The purpose of this project was to examine how the cultural heritage building Biotopia can optimize its energy usage with 40 % by implementing different measures, without affecting the cultural values of the building. Furthermore, an economical evaluation has been done, to ensure that the measures are a reasonable investment. The project was done by the request of the property owners Ihus and STUNS Energy. To accomplish this the properties energy usage and production was modelled in the software VIP-Energy and PV*SOL. A literature study was also done to research the possible and allowed actions to implement. The measures that were found to be suitable was to install an extra window pane in the old windows, to add additional insulation to the attic and basement level of the extra building Konservatorbostaden and to install solar panels on a parking slot or alternatively on the modern additional building. Additional insulation of the facade was also modeled to visualize future possibilities if new techniques are found or if the current regulations change. The results showed an energy saving of 32 % if the allowed actions are taken and 56 % if the facade is insulated and the windows are completely renewed. All the measures that are allowed to be taken to energy optimize the building was found to be economically viable. The solar installations were found to be reasonable to implement on the parking slot or the modern additional building, provided that it is legally allowed.

The size and composition of the Swedish electricity generation are changing. This, in combination with new legal requirements from regulatory entities including the EU Directive 2019/944, creates several challenges for the design of the future system. Among other things, the directive suggests that flexibility solutions are to be integrated into grids to increase the degree of utilization and avoid congestions, when socio-economically profitable. This thesis evaluates what this could mean in a Swedish context, in combination with providing a basic understanding of the contradictions that can arise between a desired efficient grid use in an energy system that goes towards more distributed and intermittent energy generation sources. The work is carried out in collaboration with Vattenfall Eldistribution AB, focusing on the geographical area of Uppsala and Stockholm, the Swedish region hit hardest by local congestions. The work assumes that the economic value of a flexibility solution is at most equivalent to the cost of a conventional new construction aimed at capacity strengthening, or the Value of Lost Load (VoLL). The report’s most important deliverable is a model based on this view. The model is used to evaluate the economic value of flexibility per kWh, in three regional grid construction projects within the mentioned region.  The results show that there is a great potential for using flexibility resources to increase utilization in grids and also to optimize the costs that society pays for this infrastructure by such methods. However, the work concludes that the usage of flexible technologies primarily is to adapt electric consumption with intermittent energy generation, rather than being used to solve local grid capacity shortages.

The climate crisis is becoming more prominent in everyday life and the construction industry plays a significant role. The study aims to optimize the climate of a fictional house with exterior walls made of wood. By investigating the climate impact of a building with a solid wooden frame depending on the heating system. The study will focus on two different frame systems, one of which is made of cross-glued wood and one of IsoTimber. The questions are what climate impact a solid wood building does have. What dimension of cross-glued wood is required to meet BBR's requirements? Which combination of frame system and heating system is the most optimal for Malmö and Stockholm? How many years does it take for the heating to have a greater climate impact than the manufacture of the building? How much climate impact will the most optimized building have after 50 years? In the VIP-Energy program, energy calculations have been performed. Quantity and energy calculations have then been translated into carbon dioxide equivalents in the BM program to calculate the climate impact for the buildings with associated heating systems.  The results show that cross-glued wood has a lower general climate impact than the frame of IsoTimber. The dimension for meeting BBR's energy requirements with a cross-glued wood frame is 330 mm. The most optimized combination of frame system and heating from a climate point of view is IsoTimber 300 mm with district heating for Malmö and Stockholm. The results show that energy consumption from heating will have a greater climate impact than production for the most optimized alternative only after 22 years for Malmö and 44 years for Stockholm. The building with the least climate impact after 50 years is IsoTimber 300 mm with district heating where the climate impact is 57,7 ton CO2e in Malmö and 43,7 ton CO2e in Stockholm. The study shows that reliable conversion factors are required to translate components and heating systems into carbon dioxide equivalents. The current conversion factor for heating when district heating is used differs between the climate zones, which means that the result is widely distributed. The best optimized alternative, 300 mm IsoTimber with district heating is a good alternative with a low climate impact that still maintains a high level of comfort for the user.

