Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-27Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000813856.pdf: 877403 bytes, checksum: 4d057065026683ed53dc4ee470bf988f (MD5) / Objetivou-se determinar variáveis fisiológicas, eletrolíticas e hemogasométricas de equinos da raça Quarto de Milha (QM), com desempenhos distintos, submetidos a uma corrida simulada de três tambores (TT). Ademais, compararam-se as alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base destes equinos QM com outros atletas da espécie equina, da raça Puro Sangue Árabe (PSA), competidores de enduro equestre de 160 km de distância. Adicionalmente, realizamos a comparação de dois métodos de cálculo da variável Atot. No experimento 1, 10 equinos da raça QM foram distribuídos em dois grupos, sendo um de desempenho superior (DS, n=5) e outro de desempenho inferior (DI, n=5). Submeteram-se estes equinos a uma corrida de TT e verificou-se as possíveis alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base pela abordagem tradicional e mecanicista, sendo os momentos de coleta antes e após o esforço. No experimento 2, 16 equinos da raça PSA participaram de uma prova seletiva de enduro equestre de 160 km e foram avaliados antes, durante e após a competição. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em ambos os experimentos. Determinou-se frequência cardíaca somente dos equinos QM. Quantificou-se variáveis fisiológicas, eletrolíticas e hemogasométricas de todos os equinos que participaram do presente estudo. Realizou-se para o experimento 1, teste t pareado e não pareado para diferenças entre os momentos e entre os grupos, respectivamente. Para o experimento 2, foi realizada análise de variância (ANAVA) para comparação das variáveis seguido do teste de Tukey para as diferenças estatísticas encontradas. Todas as análises foram realizadas com 95% de significância (p<0,05). As FCpico e FCm foram de 206 ± 8,7 e 203 ± 12,9, e de 181 ± 7,5 e 177 ± 3,5 bpm, para os grupos DS e DI, respectivamente. O principal distúrbio encontrado pelas duas metodologias para a modalidade TT foi a acidose metabólica. Para esta modalidade obtivemos concordância total... / The aim of the present study was to determine physiological, electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters of Quarter horses, with distinct fitness levels, submitted to a simulated barrel racing (BR). Moreover, the alterations in the acid-base balance were compared between Quarter and Arabian horses, competitors of equine endurance of 160 km. Besides, it was performed a comparison of two methods to determine the variable Atot. In the experiment 1, 10 Quarter horses were distributed in two groups, one composed by high fitness animals (HF, n=5) and other with lower fitness (LF, n=5). These horses were submitted to a BR and it was verified the possible alterations in the acid-base balance using the traditional and mechanistic approaches, being the collecting moments before and after the exercise. In the experiment 2, 16 Arabian horses participated in an endurance ride of 160 km and they were evaluated before, during and after the competition. Samples of venous blood were collected in both experiments. The heart frequency was determined only for the Quarter horses. Physiological, electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters were quantified for all equines of the present study. Were performed for the experiment 1, the t-paired and not-paired t-test between moments and groups, respectively. For the experiment 2, it was performed the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the variables followed by Tukey’s test. All analysis were performed with 95% of significance. The FCpeak e FCm were 206 ± 8,7 and 203 ± 12,9 bpm for the HF group, and 181 ± 7,5 e 177 ± 3,5 bpm for the LF group. The main disturbance found by the two approaches for the BR was the metabolic acidosis. For this discipline, total matching between the approaches was obtained. For endurance, 10 animals sucessfully completed the competition and 6 were eliminated. The main disturbance found in the sucessfull animals for both approaches was the metabolic alkalosis. In the ...

