Health has long been referred to as a contributing development factor for economic growth, and health investments have been implemented as a strategy for achieving economic development. However, several countries have reached economic growth before improving health status, which raises questions of the significance of public health related to economic growth. The economic inequalities between countries tend to increase along with enlarged differences in health status, is there possibly a correlation between these occurrences? The purpose of this essay is to make a theoretical contribution by examining the impact of health on economic growth based on the world’s least developed countries (LDCs). This relationship has not been studied within these countries before and the essay intends to find out if basic health is a prerequisite for economic growth. The hypothesis of the study is a positive correlation between improvement of health status in a population within a country and its economic growth. Quantitative approach through a cross-sectional study of the independent variables health investments, initial GDP per capita, life expectancy and HIV along with the dependent variable of GDP per capita growth. Data from 48 LDCs during the period 1995 – 2015 was obtained. A regression analysis of Ordinary Least Squares, VIF-test and QQ-plot was performed through the computer program Gretl 2016c.  The variation in GDP per capita growth can be explained to 75 % by changes in the health-related variables. Previous theories regarding the positive effect on economic growth from increased health investments, lower initial GDP per capita and increased life expectancy were supported in this study. Health investments and initial GDP per capita showed a statistically significant correlation to economic growth. Life expectancy lacked significance, but was supported by previous research. The variable for HIV showed a positive correlation to economic growth, contrary to previous theories. The relationship can although be explained by insufficient data and low significance. / Hälsa har länge benämnts som en bidragande utvecklingsfaktor för ekonomisk tillväxt och hälsoinvesteringar har använts som en strategi för att uppnå ekonomisk utveckling. Samtidigt har flera länder uppnått ekonomisk tillväxt innan förbättrad hälsostatus vilket leder till funderingar kring vilken roll befolkningens hälsa egentligen spelar för landets ekonomiska tillväxt. De ekonomiska ojämlikheterna länder emellan tenderar att öka och skillnaden i hälsostatusen likaså, finns det möjligtvis ett samband kring detta? Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att bringa ett teoretiskt bidrag genom att undersöka hälsans inverkan på ekonomisk tillväxt med utgångspunkt i världens minst utvecklade länder (MUL-länder). Detta samband har tidigare inte studerats inom dessa länder och uppsatsen avser att ta reda på om en grundläggande god hälsa förefaller vara en förutsättning för ekonomisk tillväxt. Hypotesen för uppsatsen är ett positivt samband mellan ett förbättrat hälsotillstånd hos ett lands befolkning och dess ekonomiska tillväxt. Frågeställning: Leder en förbättrad hälsa till ökad ekonomisk tillväxt i världens minst utvecklade länder? Metod: Kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt genom en tvärsnittsstudie av de oberoende variablerna statens hälsoinvesteringar, initial BNP per capita, förväntad livslängd och HIV samt den beroende variabeln tillväxt i BNP per capita. Data från 48 MUL-länder under perioden 1995 – 2015 inhämtades. I dataprogrammet Gretl 2016c utfördes en regressionsanalys av typen Minsta kvadratmetoden, VIF-test samt QQ-plot. Slutsats: Variationen i tillväxten i BNP per capita kan till 75 % förklaras av förändringar i de hälsorelaterade variablerna. Tidigare teorier kring positiva effekter på den ekonomiska tillväxten från ökade hälsoinvesteringar, lägre initialt BNP per capita och ökad livslängd förstärktes i denna undersökning. Hälsoinvesteringar och initialt BNP per capita visade ett statistiskt säkerställt samband till den ekonomiska tillväxten. Förväntad livslängd saknade signifikans, men stöds av tidigare forskning. Variabeln för HIV visade ett positivt samband på ekonomisk tillväxt vilket strider mot tidigare teorier. Sambandet kan dock förklaras av bristfällig data och låg signifikansnivå.

