nÃo hà / Com o descontrole dos gastos dos Governos Estaduais e o crescimento de suas dÃvidas, o Governo Federal buscou implementar um maior controle tornando-se o principal credor dos estados. A partir da nova legislaÃÃo desenvolvida na segunda metade dos anos noventa, os Governos Estaduais passaram a ter de atingir metas de controle fiscal estipuladas pelo Governo Federal, sob pena de ter suas receitas bloqueadas. Dada a dificuldade do Governo Federal de levar em conta as particularidades das economia locais, busca-se neste trabalho, atravÃs de uma metodologia economÃtrica, a mensuraÃÃo do impacto no PIB estadual da restriÃÃo das despesas, diferenciando-se estes custos para dois grandes grupos de estados, um formado pelos estados das regiÃes Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, e outro das RegiÃes Sul e Sudeste. / Due to the lack of control on the part of the state governments to deal with its expenses and the growth of its debts, the federal government has tried to implement a more effective control, becoming the principal creditor of the states. After the new legislation, introduced in the last half of the 90Âs, the state governments had to achieve results defined by the federal government. Due to the difficulties of the federal government in considering the particular details of the local economies, using an econometric approach, the aim of this study is to calculate the impact of the limitation of the expenses on the state GIP, considering two groups of states: one formed by the states of the north, north-east, and east-middle regions, and another one formed by the south and south-east regions.

There is a wide acknowledgement that education is a strong contribution to economic growth. Knowledge is considered to have a boosting contribution to production which in turn pushes effectiveness and economic growth to a higher level. This puts knowledge and education in a larger context in society. Education is measured through human capital. Human capital has been considered as least as important as physical capital when making investment decisions. For this reason, it is of interest to study education in relation to economic growth. In this study, I found that there is a significant relationship between education and economic growth through a cross-study analysis. The study is based on data from 35 OECD countries between the period of 2010 and 2015. Although this, the study cannot assume a general conclusion and functions as a theoretical contribution to further studies within the field.

The paper analyses the degree of output persistence in GDP in order to empirically discriminate between the Solow growth model, the perfect competition endogenous growth model, the imperfect competition endogenous growth model, and the subcase of a multiple equilibria model of endogenous growth for the case of Austria. We find that a temporary shock in the growth rate of output induces a permanent and larger effect on the level of GDP. This leads us to refute the Solow growth model and the perfect competition model. We find strong empirical support for the imperfect competition growth model, but cannot fully rule out the possibility of multiple equilibria growth rates. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This thesis examines the effect of the government expenditure structure on the economic growth. The objective is to determine which components of public expenditures are growth enhancing and which growth retarding. The theoretical model is set into the endogenous growth framework and describes the growth mechanism of productive and unproductive government expenditures. The growth impact of public spending composition is analysed for 18 European countries from 1996 to 2012. The empirical part is based on the panel data analysis. The empirical findings suggest that reallocating public resources towards education and health can promote growth. Whereas, higher expenditures on spending and defence are likely to be growth-retarding.

This paper gives an overview on the research done in the fields of tax competition, coordination and harmonisation. The survey is divided in two main parts, in the first section we compare the standard tax competition literature that sees tax competition as a bad, to public choice contributions that advocate tax reductions. In the second part we consider theories of endogenous growth, which focus on analysing the taxation question. After introducing the fundamental contributions, we discuss extensions in the line of an open economy, an OLG setting and the transitional dynamics in greater detail. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

Les pays de la région Mena ont un point commun, la recrudescence du chômage de masse des jeunes diplômés. Ce problème lié à la dynamique et à la qualité de la croissance, à une carence chronique en démocratie, cause des déséquilibres socio-économiques qui menacent la stabilité et le développement dans la région. Les PM doivent transformer leur modèle de croissance actuel peu différencié, en un modèle à productivité globale des facteurs, où l’innovation améliore de façon continue la qualité et la combinaison des facteurs et permet d’emprunter un régime de croissance endogène fondé sur le progrès technologique. Après une introduction générale, le chapitre II présente les systèmes d’innovation des PM et leurs effets sur l’emploi dans une analyse en composantes principales, et une étude en panel des déterminants de la croissance. Dans les chapitres III et IV, les effets de l'économie de la connaissance sur l'emploi des jeunes sont soigneusement étudiés par une analyse en séries chronologiques en panel pour la région MENA, d'une part, et pour l’étude du cas tunisien, de l'autre. Le chapitre V donne les principales conclusions de l’étude. / Countries in the MENA region have been recently characterized by a common feature mainly the upsurge in the unemployment of young graduates. This is due to the dynamics and quality of economic growth, a chronic democracy deficiency, and socio-economic imbalances that threaten the stability and development wihtin the region. The PM must alter their current growth framework into a total factor productivity model, whereby innovation continuously improves, allowing for an endogenous growth regime based on technology progress to take over. After a general introduction, Chapter (II) highlightst the PM’s innovation systems and their effects on employment generation in a principal component analysis, and a panel study of the determinants of economic growth. In chapter (III) and (IV), the effects of the knowledge economy on youth employment are carefully studied though a time series analysis for the MENA region as a panel on one hand and for Tunisia a single case study on the other. Chapter (V) gives the mains conclusions of the study