Sverige har som mål att elproduktionen till år 2040 skall vara helt förnybar. Detta kan göras med att lagra grön vätgas, med grön innebär det att vätgasen är producerad från en förnybar energikälla. Att lagra energin skulle kunna innebära att elnätet kan balanseras vid en effektbrist i utsatta områden, dessutom kan det ge möjligheten för en byggnad att bli självförsörjande på energi. Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga användningen av grön vätgas i Sverige som energilagring i byggnader för uppvärmning och elanvändning. Den skall även besvara möjligheter och utmaningar för grön vätgas som energilagring med avseende på de tekniska (systemuppbyggnad), ekonomiska (lönsamhet & investeringskostnad) och juridiska (tillstånd & säkerhet) aspekterna. För att besvara dessa frågor har en litteraturstudie genomförts i kombination med intervjuer. Forskning har visat möjligheten att vara självförsörjande på energi, genom att använda sig av en kombination av ett vätgas- och batterilager för lång- respektive korttidslagring. Vätgassystemet består av en elektrolysör som spjälkar vatten för att framställa vätgas. Därefter lagras vätgas för att vid ett energibehov användas i en bränslecell för att generera elektricitet där restprodukterna är värme och vatten. Kartläggningen visar att i dagsläget finns det två byggnader i Sverige som använder grön vätgas som energilagring. Ytterligare två byggnader är under produktion och förväntas vara klara för drift under år 2021. Ytterligare två projekt är under projektering där datum för drift saknas. Vår studie visar att vätgassystemet kan ge självförsörjning på både el- och värmeenergi och möjligheten till att gå off-grid finns, däremot väljer flertalet att vara kopplade på elnätet för att kunna bidra till att balansera elnätet vid behov. En teknisk utmaning för vätgassystemet är att öka den totala verkningsgraden. Återbetalningstiden varierar mellan 10 – 20 år, där en snabbare återbetalningstid ges via koppling på elnätet för att kunna sälja ut elöverskott däremot ses investeringskostnaden som en utmaning. Ur ett juridiskt perspektiv är avsaknaden av en svensk standard för hantering av vätgas i ett bostadsområde en utmaning. En möjlighet är att vid ett tidigt skede inleda samarbete med den lokala räddningstjänsten vilket kan underlätta processen för ett beviljat tillstånd. Studien visar att det är tekniskt genomförbart att använda grön vätgas som energilagring i byggnader dock är tekniken ung vilket i sin tur innebär ett begränsat utbud på färdigpaketerade lösningar. Att lagra grön vätgas möjliggör en bättre kontinuitet för intermittenta energikällor vilket kan öka elproduktionen från förnybara energikällor om systemet är kopplad på elnätet. Det är möjligt att sänka investeringskostnaden genom att flera hushåll delar på samma vätgassystem. Med tydliga regelverk kan både tid och pengar sparas samtidigt som det kan öka säkerheten för brukarna. Slutsatsen från denna studie är att vätgassystemet ger klimatfördelar då förnybara energikällor nyttjas. Dessutom skall Sverige presentera sin egen vätgasstrategi under 2021 och därmed är det troligt att omfattningen av vätgassystem i Sverige kommer att öka i framtiden. / Sweden's goal for 2040 is to only produce electricity by renewable energy. A part of the solution is to store green hydrogen, green means that the hydrogen is produced from a renewable energy source. The energy storage could be used to balance the electrical grid if there is a power shortage and it could provide the opportunity for a building to become energy self-sufficient. This study aims to map the use of green hydrogen as energy storage in Swedish buildings for heating and electricity use. It also addresses opportunities and challenges for green hydrogen as energy storage regarding some technical, economic, and legal aspects. To answer these questions, a literature study was conducted in combination with interviews. Research has shown the possibility of being energy self-sufficient, by using a combination of a hydrogen and battery storage for long- respectively short-term storage. The system consists of an electrolyzer that splits water to produce hydrogen. Thereafter, the hydrogen is stored until there is a need for energy, through a fuel cell electricity is generated with heat and water as waste products. The study reveals there is currently two Swedish buildings that uses green hydrogen as energy storage. Another two buildings are under production and are expected to be ready for operation during 2021. Two more projects are planned. This study shows that it is technically feasible to store hydrogen although the technology is young and faces challenges. The investment cost is considered high, but the results shows that profitability is possible, which differs from previous research. Additionally, there is a lack of Swedish standards that describes the handling of hydrogen which causes problems for both suppliers and customers. A conclusion is that the usage of green hydrogen as energy storage will probably increase for Swedish buildings in the future.