China's economic development has performed spectacularly during the period of China's economic transition as a result of radical economic reform in the all markets. The country has also gone through extensive fiscal reforms in the last three decades. However, a number of problems have been associated with such rapid economic growth. One of these has been raising inequality. In both Keynesian and neoclassical endogenous growth theories, public spending can play an important role for economic growth and inequality. The majority of previous studies have focused on the relationship between public spending and economic growth, or between public spending and inequality separately. There is no doubt that public spending has an effect on both economic growth and equity simultaneously. In this respect, this thesis attempts to address the problems that have emerged during the period of China's fiscal reforms, and seeks to examine the effects of public spending on economic growth and equality in the same model. This thesis investigates the dynamic relationships among these three variables in China. For aggregate national data, vector error correction model (VECM) has been used. Analysis at the provincial level is based on the panel vector auto-regression (PVAR) model. These methods help to solve the endogeneity in estimations. The national level analysis indicates that total public spending shows a long term Granger causality with GDP per capita, which supports the positive growth effect of public spending in the Keynesian and endogenous growth model. Social public spending has a negative effect on real output per capita in both the short term and long term, but it also has a negative impact on income inequality. Moreover, we find that a higher level of real GDP per capita will increase the level of inequality, but a higher level of inequality has a negative effect on real GDP per capita in the long term. Furthermore, total provincial public spending and provincial social spending have either a non-significant effect on economic growth. On the other hand, the SOEs' investment has a significant, positive growth effect at both the national and provincial level. As for the redistributive role of the public spending, the provincial total public spending and social spending have played an important role on income distribution. Furthermore, the Gini coefficient has a positive effect on the per capita growth rate at the provincial level, but the economic growth has no significant impact on the Gini coefficient.

This thesis studies the effect of generosity of unemployment insurance on economic growth. More generous unemployment insurance is argued to cause an increase in unemployment on the one hand and better job match quality on the other. Our model shows that in the developed countries, there may be some level of unemployment insurance which ensures that the productivity gain offsets the loss due to higher unemployment. On the contrary, in the developing countries, any level of unemployment insurance was revealed to harm economic growth. Moreover, we present strong evidence in favour of a positive effect of unemployment insurance on the aggregate productivity growth. Key words: Unemployment Insurance, Distance to Frontier, Endogenous Growth Model, Technology Growth, Economic Growth

This dissertation investigates the process of economic growth with heterogeneous agents from a multi-level perspective. Building upon Kaldorian and Evolutionary principles, growth is defined as a path-dependent and complex phenomenon, which requires structural variation and the interplay between demand and supply at distinct analytical levels. Two concomitant and dependent 'layers' of this process are emphasised: the supply-led 'intra-sectoral development trajectory' and the demand-led 'inter-sectoral development trajectory'. The key element in the first is the firm size, which is shown to have a non-linear influence on the process of technological change. The second layer is shown to depend on the growth of income and patterns of production and consumption reflected on the inter-sectoral composition and level of 'sophistication' of the productive structure. The key to understand divergent growth trajectories lies in the interaction between these layers and the contradictory effects imposed at each analytical level both by demand (top-down) and supply (bottom-up). The approach is both theoretical and empirical and the analysis reveals important stylised facts of growth at the firm, sector and country levels. The text is structured in four sections comprising 9 chapters. Section I introduces the theoretical foundations of the work and the limitations of Evolutionary and Kaldorian schools to explain the multi-level 'allocation problem'. Section II presents the databases and empirically assesses the influence of the (re)allocation of labour on growth at each analytical level. Section III investigates the foundations of the process of micro-meso and macro process of development. The final section proposes a unified theoretical framework to connect the multi-level evidence. The analysis reinforces the interplay between demand and supply in growth trajectories, prompting a number of original policy implications.

