This master thesis is about an investigation of anti-moisture methods for a nonhermeticelectronics enclosure containing a number of printed circuit boards(PCB) and placed in a severe climatic environment. The relevant theoretical background was provided first. It included the impact of moisture on electronics, some useful psychrometrics concepts, heat transfer fundamentals, introduction of environmental test, temperature and humiditysensing techniques, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling, antimoisture methods and commercial heaters in the current marketing. Then a CFD modelling methodology was developed and validated based on experiment data. An extra heater was added to the enclosure to prevent water adsorption on printed circuit assemblies (PCA) surfaces. The heat dissipation and switch-on period strategies were parametrically studied in order to maintain the internal relative humidity below 60% in the vicinity of PCA surfaces, according to the relative humidity control method. In the end, results obtained from the environmental tests and the CFD simulations were presented and analyzed. Conclusions and future work were also discussed.

<p><p>This master thesis is about an investigation of anti-moisture methods for a nonhermeticelectronics enclosure containing a number of printed circuit boards(PCB) and placed in a severe climatic environment.</p><p>The relevant theoretical background was provided first. It included the impact of moisture on electronics, some useful psychrometrics concepts, heat transfer fundamentals, introduction of environmental test, temperature and humiditysensing techniques, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling, antimoisture methods and commercial heaters in the current marketing.</p><p>Then a CFD modelling methodology was developed and validated based on experiment data. An extra heater was added to the enclosure to prevent water adsorption on printed circuit assemblies (PCA) surfaces. The heat dissipation and switch-on period strategies were parametrically studied in order to maintain the internal relative humidity below 60% in the vicinity of PCA surfaces, according to the relative humidity control method.</p><p>In the end, results obtained from the environmental tests and the CFD simulations were presented and analyzed. Conclusions and future work were also discussed.</p></p>

<p>This master thesis is about investigation a power efficient anti-moisture device thatcan be implemented in electronic enclosures in severe climatic environments.First, some of the existing knowledge and previous works were introduced. Then arelevant theoretical background including three main approaches in humiditymanagement are described, comparison between the enclosure heaters and localheaters, some psychrometics concepts that have been used in the project, heattransfer fundamentals, environmental test basics, some humidity and temperaturesensing techniques, computational fluid dynamics, programmable logic controlfundamentals, comparison PLCs with microcontrollers was provided.A series experiments have been performed in order to find the power efficient andmost effective anti-moisture method. Based on the analysis of the experiment data,the local heater system has been designed. CFD assisted parametric study of thelocal heater has been performed in order to find the best feasible design includingthe size and location. The local heater has been built based on the results ofparametric study. Different materials have been tested in laboratory in order tofind the proper material for final prototype of heater. The implemented localheater has been integrated with programmable logic control device. The controlalgorithm has been developed for activation/deactivation of local heater. The logiccontrolled PCB local heater has been experimentally evaluated.In the end the results achieved from environmental test have been presented andanalyzed. Some conclusions on the results and also future work have been discussed.</p>