The world is experiencing increasing energy usage owing to environmental impacts suchas climate change, Ozone layer depletion, and global warming. Energy usage is primarily categorized into transport, industrial, residential, and service sectors, with the transportation and industrial sectors taking up a considerable chunk of the energy use; Buildings partly determine the use of energy globally. This review presents a critical analysis of energy demand and uses in the building sector considering the energy optimization for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Trollhättan, including the local energy requirements. The modelling software IDA-ICE isused to conduct simulations for different scenarios. The IDA-ICE software links the actual building images with the isometric views done on a computer. The energy balance of buildings is considered with respect to the three methods for heat transfer, the U-value,ventilation, heating load, and cooling load. The study results show that the building relieson electricity and fuel for its energy supply and that fuel consumption takes the highest share, 60 %. Retrofit 1 (where the oil and electric boilers are replaced by geothermal heat pump with COP 4 for heating and domestic hot water), Retrofit 2 (which keeps changes from Retrofit_1 and where a new AHU with a VAV system replaces the existing two AHUs), and Retrofit 3 (which keeps changes from Retrofit_2 and only connects the heating system to district heating) are designed as part of the findings to understand the variation sin comfort reference, supplied Energy, used Energy, utilized Energy, auxiliary Energy, and the Energy of all zones during heating and cooling. The model results indicate that Retrofit2 demonstrates better results than the other two since it has a higher energy-saving capacity. The energy reduction for Retrofit model 1 is about 33.4 %, while Retrofit model 2 has 55% and model 3 has 33%, significantly decreasing the associated costs. The LCC analysis shows payback for the first model 6.73 years with an investment cost of 700 000 SEK, the second model has 5.84 with 1 million SEK investment, and the third model has 3.4 years with 350 000 SEK.

No description available.

By investigating the scope of future wind turbine projects in north Swedish coastal regions and Lapland inland, identification of especially sensitive areas and the effect of wind farm location for the white- tailed sea eagles (WSE) Haliaeetus albicilla at these sites were evaluated. Since the 1980s the WSE the population growth has been stable and intensified in the last two decades, the upgoing trend is evident especially at coastal areas of the Bothnian Sea and Lapland inland, these regions are also considered suitable for wind farm projects. The scope of this analysis consists of an investigation of the density-dependent effect and interference regarding WSE population for each concerned wind farm by using an option with 4 MW wind turbines and a 6 MW alternative. The purpose with this comparison was to identify where wind turbines impact is most critical for WSEs and to which extent wind farms affected land area usage as well as the carrying capacity levels.One of the key findings was in Norrbotten where the 6 MW wind turbines reduced land area usage by 37,59%. In Västerbotten the highest concentration of WSEs was found and where the interference was most severe, in one of the wind farms three WSEs were observed inside the WF area which was the highest number noticed for this category in the study.Based on the low occurrence of WSEs and the accessible land area in the north-east part of Sweden (Pajala), it was considered the least critical area in terms of risk mitigation for WSE interference. A similar scenario was noticed in the southern part of Gävleborg, however in this case it was mainly a slowdown of population growth related to issues with habitat preference that enabled further possibilities for wind power investments.