效率、公平、穩定、成長是政府部門的四大目標。而由於環境污染具有外部性，在競爭均衡（competitive equilibrium）下將造成資源配置缺乏效率，導致市場失靈。本文主要目的即在探討欲達成經濟成長、社會福利極大及資源配置效率的目標時，最適環境政策應如何設計；以及不同要素變化對經濟成長、社會福利及環境政策的影響。更進一步的，結合政府支出對生產的貢獻，分析在經濟發展的過程中最適環境政策的變化情形。 早在六0年代，新古典成長模型（Neoclassical Growth Model）發展完備後，七0年代，環境污染問題開始納入成長模型中討論。但以新古典成長模型分析污染問題亦將面臨其所具有缺失。因此在模型的建立上，本文以Rebelo and King（1990）之Ak內生成長模型（Endogenous Growth Model）為基礎，沿用Mohtadi（1996）之研究架構，考慮污染對效用的影響，並加入了對社會福利的探討，進而結合Barro（1990）之政府部門內生成長模型，藉由最適控制之分析工具及模擬方式進行分析，而獲致以下結論： （i）在分權經濟體系中，資本投入產生污染之負外部效果將使私經濟部門低估生產成本、高估資本報酬率；而政府支出之正外部效果將使其低估資本報酬率。兩者皆造成競爭均衡成長路徑下資源配置缺乏效率，導致市場失靈。 （ii）資本投入之污染排放彈性外生固定時，在Ak內生成長模型的架構下，為達成資源配置效率的目標，最適環境政策為課徵資本污染稅；在政府部門內生成長模型的架構下，為達成資源配置效率的目標，最適環境政策為課徵資本污染稅或給予資本（污染）補貼。而課稅或補貼需視政府支出之正外部效果與生產之負外部效果二者大小而定。 （iii）資本投入之污染排放彈性係由人為控制時，生產效率之污染排放彈性越低，最適污染排放標準越嚴格、資本污染稅稅率（資本（污染）補貼率）越低（越高）。污染之效用權重越高，最適污染排放標準越嚴格、資本污染稅稅率（資本（污染）補貼率）提高或降低則不確定。當污染之效用權重 ≧ 1時，將實施污染排放管制。一般而言，使社會福利極大之污染排放標準較使經濟成長極大之污染排放標準更嚴格，資本污染稅稅率（資本（污染）補貼率）相對較低（較高）。 （iv）在政府部門內生成長模型的架構下，由於加入政府支出正外部效果（污染的可容忍範圍）對資源配置的影響，當資本投入之污染排放彈性外生固定時，人們越重視環境品質，在經濟成長與社會福利極大的前提下，達成資源配置效率目標之最適環境政策越趨向環境保護。除非經濟發展初期之污染之效用權重足以使得社會淨外部效果為負，政府才有可能於經濟發展初期便開始環境保護工作。而在資本投入之污染排放彈性係由人為控制時，當經濟處於中度發展階段時，環保意識的覺醒雖使每單位資本投入之污染排放大幅減少，但並不保證人民福祉的必然提昇。在高度發展階段由於生產效率、防制污染技術持續提昇及污染之效用權重上升趨勢和緩，使得經濟成長、社會福利及環境保護三者得以兼顧。 （v）在政府部門內生成長模型的架構下，且資本投入之污染排放彈性係由人為控制時。於實施污染排放管制及課徵污染稅階段，若以提升經濟成長（社會福利）為主要目標，則污染稅稅收應專用於提升防制污染技術或補貼防制污染支出上。若強調租稅功能及效率，則污染稅應取代所得稅，其稅收統籌分配以支應各項政府支出所需。 本文第一章將對研究問題作一說明，並對研究方法作一簡述。第二章則對相關文獻作一回顧與整理，以做為理論模型之建立基礎。在第三章中對模型之建立做逐一解說，並利用模擬分析方式，以達成本文之研究目的。而第四章則根據本文研究所得做一結論與建議。 摘 要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I 目 錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅲ 圖表目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅳ 第一章 緒論 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 ----------------------------------------- 1 第二節 研究方法與研究步驟 ----------------------------------------- 3 第三節 本文架構 -------------------------------------------------------- 4 第二章 考慮污染與環境政策成長模型回顧 -------------------------------- 5 第一節 新古典成長模型部分 ----------------------------------------- 5 第二節 內生性成長模型部分 ----------------------------------------- 8 單部門內生成長模型文獻回顧 ----------------------------- 8 多部門內生成長模型文獻回顧 ---------------------------- 12 第三節 環境稅取代扭曲性租稅雙重利益之文獻回顧 ---------- 16 第三章 內生經濟成長下之最適環境政策 ----------------------------------- 21 第一節 基本理論模型建立及其最適環境政策之決定 ----------- 22 第二節 政府部門內生成長模型之最適環境政策 ----------------- 39 第三節 B值內生可變時Ak內生成長模型之最適環境政策 ----- 52 第四節 B值內生可變時政府部門內生成長模型之最適環境政策 64 第五節 小結 -------------------------------------------------------------- 73 第四章 結論與建議 -------------------------------------------------------------- 76 參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79