Actualmente, los sectores empresariales optimizan sus costos sin perder eficiencia productiva en Data Center Móviles tercer izando el servicio y adquiriendo esta tecnología ya que la infraestructura montada es de utilidad para todo ámbito empresarial. El presente proyecto trata sobre el servicio de implementación de un nuevo Data Center Contingente tipo Container, en adelante CPD, como consecuencia de las necesidades de mejora centro de los procesos de negocio. El diseño y dimensionamiento de los diferentes componentes cumplen los estándares requeridos en el mercado. Los Outdoor Enclosure Electric Shelter Prefabricados en sí y todos los equipamientos eléctricos utilizados en sus sistemas para la protección, control y supervisión, están construidos de acuerdo a las Normas vigentes de ANSI, NEMA, ASTM, IEEE, ISA, OSHA, los cuales además cuentan con Aprobaciones y Certificación de Calidad de Laboratorios como UL, CSA, SEC o Laboratorios de Control de Producción y de Certificación de Calidad equivalentes. Actualmente las empresas vienen usando enlaces propios y dedicados para manejar su información y conexión con su data center principal y de contingencia. En muchos casos desaprovechando la comunicación entre ellos por lo que se requiere la necesidad de ser más efectivos en el uso de sus recursos de comunicación, por lo cual se debe considerar los siguientes aspectos: • Modelamiento de Tráfico. • Seguridad. • Conmutación de enlaces. Currently, the business sectors optimize their costs without losing production efficiency in Mobile Data Center outsourcing service and acquiring this technology because the infrastructure is mounted useful for all business field. This project deals with the service of implementing a new quota type Data Center Container, hereinafter CPD, following needs improvement center business processes. The design and dimensioning of the different components meet the required standards in the market. The Outdoor Enclosure Electric Shelter Prefabricated itself and all electrical equipment used in systems for the protection, control and monitoring are built according to current standards of ANSI, NEMA, ASTM, IEEE, ISA, OSHA, which also have with Approvals and Quality Certification Laboratories as UL, CSA, SEC or Control Laboratories Production and Quality Certification equivalents. Currently companies are using own links and dedicated to manage their information and connection with your main data center and contingency. In many cases missing the communication between them so the need to be more effective in their use of communication resources is required, so you should consider the following: • Traffic Modeling. • Security. • Switching links.

The Swedish village by-laws are a collection of rules for coexistence in a village which evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries. The dissertation takes its starting point in an edition of Byordningar från Mälarlänen (Village By-Laws in the Lake Mälar districts) containing about 400 by-laws from the central part of Sweden, and is a limited review of that edition at the same time as it gives a systematic survey of certain aspects specified in the by-laws. These aspects were added as the result of an official proposal in 1742 containing a model on how a by-law should be constructed. The question is asked whether the directives of the Government were formulated when they reached the local level, or whether they were redesigned and adapted to suit the local situation. The village by-laws in the Mälar counties differ in form and in content depending upon the official proposal on by-laws from 1742. The village by-laws were originally discussed in connection with the changes in agriculture, and thus concerned such sectors as farming methods, fencing, grazing, the right to certain proportions of the village's resources. The local conditions in the village are reflected in, for example, the rules on the length of the grass for grazing. There were different kinds of such by-laws, e.g., by-laws for individual villages and by-laws for parishes (approved at a parish meeting). The initiative of the Government in requiring village by-laws gave different results in different counties. Large parts of Uppsala county are without forest land. The fences and the system of enclosing fields are therefore of particular interest in a discussion on the village by-laws. I have demonstrated that their origin and acceptance in Swedish villages and parishes can be placed in political, chronological, social and functional contexts. / <p>Diss. Uppsala : Univ.</p>

