Animals raised in captivity often fail to express appropriate anti-predator behaviour when reintroduced into the wild. The European bison (Bison bonasus) is a species that was close to extinction in the early 20th century but was saved in the last moment by intense captive breeding and subsequent reintroduction into the wild. In this study, seven groups of European bison living in different locations in Sweden were studied to investigate whether there was any difference in the anti-predator behaviour depending on the type of enclosure they were kept in. Olfactory and auditory stimuli from moose, as a control, and from two predators, wolf and bear, and visual stimulus (silhouette of a wolf) were presented to the animals and their response to them and behaviour following presentation were analysed. The results showed that European bison kept in barren enclosures responded stronger to auditory stimuli than those that were kept in naturalistic enclosures. The results further showed that the animals had a stronger response to the visual stimulus than to the auditory stimuli. The animals changed their behaviour after stimuli presentations compared to a pre-test baseline. They moved, stood still and ate for a significantly longer period of time and they rested for a shorter period of time after being presented olfactory, auditory and visual stimuli than during pre-test baseline.

Communications scholarship faces a convergent crisis. Research on networks includes the role of information networks in supporting social movements, networked civil society, the information society, and new forms of communication. But while communications literature utilizes a variety of approaches to describe the impact of networked communications, a dearth of technical expertise permeates scholarship. Despite the discourse on networks potentially bridging previously distinct disciplines, the lack of a fundamental understanding of communications networks and relationships between technical and socio-political networks remains a consistent gap. This thesis will investigate the extent that opposition to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) in Europe constitute a networked public sphere. Through studying the role of civl society and the networked public in the European ACTA debate, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of socio-political and communications technology networks are not only illuminated, but the importance of analyzing the mechanisms through which vertical hierarchies enclose the public sphere become abundantly clear. This research provides the foundation for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the relationship between information technology and socio-political networks and offers lessons for information policy makers, communications scholars, and networked civil society within the context of European democracy.

Within the telecommunication business there are a lot of different hardware designs made for outside locations. Many of these outdoor products contain sensitive electronic equipment and all of these designs must be able to function in extreme environments. They might be mounted on the ground, on a wall or on masts at varying altitudes. They need to be enclosed and protected against blizzards, moisture, sandstorms, earthquakes, dust and similar contaminations or nature phenomena in order to assure a reliable and proper function of the device. To delimit this thesis the focus is completely set on outdoor enclosures with hinged doors. The sealing solution for the enclosure door is crucial because it is the weakest link in the environmental protection. The aim with this thesis is to find a robust yet versatile sealing solution for Ericsson outdoor cabinets. The sealing solution does not only concern the gasket design, it is in fact the entire principle when it comes to seal the door. Interesting features are choice of locking system, the positions of the hinges and other details which might affect the sealing of the enclosure door. The project includes the whole product development process from pre-study to concept development and evaluation of proposal design. The pre-study contain extensive literature research, benchmark and a state of the art investigation. A number of concepts are generated, screened, compared and ranked with systematic concept development methods. At last, one final concept is selected for further development. The chosen sealing solution is refined and a functional model is made. A simple prototype of the sealing solution is designed, manufactured and tested to validate the functionality of the concept. An economical analysis is performed in order to approximate the manufacturing cost of the gasket proposed in the sealing solution and to compare the unit price for different batch sizes. The water intrusion test indicates that the solution seems promising and that the result is a simple and robust sealing solution that easily can be implemented on various enclosure types. / Inom telecom-industrin finns det många typer av hårdvara som är konstruerad för att placeras utomhus. Många av dessa utomhusprodukter innehåller känslig elektronisk utrustning och alla dessa konstruktioner måste fungera i extrema miljöer. De kan monteras på marken, på väggar eller på master på olika höjder. De måste vara täta och skyddade mot snöstormar, fukt, sandstormar, jordbävningar, damm och liknande föroreningar eller naturfenomen för att säkerställa en tillförlitlig och korrekt funktion hos anordningen. För att begränsa detta examensarbete är fokus helt inställt på utomhusskåp med gångjärnsupphända dörrar. Tätningslösningen för skåpdörren är kritisk eftersom den utgör den svagaste länken i väderskyddet. Målet med detta examensarbete är att hitta en robust men samtidigt mångsidig lösning för Ericssons utomhuskabinet. Tätningslösningen handlar inte enbart om packningsutformningen utan den täcker faktiskt hela principen för hur dörren tätas. Intressanta delar är val av lås-lösning, placeringen av gångjärnen och andra detaljer som kan påverka tätningen av skåpsdörren. Projektet behandlar hela produktutvecklingsprocessen från förstudie till konceptutveckling och utvärdering av föreslagen konstruktion. Förstudien innehöll en utförlig litteraturstudie, en ”benchmark” och en ”state of the art” undersökning. Ett antal koncept genererades, kontrollerades, jämfördes och rankades med hjälp av systematiska konceptutvecklingsmetoder. Till sist valdes ett slutgiltigt koncept ut för vidare utveckling. Den valda tätningslösningen förfinades och en funktionsmodell byggdes. En enkel prototyp av tätningslösningen konstruerades, tillverkades och testades för att validera funktionen hos konceptet. En ekonomisk analys utfördes för att uppskatta tillverkningskostnaden för den föreslagna packningen i tätningslösningen och för att jämföra enhetspriset för olika seriestorlekar. Ett vattentäthetstest visar att lösningen verkar lovande och att resultatet är en enkel och robust tätningslösning som på ett enkelt sätt kan implementeras på olika skåpstyper.