本篇論文建立一般化（與 Bond et al. (1994)比較）兩部門內生性成長模型，其中實質資本與人力資本之生產技術是固定規模報酬。利用傳統靜態國貿理論２Ｘ２模型的特性及結合跨期無套利條件，我們証明出在下列三種情形下(i) 0<α<1 (ii)α=1 (iii) α=0，均衡成長是馬鞍均衡穩定，要素密集度之大小不會影響這項推論。最後，我們仔細研究動態調整的過程並且討論時間偏好及支出比改變的長期效果。 / In this paper, we develop a "more" (compared with Bond et al. (1994)) general two-sector endogenous growth model with constant-return-to-scale production technologies governing the evolution of physical and human capital. 　　By utilizing the properties of traditional static 2x2 inter- national trade model and combining an intertemporal no-arbitrage condition which links the capital gain on human capital to the difference between the rentals on capital and wage rate, we prove that the balanced growth equilibrium is saddle-path stable in three cases (i) 0<α<1 (ii)α=1 (iii) α=0 regardless of the factor intensity ranking. 　　Finally, we provide a detail characterization of transitional dynamics and discuss the long-run effects of changes in time pre-ference and the expenditure share,α.

This dissertation consists of three essays, taking different perspectives on human capital. The first essay looks at human capital from a growth perspective. Essays two and three focuses on the individual’s occupational decision and its relation to family background. The first essay attempts to capture the effects on long run economic growth and transitional dynamics of the interaction between human capital and R&amp;D. We do this by allowing for endogenous human capital accumulation in an economy where the number of products and technologies expands because profit maximizing entrepreneurs do R&amp;D. We find that, in the absence of scale effects, long run growth is determined by the economy’s capacity to accumulate human capital. A relative lack of R&amp;D capital causes the economy to grow slowly during its transition to the steady state, while a relative abundance of R&amp;D capital gives high growth rates during transition. In the second essay, the classical Roy-model of selection on the labor market is extended in order to analyze intergenerational mobility. This is done through the introduction of ability uncertainty that is linked to family background. In contrast to to additional human capital models of intergenerational mobility, this mechanism rather than differences in access to capital markets links occupational oucomes of offspring to parents. We study the effects of income redistribution on mobility and talent allocation. It is found that redistribution has implications for intergenerational mobility and talent allocation through its influence on individual occupational choices. However, we conclude that the presence of a trade-off between redistribution and intergenerational mobility depends on the extent of similarity of occupations with regard to ability sensitivity and wage rates, and on the degree of individual risk aversion. Whether redistribution occurs only within an occupation or simultaneously within and across occupations is also inportant for the implicatons for mobility and talent allocation. In essay three, a model of occupational choice and human capital investment is developmed and tested. The model allows family background to influence occupational choice through access to economic resources, differences in costs of schooling, and ability uncertainty linked to background similar to that discussed in essay two. It is predicted that life time utility of children from less well-off background is more sensitive to economic incentives when risk aversion is strong. The model also predicts that people are more sensitive to economic incentives when considering occupations distant from their parent occuations. The implications of the theoretical model are tested and largely confirmed on Swedish data using a mixed multinominal logit framework which explicitly accounts for unobserved ability heterogeneity. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1998</p>

Regional development discourses and theories have significantly changed since the born of regional science. Focus of regional development theories has shifted from industrialization efforts via large-scale enterprises and transfer of central government funds to disadvantaged regions to endogenous capabilities and potentials of innovation and knowledge creation. Endogenous factors and self-development capabilities are highly emphasized by recent development literature. Changes in the regional development discourses also affected regional policies, policy tools and actors / endogenous factors and self-development discourses became dominant in regional development policies and implementations. However, source of regional development for less developed regions that do not have endogenous potentials and self-development capability have not clearly defined and have not empirically tested. The thesis attempted to empirically define regional growth factors and the usefulness of theoretical frameworks. In the thesis, econometric model of Turkey is used for the empirical study. The theoretical framework discussed in the thesis is both economic theories and regional development models. The study shows that all theoretical models offer only partial explanations of regional growth. While study shows that factors emphasized by traditional theories support regional growth, the study has no evidence supporting that soft factors emphasized by recent theories support regional growth. The main findings of this study contribute to theoretical and empirical field by reintroducing role of government and interventions. Factors highlighted by recent regional development theories are not sufficient for explaining growth, since the regional policies at the national level continue to be important therefore factors emphasized by traditional theories still have significant contributions to growth.