Within a panel data context with fixed effects method, using data on a sample of 40 lower- middle income economies, this paper investigates whether and to what extent FDI stimulates economic growth over the period 2007-2017. The main finding of this paper highlights the complementary effects between FDI and education, suggesting that a certain level of education must be reached in order for FDI to contribute positively on economic growth. Further, the level of education in this sample set is below the level that is considered as adequate in order to spur economic growth and thus this affects the absorptive capacity. This paper can only confirm that there is a certain association between FDI and economic growth and cannot confirm the widespread belief that FDI stimulates economic growth due to that the estimated models more often than not provided insignificant results.

經濟成長一直是人們所關心的問題。而以前的經濟學家則是利用新古典的成長模型，來解釋經濟成長的現象。但是，他們對於在長期各國成長率不一致的現象，卻一直束手無策，直到最近內生成長理論的出現，這個問題才獲得圓滿的解釋。 　　由於上述的理由，本文就根據成長的動力是內生的角度，著手探討邊做邊學的效果對經濟長期的影響，並且再加入政府支出的效果，來討論兩者對經濟成長的解釋，是否要比單獨用邊做邊學效果來得好。 　　另外，本文除了理論模型的推導之外，還加入了實證分析。此分析乃是利用臺灣與南韓的資料，根據時間序列計量的方法，來進行迴歸分析。結果證明：邊做邊學的效果的確會影響經濟成長率，而且如果再加入生產性的政府支出，則會對經濟成長的解釋更有幫助；但是，如果加入的是消費性的政府支出，則會降低經濟成長率或者是經濟成長的解釋。此結果所顯示的經濟涵義乃是：一個國家如果要維持長期且持續的成長，則必須一方面累積資本，擴大邊做邊學的效果；另一方面，政府必須增加生產性的支出，減少消費性的政府支出，如此才能產生連鎖效果，帶動經濟的成長。

This dissertation comprises two essays. The first essay explores how the size of government, as measured by the level of spending, affects growth. Theoretical models suggest a nonlinear relationship; however, testing this hypothesis empirically in cross-country studies is complicated by the endogeneity of government spending and the accurate identification of turning points. This paper examines the nonlinear hypothesis by incorporating threshold analysis in a cross-country growth regression. Using a broad panel of countries over the period 1971-2005, the results show evidence in favor of a nonlinear effect, but not of the form predicted by theory. When total government spending is low, there is no statistically significant effect on economic growth. However, after passing a certain threshold government spending exhibits a negative effect on growth. The second essay develops a dynamic macroeconomic model to explore how variations in the composition and financing of government expenditures affect economic growth in the long-run. The model is used to analyze how public investment spending funded by taxes or borrowing affects long-term output growth. The model is calibrated to reflect economic conditions in the seven largest Latin American economies during the period 1990 to 2008. We find that, where tax rates are not already high, funding public investment by raising taxes may increase long-run growth. If existing tax rates are high, then public investment is only growth-enhancing if funded by restructuring the composition of public spending. Interestingly, using debt to finance new public investment compromises growth, regardless of the initial fiscal condition.

This thesis analyzes the connection between monetary policies and belief-driven fluctuation, and discusses the effects of monetary policies in a small open economy. We construct an endogenous growth model that introduces the role of money into the production function and allows elastic labor supply. In departing from the findings proposed by Benhabib and Farmer (1994), we find that belief-driven fluctuation can be easily encouraged, as long as there is lower increasing return to scale under money growth rate targeting. However, if there is a higher level of increasing return to scale, the increase of the growth rate of nominal money supply will only increase the economic growth rate temporarily, and money is super-neutral in the long run. More importantly, we show that under inflation rate targeting, the central bank will eliminate possibilities of belief-driven fluctuation in the small open economy, but lose the efficacy of monetary policy on the short-term economic growth at the same time.