Orientador: José Correa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Antonio de Queiroz Neto / Banca: Mario Roberto Hatayde / Banca: Adriana Alonso Novais / Banca: Claudia Acosta Duarte / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar as alterações hematológicas, metabólicas e eletrolíticas induzidas pelo exercício, em cavalos árabes submetidos ao treinamento a campo durante 90 dias, nos quais foram realizados três Exercícios Teste (ETs) em esteira rolante antes, 45 e 90 dias de treinamento (ET0, ET45 e ET90 dias respectivamente). Ao final do treinamento realizou-se uma prova de enduro de 60 km de distância, na qual foram determinadas variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas durante os ET nos seguintes momentos e velocidades: M0 - (basal); M1 - (3,5 m/s); M2 - (6,0 m/s); M3: ET0 - (7,5 m/s); ET45 - (8,0 m/s); ET90 - (8,5 m/s) e M4 - (1,7 m/s) e após período de recuperação (1 e 6 horas). Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas durante a prova de enduro nos seguintes momentos: antes do início da prova (M0), durante a prova (M1, M2, M3, respectivamente) e 15; 60 e 360 minutos após período de recuperação. Observaram-se aumentos no número de eritrócitos, hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina, leucócitos, neutrófilos, e na concentração plasmática de proteína total durante a realização dos ETs e da prova de enduro. A concentração de glicose aumentou gradativamente durante a realização dos ETs e apresentou decréscimo após o primeiro anel no enduro. O teor de triacilglicerol aumentou durante os ET, bem como durante o enduro. As alterações hormonais revelaram importante elevação na concentração plasmática de cortisol durante o esforço e diminuição da insulinemia nos ET e durante o enduro. Os teores dos eletrólitos de K+ e Ca2+ apresentaram mudanças no decorrer dos ET assim como K+, Ca2+ e Cl- durante a prova de enduro. Concluiu-se que após 90 dias de treinamento a campo com velocidade de 60% do V4, houve adaptações hematológicas, metabólicas e eletrolíticas necessárias para a realização de prova de enduro de 60 km. / Abstract: The present study aimed to check the hematologic, metabolic and electrolytic alterations induced by exercise in Arabian horses submitted to field training during 90 days, when three Exercises Test (ETs) were performed on a treadmill: before the training, 45 and 90 days after it (TE0,TE45 and TE90 days, respectively). At the end of the training, period it was performed a 60-km endurance test to check the variables. Jugular venous blood samples were collected from 12 horses during the test in the following moments and speed: M0 - (basal); M1 - (3.5 m/s); M2 - (6.0 m/s); M3: TE0 - (7.5 m/s); TE45 - (8.0 m/s) and TE90 - (8.5 m/s) and M4 - (1.7 m/s) and after the recovery period (1 and 6 hours). After the 90 days of training, jugular venous blood samples were collected from eight horses during the endurance test at the following moments: before the beginning of the test (M0), during the test (M1, M2, M3) and 15, 60 and 360 minutes after the end of the task it was possible to observe, in the counting of erythrocytes, hematocrit and in the hemoglobin, leukocytes and neutrophils concentration, a light increase in the total plasmatic protein concentration during the ETs and endurance test. The glucose concentration, increased gradually during the ETs and presented a numeric decrease after the first ring in the endurance. The hormonal alterations revealed an important increase in of the plasmatic cortisol concentration during the effort, and an insulin decrease in the TE and endurance. The electrolytes K+ and Ca2+ presented changes along the TE, as well as K+, Ca2+ and Cl- during the endurance ride. We concluded that, after 90 days of field training with speed at 60% of the V4, there were hematological, metabolic and electrolytic adaptations which were necessary for the 60-km endurance test. / Doutor

Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Tanja Maria Hess / Banca: Aureo Evangelista Santana / Resumo: Estudos com cavalos de enduro submetidos a exercícios de resistência enfocam o desempenho individual. Na medicina esportiva humana, muitos estudos foram realizados mensurando a concentração da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e relacionando-a com corredores de maratona de elite, especialmente aqueles com menores concentrações plasmáticas desta enzima. No entanto, como na medicina veterinária poucos estudos foram realizados neste campo, decidiu-se avaliar a atividade plasmática da ECA em equinos durante treinamento e, posteriormente, antes e durante prova de resistência. Foram utilizados 11 equinos adultos da raça Árabe, hígidos, mantidos sem treinamento durante 16 semanas. Foram realizados dois testes de esforço físico progressivo (TEP) para determinar o condicionamento físico dos animais, sendo um antes e outro ao final do treinamento, que durou 12 semanas. Uma semana após o segundo TEP, foi realizado um teste de resistência (TR) de 80 km. Antes, durante e após a realização do TR, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para mensurar a atividade plasmática da ECA. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio de análise de variância e, quando verificadas diferenças estatísticas (p ≤ 0,05) em relação a variável tempo, os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Fisher. Houve diminuição gradual da atividade da ECA ao longo do período de treinamento. Os valores médios obtidos antes e durante o TR variaram e os valores encontrados antes do TR foram menores que os obtidos vinte e quatro horas após o término do mesmo (p=0,003). Os menores valores encontrados neste experimento foram após os equinos completarem 50 km do teste, o que não ocorreu durante o TR e é sugestivo de estar relacionado à desidratação. A diminuição da atividade plasmática da ECA com o treinamento se revelou ferramenta em potencial para avaliação dos efeitos de treinamento / Abstract: Studies about horses submitted to long distance exercise have focused on individual performance and reasons for failure. In human sports medicine, many studies have measured plasma concentration of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and correlated it to the performance of elite marathon runners, which present lower plasma concentration of this enzyme. This study evaluated plasma ACE activity during training and an endurance ride in a group of endurance horses. Eleven healthy adult Arabian horses were submitted to sixteen weeks of rest before the initiation of the training period. Before start and after the training period, a progressive exercise test (PET) was carried out in order to determine the horse's fitness and to plan the training protocol. Horses were trained for twelve weeks, and at the end of the training period, one week after the second PET, horses were submitted to an 80 km endurance exercise test (ET). Before, during and after the ET, blood samples were collected to determine ACE's plasma activity. Effects of sampling times were evaluated by ANOVA and significant differences analyzed by the Fisher's test. ACE's plasma activity gradually diminished during the training period The mean values of ACE's activity obtained before and during the ET varied and values before the ET were lower than twenty four hours after the end (p=0,003). Lowest ACE values were found after 50 km of ET, and were simultaneous to the highest total protein. It indicates that the lowest ACE during endurance exercise may be related to dehydration, possibly indicating a body adjustment. Plasma ECA activity of horses decreased with training and may be used as a potential tool to measure training effects / Mestre