本論文由三篇文章所構成。第二章主要針對參考點（reference points）的選擇問題。在綠色國民所得帳中，選擇哪個參考點作為扣除環境質損與自然資源折耗是很重要的。由於既有文獻中的參考點選擇大多過於極端，本文遂針對文獻上的缺失，建議以法定的環保標準做為參考點，使得環境質損、環境效益、自然資源折耗與服務都可顯示出來。 第三章則以台灣的烏魚業為對象，以不合作賽局分析大陸漁民在烏魚迴游路徑上捕魚以及溫室效應對台灣漁業及消費者造成的影響。 第四章則指出Huang and Cai (1994)一文在理論模型設計上的問題，並提出改正，以使其論點獲得支持。 / This dissertation is made up of three essays that address the issues of green net national product, renewable resources and pollution externalities. In Chapter 2, the issue of choosing reference points is discussed. The reference point is a key parameter for estimating the values of environmental degradation and natural resource depletion that are used to adjust the Net National Product. Most of the reference points used in the literature are extreme points in the spectrum of environmental quality and may thus result in estimated values of degradation and depletion that are not consistent with the standard theory of environmental economics. In this chapter, we argue that by using clearly defined standards as reference points, e.g., environmental quality standards, for managing environmental quality and natural resources, correct values of environmental degradation and services, and natural resource depletion and direct nature services, as well as green NNP can emerge. In Chapter 3, we examine the problem of non-cooperative fishing between Mainland China (MC) and Taiwan (TW) as well as the effects of rising sea surface temperature (SST) on the grey mullet fishery. By setting the three stages of the non-cooperative game, it is shown that the expansion of the fleets in MC and the rising SST cause the rent obtained from the TW fishery to decline, and that Taiwan may partially offset such an adverse effect by adjusting its fleet size. This essay also shows that Taiwan can expand its fleet to a greater extent when facing an imperfectly elastic demand for fish than when facing a perfectly elastic demand. In addition, when consumer welfare is included in the determination of the size of the fleet, fleet size can expand more than when profit is considered alone. In Chapter 4, we point out the problems in Huang and Cai (1994) that arise from the absence of a “pollution externality.” We modify their model by introducing the emission tax and find that it supports Huang and Cai (1994)’s claim that the share of private abatement expenditure is constant at all times, a claim that is criticized by Shieh, et al. (2001).

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om utbildningens kvalitet har en signifikant påverkan på ekonomisk tillväxt. I uppsatsen tillämpas en regressionsanalys baserad på sekundärdata. Den beroende variabeln är real BNP per capita tillväxt vilken används för att mäta ekonomisk tillväxt. Den oberoende variabeln i fokus är testresultat från internationella prov och används som mått för utbildningens kvalitet. Kontrollvariabler i uppsatsen är initial BNP per capita, genomsnittlig utbildningstid, fertilitet, investeringar och graden av handelsöppenhet. I studien ingår data för 49 länder och omfattar åren från 2000 till och med 2010. I regressionsmodellen som inkluderar samtliga kontrollvariabler visar testresultatvariabeln en signifikant positiv relation till ekonomisk tillväxt. Det här betyder alltså att utbildningens kvalitet har en påverkan på ekonomisk tillväxt. Utifrån detta går det att härleda ett antal teoretiska förklarningar till hur utbildningens kvalitet har kunnat påverka ekonomisk tillväxt. I och med innovationer i informationsteknik samt den generella teknologiutvecklingen som präglat 2000-talet, dras slutsatsen att utbildningens kvalitet troligtvis har påverkat utvecklandet av färdigheter relaterade till innovationsförmåga och anpassningsbarhet till ny teknologi hos individer. Det här i följd har påverkat den ekonomiska tillväxten i ett land. / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the quality of education has a significant impact on economic growth. This paper applied a regression analysis based on secondary data. The dependent variable is real GDP per capita growth, which is used to measure economic growth. The independent variable in focus is test results from international tests and is used as a measure of educational quality. Control variables in the paper are initial GDP per capita, average years of schooling, fertility, investments and the degree of trade openness. The study includes data for 49 countries and covers the years from 2000 to 2010. The regression model that includes all control variables shows that the test result variable has a significant positive relationship to economic growth. This means that the quality of education has an impact on economic growth. Based on this it is possible to derive a number of theoretical explanations of how the quality of education has been able to influence economic growth. With innovations in information technology, as well as the general technology trend that characterized the 2000s, it’s concluded that the quality of education is likely to have influenced the development of skills related to innovation and adaptability to new technologies in individuals. Consequently, this affects the economic growth of a country.