A large portion of the existing building stock in North America is comprised of post-World War II high-rise apartment buildings, particularly in the Greater Golden Horseshoe in Ontario. They are home to a large portion of the Canadian population. These buildings are nearly 50 years old and reaching the end of their useful lifespan. Significant deterioration has lead to life safety concerns, poor standards of living, and aesthetic degradation. They also consume a significant amount of energy resulting in contributing to Canada’s high per capita greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis investigates the impact of various retrofit strategies on the energy consumption, durability, and occupant comfort of the towers. The building enclosure is the primary focus. The impacts were analyzed using three approaches. Whole building energy consumption was simulated by adapting a spreadsheet based Building Energy and Loads Analysis (BELA) model, originally intended for office buildings. Heat flow and temperatures across the enclosures were modeled using a two-dimensional finite element model (Therm 5.2). A single, theoretical building dubbed the, “Archetype”, was developed to define the characteristics of a “typical” tower using details extracted from four sets of drawings for towers built in Toronto during the late 1960s. Various quantities and configurations of thermal insulation were added to the Archetype and the resulting effective thermal resistances were modeled. Adding insulation to the interior significantly reduces the effectiveness of any added thermal resistance. Insulating on the exterior allows the insulation around the balconies to reach 80% of its rated value, even without insulating the balconies. Energy efficiency measures (EEMs) including retrofitting the walls, windows, appliances, or HVAC equipment were simulated and it was found that each on its own did not have a major impact on annual energy consumption. Packages of EEMs were created and simulated. It was found that a basic and high-performance whole building retrofit packages would save approximately 40% and 55% of the annual energy consumption, respectively, based on the Archetype. An analysis and discussion of the enclosure retrofit impacts on freeze-thaw potential, interior surface and interstitial condensation, occupants’ thermal comfort, and passive thermal comfort was completed. An interior versus exterior enclosure retrofit comparison summary illustrated that an exterior enclosure retrofit has significant benefits relative to an interior retrofit including ease of construction, greater durability, and improved comfort. The difference in annual energy reduction between an interior and exterior enclosure retrofit was small.