Os conceitos de arquitetura dão novas dimensões aos projetos de enclausuramento de fontes ruidosas por cabines acústicas no chão de fábrica, no que diz respeito às relações entre o ruído industrial e suas implicações no homem quanto à perda da audição, perda de produtividade e riscos de acidentes bem como as metodologias para controle do ruído e a inter-relação entre o ruído industrial e sua vizinhança. O objetivo foi o de desenvolver um método de projetar e construir cabines acústicas para o controle do ruído industrial. As cabines acústicas existentes são desenvolvidas visando apenas o controle do ruído. Entretanto, na arquitetura, outras variáveis como o conforto visual, a ergonomia, a segurança, a visibilidade e o desempenho também devem ser consideradas. Fez-se necessário desenvolver um método prático de avaliação do Ruído Industrial, para dar subsídios às propostas de soluções arquitetônicas que o controlem. O método prático consiste efetuar medidas de ruído em dB(A) nos pontos modais de uma malha ajustada para as dimensões do edifício industrial. O resultado das medições possibilita a visualização da distribuição do ruído através de isossônicas, permitindo que as soluções sejam avaliadas a qualquer momento, tanto do ponto de vista da metodologia, como dos resultados projetados e efetivamente alcançados. A proposta é demonstrar, para alguns casos reais, como o método de controle facilita a análise e propicia correções 6 quando necessário. Conhecemos os métodos tradicionais contidos na NR-15 e suas implicações nas áreas industriais. A redução do ruído na fonte é a melhor opção para o tratamento acústico na indústria. A diminuição do ruído reverberante, pelo aumento das superfícies absorventes internas ao edifício industrial, reduz também o nível sonoro a que os operários estão submetidos, mas torna os operadores das máquinas excessivamente expostos, pois seus postos de trabalho ficam interpostos entre as fontes do ruído e o tratamento acústico, recebendo, portanto, toda a energia emitida. A redução do ruído na fonte tem resultados satisfatórios, pois diminui em muito os custos do tratamento acústico e livra o operário do recebimento direto da dose de ruído. Para este trabalho, são selecionados exemplos de locais que apresentam condições excessivas de ruído e necessitam de tratamento, os quais propiciam a implantação da metodologia desenvolvida. / The architectural concepts give new dimensions to noisy source enclosure projects for performance should also be considered. The relationship between industrial noise, their implications on man as in hearing loss, loss of productivity, rising accident, methodologies of control and the interrelationship between the industrial noise and its neighborhood is considered. The goal was to develop a design method for building acoustic cabins for industrial noise control. The existing acoustic hoods are developed targeting only the noise control. However, in architecture, other variables such as visual comfort, ergonomics, safety, visibility beyond the performance should be considered. Developing a practical method for evaluating the industrial noise is necessary to give subsidies to propose architectural solutions that control the industrial noise. The practical method consists of performing measurements in dB (A) in the modal points of a mesh adjusted to the dimensions of the building industry. The results of measurements allow the visualization of the noise distribution through isossonics that can evaluate at any time the solutions, both from the standpoint of methodology as projected results and effectively achieved. The proposal demonstrates some real cases in which the control method facilitates the analysis and provides corrections when necessary. We know the traditional methods contained in NR 15 and its implications in the industrial areas. The noise reduction at source is the best option for the acoustic treatment in the industry. The reverberant noise reduction, by increasing absorbent surfaces inside the industrial building, also reduces the sound level that the operators are submitted, but makes machine operators excessively exposed because their jobs are interposed between the noise sources and acoustic treatment, receiving all the emitted energy. The source noise reduction has satisfactory results because it reduces considerably the acoustic treatment costs and free the worker from receiving direct noise dose. For this work, examples of sites that have excessive noise conditions, and need treatment, are selected, which provide the implementation of the developed methodology.