Com o objetivo de avaliar se o exercício físico prolongado causa alterações miocárdicas em eqüinos de enduro e se estas alterações cardíacas têm influência no desempenho dos animais durante as provas, avaliaram-se 30 cavalos, divididos em três grupos de dez animais cada, sendo G1 composto por animais que percorreram distâncias acima de 100 km, G2 por animais que percorreram distâncias menores de 100 km e G3 por animais desqualificados por alterações metabólicas. Os animais foram avaliados em três momentos distintos, T0 (pré-exercício, em repouso), T1 (entre 30 e 60 minutos após o exercício) e T2 (entre 90 e 120 minutos pós-exercício). Realizaram-se o exame físico e o exame ecocardiográfico, além de colheita de amostras de sangue para determinação de troponina I cardíaca sérica e outras provas bioquímicas. Não houve diferença nos valores de troponina I cardíaca entre os diversos grupos nem nos diferentes tempos. Observou-se diminuição dos valores do diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo em diástole e aumento de espessura de septo interventricular pós-exercício. Não houve diferença nos índices funcionais cardíacos e houve manutenção do débito cardíaco por aumento da freqüência cardíaca. Estas alterações ecocardiográficas de pequena magnitude foram mais evidentes nos animais desqualificados por alterações metabólicas e não parecem estar relacionadas a injúria miocárdica e sim secundárias a outras condições orgânicas. Conclui-se que o exercício físico prolongado não leva a injúrias cardíacas severas em cavalos de enduro. / With the purpose of evaluating myocardial alterations caused by prolonged physical exercise and whether these alterations influence the endurance horses\' performance during the races, 30 horses were evaluated, divided into three groups of ten horses each, being G1 composed by animals that performed distances of more than 100 km, G2 by animals that performed distances of less than 100 km and G3 by animals disqualified by metabolic alterations. The horses were evaluated in three distinct moments, T0 (pre-exercise, at rest), T1 (between 30 and 60 minutes post-exercise) and T2 (between 90 and 120 minutes post-exercise). Physical and echocardiographic examinations and else blood sample collection for the determination of cardiac troponin I and other biochemical tests were done. There was no difference in cardiac troponin I values neither between the various groups, nor between the moments. There was a decrease in the post-exercise values of the diastolic left ventricle internal diameter and an increase in the post-exercise values of the interventricular septal thickness. There was no difference in the cardiac functional indexes and the cardiac output was maintainded by augmentation of the heart rate. These minor echocardiographic alterations were more evident in the animals that were disqualified by metabolic alterations, and they don\'t seem to be related to myocardial injury, but secondary to other organic conditions. Based on these results, prolonged physical exercise doesn\'t seem to cause severe cardiac injuries in endurance horses.

Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar se provas de enduro de diferentes distâncias causam estresse em equinos treinados, avaliar os efeitos das provas de enduro de diferentes distâncias sobre a atividade dos linfócitos e a relação com a imunocompetência dos equinos atletas e investigar a suplementação alimentar com glutamina como possível atenuante desse efeito depressivo do estresse sobre o sistema imunológico. Foram utilizados 33 cavalos treinados para enduro, 13 em 80 km, 14 em 120 km e 6 em 160 km, avaliados em 4 provas. Metade dos cavalos de cada categoria recebeu suplementação com glutamina via oral 30 dias antes e 14 dias após as provas. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas antes (M0), imediatamente após a última inspeção veterinária (M1), 3 horas depois (M2) e nos haras 3 (M3), 7 (M4), e 14 dias (M5). Houve aumento dos níveis de cortisol, amônia, neutrófilos, aumento da relação neutrófilos/linfócitos e diminuição da contagem de linfócitos em M1 e M2 em todos os cavalos. Houve diminuição da relação CD4/CD8 nos animais de 120 (M2, M3 e M4) e 160 km (M3) que não receberam suplementação e diminuição de IFN em todos os cavalos. Nos suplementados, houve diminuição da relação CD4/CD8 em 80 (M2), 120 (M2 e M3) e 160 km (M3 e M4) e aumento tardio de IFN (M4 e M5) nos cavalos de 80 e 120 km. As concentrações de IL-2, IL-4 e IL-10 aumentaram após a prova em todos os cavalos, porém, nos suplementados o aumento foi maior ou mais prolongado. Com base nesses resultados, não foi possível observar estresse nos animais, nem imunodepressão, embora a suplementação tenha exercido efeito sobre os linfócitos. / The objectives of this study were to assess whether a different distances endurance races cause stress in trained horses, assess the effects of different distances an endurance races on the lymphocytes and relationship with the immune competence of equine athletes and investigate dietary supplementation with glutamine as possible mitigating this depressive effect of stress on the immune system . 33 well trained endurance horses were used, 13 at 80 km, 14 and 120 km and 6 in 160 km in 4 endurance rides . Half of the horses in each category received oral supplementation with glutamine to 30 days before and 14 days after the race. Venous blood samples were collected before (M0), immediately after the last veterinary inspection (M1), 3 hours after (M2) and in their farms 3 (M3), 7 (M4) and 14 days (M5) after. There was an increase in cortisol levels, ammonia and neutrophils, increase in neutrophils / lymphocytes ratio and reduction in lymphocyte counts at M1 and M2 in all horses. There was a decrease in LT CD4/CD8 ratio in 120 (M2, M3 and M4) and 160 km (M3) without supplementation and either a decreased in IFN in all animals. Horses that had received glutamine supplementation showed a decreased in CD4/CD8 ratio in 80 (M2), 120 (M2 and M3) and 160 km (M3 and M4) and late increase of IFN (M4 and M5) in 80 and 120 km. INF production was increased later (7 and 14 days) in 80 and 120 km horses that received supplementation and decreased in all 160 km. The concentrations of IL-2 , IL-4 and IL-10 increased after the race on all horses , but the increase was greater or more prolonged in supplemented ones. Based on these results, it was not possible to observe stress in these animals, or immunosuppression either, although supplementation has exerted effects on lymphocytes.

This thesis deals with the construction of two-stroke motorcycle engine. Specifically, the racing engine for the Enduro class with a displacement of 250 cm3, adapted to be mounted in a chassis with extremely long swingarm according to patent of Frantisek Krnavek. The introduction briefly describes the E2 class rules and discussed design powertrain solutions of this class. Following design and calculation of required motor parameters. Further attention is devoted to detailed calculation of main bearings lifespan. The next section describes in detail the construction of the crank mechanism, cylinder head, exhaust pipe, power valve and reed valve. Conclusion deals with location of other engine parts.

Diploma thesis is aimed on construction design of single cylinder four stroke engine. Conception of engine with cylinder capacity 450 cm3 meets the rules of Enduro E2 class and is adapt for application for motorcycle with extremely long swing arm according to the patent owned by Ing. Frantisek Krnavek. In the beginning of this thesis is analysis of engines this category and specific engine layouts in the motorcycles. After is design and simulation of engine parameters from which are created and described 3D models of engine parts. Conclusion is about durability calculation of main bearings.

Master thesis focuses on the life story of Josef Rabas, the multiple world champion of the International six days enduro competition. Thesis uses biographical research together with oral history method to capture the storytelling of his life journey. The emphasis is placed not only on the chronological description of the person's life but also on the explanation and understanding of contextual impacts of the period in which he lived. Another followed line is the explanation of the chosen career path where we search for possible contradiction to family's tradition. Besides being the motorcycle racer, Josef is a grandson of the academic painter and renowned artist Václav Rabas and a son of Jan Rabas, a lawyer and one of the signatories of the "Dva tisíce slov" document. Therefore, we also emphasized the family's socio-political context.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the part of evolution of the new bicycle frame for mountain biking, category enduro. The first part of this thesis is focused on creating dimensional modified model of the bike frame in CAD system SolidWorks. Subsequently this frame will be detailed by FEM analysis in software ANSYS Workbench and determine boundary conditions for this analysis. The final part is about visualization of the new bike frame.