The purpose of this project is to design and manufacture a high precision machine to directly measure the surface force of fluids. Knowing how to move droplets easier with less resistance can increase the potential of a wide range of applications and improve the performance of things such as self-assembly applications. This machine has the ability to measure forces of up to 100 N with a MEMS based sensor. The motion system on this machine moves a substrate underneath of a droplet for 100 mm and applies dragging force to the sensor. It moves with a controlled speed with high accuracy and repeatability. The machine also consists of three manual, three axis controls for positioning key components for observation, control of the air vacuum lifter, and adjustment of the sensor position. There is also an enclosure box that provides visibility to operate and protects the inside environment from dirt during process and also by applying positive air flow during setting up with open windows. The test components were designed to provide maximum flexibility to adjust the setup. A camera in the machine contributes to collect data during the test progress and has the ability to capture pictures and record videos.

No description available.

Darbo objektas. Danieliai gyvenantys Raseinių urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miške ir aptvare. Darbo tikslas - Ištirti danielių aklimatizacijos eiga Raseinių miškų urėdijoje. Darbo metodai - Gyvenamosios aplinkos tinkamumo vertinimas Danielių kiekybinė ir kokybinė apskaita aptvare prie šėryklos Laisvėje gyvenančių danielių apskaita pagal ekskrementus. Danielių žievės laupymo poveikio įvertinimas žėliniams, želdiniams ir medynams. Darbo rezultatai. Raseinių miškų urėdijos Viduklės girininkijos Blinstrubiškių miško masyvo plotas yra tinkamas danielių populiacijai gyventi. Gyvenamoji aplinka yra įvertinta 65 balais, o šis balų skaičius parodo, kad danielių gyvenamoji aplinka priklauso vidutinių plotų kategorijai. Aptvare gyvena I – III amžiaus grupės patinai, ir I – IV amžiaus grupės patelės. Daugiausia gyvena III amžiaus grupės patinų (50% nuo visos bandos), o patelių daugiausia gyvena I ir III amžiaus grupių kurios sudaro 57,2% nuo visų aptvare gyvenančių patelių. Danieliai sėkmingai aklimatizavosi ir veisiasi, kasmet danielių skaičius didėja, 2008 metais laisvėje gyveno13 danielių (2 patinai, 7 patelės, 4 jaunikliai), o 2010 metais laisvėje gyvena 40 danielių (8 patinai, 14 patelių 18 jauniklių). Vidutinis danielių poveikio žėliniams, želdiniams ir tiksliniams medynams laupymo intensyvumas Blinstrubiškių miške yra 5,1%. / Object of work. Fallow-deer living in Blinstrubiškės Forest and enclosure of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District. Objective of work – to examine the course of fallow-deer naturalization in the territory of Raseiniai Forest Enterprise. Methods of work – Assessment of the suitability of dwelling surroundings Quantitative and qualitative counting of fallow-deer in the enclosure by the feeding place Counting of freely-roaming fallow-deer by excrements. Impact evaluation of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands. Findings of work. The area of Blinstrubiškės Forest expanse in Raseiniai Forest Enterprise Viduklė Forest District is suitable for the dwelling of fallow-deer population. The dwelling surroundings were rated at 65 points, ascribing the dwelling surroundings of fallow-deer to the category of moderate areas. The enclosure contains bucks of age category I – III and does of age category I – IV. Mostly these are bucks of age category III (50 % of the entire herd), and does of age category I and III, comprising 57.2 % of all does living within the enclosure. The fallow-deer have successfully naturalized and keep breeding. The number of fallow-deer increases annually: in 2008 there were 13 fallow-deer living in freedom (2 bucks, 7 does, 4 calves), and in 2010 there were 40 (8 bucks, 14 does, 18 calves). Average impact intensity of bark peeling by fallow-deer to plants, afforested areas and tree stands in Blinstrubiškės forest... [to full text]

