et de datation. / This study focuses the human occupation of the Tassili of Fadnoun (south-east Algeria) through the architectural analysis of the corridor and enclosures tumuli and their geographical and funerary contexts. The geographical position of this great massif, near Tanget, Tassedjebest, Tamelghiq and the other massifs situated in the south-east, gives it a role of crossroads where cultural productions including rock art and funerary architecture were exchanged. Since the publication of Jean Pierre Savary, which dates from the early sixties, the study of funerary monuments of the Fadnoun has not undergone significant evolution. The main objective of our research is to re-examine the old data concerning corridor and enclosure tumuli and to give impetus to new research introducing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite imagery to a wider scale and regional context. The complementary study carried out in this thesis is clearly in line with the previous work. These initial results are a starting point for further research in the Tassili of Fadnoun, which has long been marginalized because of difficulties of access. This study shows that corridor and enclosure type monuments have several common characteristics, notably in architecture, burial mode and dating, in spite of a very wide geographical distribution all over of the central Saharan massifs.