Os conceitos de arquitetura dão novas dimensões aos projetos de enclausuramento de fontes ruidosas por cabines acústicas no chão de fábrica, no que diz respeito às relações entre o ruído industrial e suas implicações no homem quanto à perda da audição, perda de produtividade e riscos de acidentes bem como as metodologias para controle do ruído e a inter-relação entre o ruído industrial e sua vizinhança. O objetivo foi o de desenvolver um método de projetar e construir cabines acústicas para o controle do ruído industrial. As cabines acústicas existentes são desenvolvidas visando apenas o controle do ruído. Entretanto, na arquitetura, outras variáveis como o conforto visual, a ergonomia, a segurança, a visibilidade e o desempenho também devem ser consideradas. Fez-se necessário desenvolver um método prático de avaliação do Ruído Industrial, para dar subsídios às propostas de soluções arquitetônicas que o controlem. O método prático consiste efetuar medidas de ruído em dB(A) nos pontos modais de uma malha ajustada para as dimensões do edifício industrial. O resultado das medições possibilita a visualização da distribuição do ruído através de isossônicas, permitindo que as soluções sejam avaliadas a qualquer momento, tanto do ponto de vista da metodologia, como dos resultados projetados e efetivamente alcançados. A proposta é demonstrar, para alguns casos reais, como o método de controle facilita a análise e propicia correções 6 quando necessário. Conhecemos os métodos tradicionais contidos na NR-15 e suas implicações nas áreas industriais. A redução do ruído na fonte é a melhor opção para o tratamento acústico na indústria. A diminuição do ruído reverberante, pelo aumento das superfícies absorventes internas ao edifício industrial, reduz também o nível sonoro a que os operários estão submetidos, mas torna os operadores das máquinas excessivamente expostos, pois seus postos de trabalho ficam interpostos entre as fontes do ruído e o tratamento acústico, recebendo, portanto, toda a energia emitida. A redução do ruído na fonte tem resultados satisfatórios, pois diminui em muito os custos do tratamento acústico e livra o operário do recebimento direto da dose de ruído. Para este trabalho, são selecionados exemplos de locais que apresentam condições excessivas de ruído e necessitam de tratamento, os quais propiciam a implantação da metodologia desenvolvida. / The architectural concepts give new dimensions to noisy source enclosure projects for performance should also be considered. The relationship between industrial noise, their implications on man as in hearing loss, loss of productivity, rising accident, methodologies of control and the interrelationship between the industrial noise and its neighborhood is considered. The goal was to develop a design method for building acoustic cabins for industrial noise control. The existing acoustic hoods are developed targeting only the noise control. However, in architecture, other variables such as visual comfort, ergonomics, safety, visibility beyond the performance should be considered. Developing a practical method for evaluating the industrial noise is necessary to give subsidies to propose architectural solutions that control the industrial noise. The practical method consists of performing measurements in dB (A) in the modal points of a mesh adjusted to the dimensions of the building industry. The results of measurements allow the visualization of the noise distribution through isossonics that can evaluate at any time the solutions, both from the standpoint of methodology as projected results and effectively achieved. The proposal demonstrates some real cases in which the control method facilitates the analysis and provides corrections when necessary. We know the traditional methods contained in NR 15 and its implications in the industrial areas. The noise reduction at source is the best option for the acoustic treatment in the industry. The reverberant noise reduction, by increasing absorbent surfaces inside the industrial building, also reduces the sound level that the operators are submitted, but makes machine operators excessively exposed because their jobs are interposed between the noise sources and acoustic treatment, receiving all the emitted energy. The source noise reduction has satisfactory results because it reduces considerably the acoustic treatment costs and free the worker from receiving direct noise dose. For this work, examples of sites that have excessive noise conditions, and need treatment, are selected, which provide the implementation of the developed methodology.

This thesis argues that commons enclosure in the Clearance Era on the Uist island group in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland was a direct result of the Clearances on those islands in the 18th and 19th centuries and how the enclosure of commons on these islands was catastrophic to those communities who had functioned, worked, and thrived in those regions for millennia. Commons and commons systems are those resources such as land, water, and produce either from agriculture or natural harvesting which contribute to human habitation and existence in a particular geographic area. Commons and commons systems on North and South Uist island group are no exception. The recognition of these systems in the Uists is imperative to understanding how the enclosure of commons in the Outer Hebrideans impacted land use and agrarian practices.