A large portion of the existing building stock in North America is comprised of post-World War II high-rise apartment buildings, particularly in the Greater Golden Horseshoe in Ontario. They are home to a large portion of the Canadian population. These buildings are nearly 50 years old and reaching the end of their useful lifespan. Significant deterioration has lead to life safety concerns, poor standards of living, and aesthetic degradation. They also consume a significant amount of energy resulting in contributing to Canada’s high per capita greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis investigates the impact of various retrofit strategies on the energy consumption, durability, and occupant comfort of the towers. The building enclosure is the primary focus. The impacts were analyzed using three approaches. Whole building energy consumption was simulated by adapting a spreadsheet based Building Energy and Loads Analysis (BELA) model, originally intended for office buildings. Heat flow and temperatures across the enclosures were modeled using a two-dimensional finite element model (Therm 5.2). A single, theoretical building dubbed the, “Archetype”, was developed to define the characteristics of a “typical” tower using details extracted from four sets of drawings for towers built in Toronto during the late 1960s. Various quantities and configurations of thermal insulation were added to the Archetype and the resulting effective thermal resistances were modeled. Adding insulation to the interior significantly reduces the effectiveness of any added thermal resistance. Insulating on the exterior allows the insulation around the balconies to reach 80% of its rated value, even without insulating the balconies. Energy efficiency measures (EEMs) including retrofitting the walls, windows, appliances, or HVAC equipment were simulated and it was found that each on its own did not have a major impact on annual energy consumption. Packages of EEMs were created and simulated. It was found that a basic and high-performance whole building retrofit packages would save approximately 40% and 55% of the annual energy consumption, respectively, based on the Archetype. An analysis and discussion of the enclosure retrofit impacts on freeze-thaw potential, interior surface and interstitial condensation, occupants’ thermal comfort, and passive thermal comfort was completed. An interior versus exterior enclosure retrofit comparison summary illustrated that an exterior enclosure retrofit has significant benefits relative to an interior retrofit including ease of construction, greater durability, and improved comfort. The difference in annual energy reduction between an interior and exterior enclosure retrofit was small.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Haj-Ali, Rami. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

No projeto de um forno, normalmente busca-se uma configuração para a posição dos aquecedores que resulte em aquecimento uniforme na superfície inferior, a superfície de projeto. Neste trabalho, o fluxo de calor e a temperatura são prescritos na superfície de projeto e os elementos aquecedores devem ser projetados em um conjunto de quatro filamentos, ou um filamento em cada quarto simétrico do forno, a fim de satisfazer às condições prescritas. O forno é modelado como uma cavidade tridimensional preenchida com meio transparente; assume-se que as paredes sejam cinzas e difusas e que o único mecanismo de transferência de calor presente é a radiação térmica. Esse problema, convencionalmente, é solucionado através de um procedimento de tentativa-e-erro; neste trabalho, a solução é obtida através da análise inversa, uma técnica mais versátil e eficaz de projeto, embora exija tratamentos matemáticos especiais. O problema inverso é resolvido nesta pesquisa de forma implícita, como um problema de otimização. A solução é obtida através do método da Otimização Extrema Generalizada (GEO), um método de otimização estocástico e global, utilizado para encontrar as posições para os aquecedores respeitando a condição de formar um filamento. A metodologia é aplicada para se obter a configuração geométrica e posição do filamento aquecedor, uma abordagem inédita na literatura, conduzindo a resultados com desvio máximo inferior a 2%. Por fim, nesta pesquisa, realiza-se um estudo acerca do fator de forma dos elementos aquecedores que indica a aplicabilidade da solução obtida para filamentos com diferentes espessuras. / In the design of a oven is desired to obtain the positions for the heaters that results in a uniform heating to the bottom surface, the design surface. The heat flux and temperature are prescribed in the design surface and the heating elements are positioned in a single filament so as to satisfy prescribed conditions. The oven is modeled as a three-dimensional cavity filled with transparent medium, it is assumed that the walls are gray and diffuse and the dominant heat transfer mechanism is thermal radiation. This problem, conventionally, is solved through a trial and error procedure, in this work, the solution is obtained by inverse analysis. The inverse problem is solved implicitly, as an optimization problem. The solution is obtained by the method of optimization extreme (GEO) a stochastic global optimization method used to find the locations for the heaters respecting the condition of build a filament. The methodology leads to satisfactory results, with maximum error less than 2%. Finally, this research, realized a study of the view factor of the elements heaters that indicates the applicability of the solution into filaments with different thicknesses.