<p>Within the telecommunication business there are a lot of different hardware designs made for outside locations. Many of these outdoor products contain sensitive electronic equipment and all of these designs must be able to function in extreme environments. They might be mounted on the ground, on a wall or on masts at varying altitudes. They need to be enclosed and protected against blizzards, moisture, sandstorms, earthquakes, dust and similar contaminations or nature phenomena in order to assure a reliable and proper function of the device.</p><p>To delimit this thesis the focus is completely set on outdoor enclosures with hinged doors. The sealing solution for the enclosure door is crucial because it is the weakest link in the environmental protection. The aim with this thesis is to find a robust yet versatile sealing solution for Ericsson outdoor cabinets.</p><p>The sealing solution does not only concern the gasket design, it is in fact the entire principle when it comes to seal the door. Interesting features are choice of locking system, the positions of the hinges and other details which might affect the sealing of the enclosure door.</p><p>The project includes the whole product development process from pre-study to concept development and evaluation of proposal design. The pre-study contain extensive literature research, benchmark and a state of the art investigation. A number of concepts are generated, screened, compared and ranked with systematic concept development methods. At last, one final concept is selected for further development. The chosen sealing solution is refined and a functional model is made. A simple prototype of the sealing solution is designed, manufactured and tested to validate the functionality of the concept.</p><p>An economical analysis is performed in order to approximate the manufacturing cost of the gasket proposed in the sealing solution and to compare the unit price for different batch sizes. The water intrusion test indicates that the solution seems promising and that the result is a simple and robust sealing solution that easily can be implemented on various enclosure types.</p> / <p>Inom telecom-industrin finns det många typer av hårdvara som är konstruerad för att placeras utomhus. Många av dessa utomhusprodukter innehåller känslig elektronisk utrustning och alla dessa konstruktioner måste fungera i extrema miljöer. De kan monteras på marken, på väggar eller på master på olika höjder. De måste vara täta och skyddade mot snöstormar, fukt, sandstormar, jordbävningar, damm och liknande föroreningar eller naturfenomen för att säkerställa en tillförlitlig och korrekt funktion hos anordningen.</p><p>För att begränsa detta examensarbete är fokus helt inställt på utomhusskåp med gångjärnsupphända dörrar. Tätningslösningen för skåpdörren är kritisk eftersom den utgör den svagaste länken i väderskyddet. Målet med detta examensarbete är att hitta en robust men samtidigt mångsidig lösning för Ericssons utomhuskabinet.</p><p>Tätningslösningen handlar inte enbart om packningsutformningen utan den täcker faktiskt hela principen för hur dörren tätas. Intressanta delar är val av lås-lösning, placeringen av gångjärnen och andra detaljer som kan påverka tätningen av skåpsdörren.</p><p>Projektet behandlar hela produktutvecklingsprocessen från förstudie till konceptutveckling och utvärdering av föreslagen konstruktion. Förstudien innehöll en utförlig litteraturstudie, en ”benchmark” och en ”state of the art” undersökning. Ett antal koncept genererades, kontrollerades, jämfördes och rankades med hjälp av systematiska konceptutvecklingsmetoder. Till sist valdes ett slutgiltigt koncept ut för vidare utveckling. Den valda tätningslösningen förfinades och en funktionsmodell byggdes. En enkel prototyp av tätningslösningen konstruerades, tillverkades och testades för att validera funktionen hos konceptet.</p><p>En ekonomisk analys utfördes för att uppskatta tillverkningskostnaden för den föreslagna packningen i tätningslösningen och för att jämföra enhetspriset för olika seriestorlekar. Ett vattentäthetstest visar att lösningen verkar lovande och att resultatet är en enkel och robust tätningslösning som på ett enkelt sätt kan implementeras på olika skåpstyper.</p>

<p>Animals raised in captivity often fail to express appropriate anti-predator behaviour when reintroduced into the wild. The European bison (<em>Bison bonasus</em>) is a species that was close to extinction in the early 20^thcentury but was saved in the last moment by intense captive breeding and subsequent reintroduction into the wild. In this study, seven groups of European bison living in different locations in Sweden were studied to investigate whether there was any difference in the anti-predator behaviour depending on the type of enclosure they were kept in. Olfactory and auditory stimuli from moose, as a control, and from two predators, wolf and bear, and visual stimulus (silhouette of a wolf) were presented to the animals and their response to them and behaviour following presentation were analysed. The results showed that European bison kept in barren enclosures responded stronger to auditory stimuli than those that were kept in naturalistic enclosures. The results further showed that the animals had a stronger response to the visual stimulus than to the auditory stimuli. The animals changed their behaviour after stimuli presentations compared to a pre-test baseline. They moved, stood still and ate for a significantly longer period of time and they rested for a shorter period of time after being presented olfactory, auditory and visual stimuli than during pre-test baseline.</p>