This thesis aims to investigate if the hourly heat load consumptiondata can be used to approximate the daily consumptions patterns forbuildings connected to Göteborg Energi’s district heating network. Theapproximated data shall act as foundation for dimensioning of thedistrict heating network. In this work, it is studied how theconsumption approximation are due to changes in the outdoortemperature between different years.The aim is to develop an approximation model for hourly heat loadpatterns, heat output, water flow and return temperature from thedistrict heating substations of individual buildings regardless ofbuilding types. The approximation methods used in the hourlyapproximation model is multiple ridge regression. Regression trees areused to define breaking points such as the building balance pointtemperature from the consumer heat load pattern. Two separateregression intervals were defined based on breaking points from theregression tree. Outdoor temperature data, solar radiation data,weekday and weekends data used as predictors.The approximation model is evaluated against a reference model usingthe daily mean heat load consumption data. Evaluation between themodel and reference is made on six different building and buildingtypes during the outdoor temperature of -16, which is the designoutdoor temperature of the district heating system of Göteborg Energi.The approximated maximum heat output and water flow during the daywhere 18 % and 10 % above the approximated daily mean. Theapproximated return temperature where 43-51 °C compared to the dailymean of 42 °C for a warm year and 47-52,5 °C compared to 50 °C dailymean for a cold year.The hourly approximation model where able to capture the heat loadpatterns of different building types. However, higher demands on dataquality needs to be addressed to ensure the use of the hourlyapproximation model. / I detta examensarbete har en undersökning angående värmelastapproximationer baserade påtimupplöst kundlastdata gjorts. Värmelasterna som approximerades var värmeeffekt,vattenflöde och returtemperatur. Data för utomhustemperatur, helg och vardag samtsolinstrålningsdata har använts för att kunna approximera värmelasterna. Resultat avapproximationer har visualiserats i relation till utomhustemperaturen och har utvärderats fördimensionerande utomhustemperatur. Utvärdering gjordes på olika byggnader ochbyggnadstyper. Resultat av approximationsmodell med timupplöst kundlastdata utvärderadesmot modell baserad på dygnsmedeldata. Modellerna testades för två olika år med skildautomhustemperaturer, ett kall-år och ett varm-år.Resultat visar att det är möjligt att fånga den timvisa värmelasten hos enskilda kunder och skulleinnebära ett bättre underlag vid dimensionering. Detta då högsta värmelasten under ett dygnskiljer sig från dygnsmedellasten. Att implementera modell med timdatat ökar känsligheten imodellen och ställer högre krav på den inhämtade kundlastdatat. Mätare i fjärrvärmecentralerbör ses över för säkerställning av god mätupplösning och mätprecision.

With a need for rapid growth of renewable energy sources like photovoltaics, there will also be a competition of land. Agriculture and solar energy share the same optimum conditions of land to produce. But with a combination of the two on the same surface, a concept called agrivoltaic, that issue can be solved. This projects has investigated the possibilities of implementing an agrivoltaic system in Sweden in the near future with a focus on solar irradiation, energy production and crop selection. The decrease in solar irradiation under the panels was simulated because it is an important parameter in making these kinds of systems profitable from a crop and energy perspective. The annual energy production and energy yield was also simulated for various system designs for a comparison between the two important parameters of an agrivoltaic system.  One solar fence system, a single axis tracker system and an integrated PV system was chosen for the simulations. In general, all results of agrivoltaics is location dependent due to important differences in solar irradiance and climate. The solar fence system had the best results regarding the solar irradiance, with a decrease in the range of 3-5% and 20-28 % depending on the design. Single axis trackers had a minimum 3-8 % and maximum 40-59 % and integrated PV had a minimum 42-60% and maximum 50-75 % reduction. When the annual energy was compared with a row spacing of 12 m, the solar fence has an annual energy of 1738 kWh and single axis trackers got 2812 kWh. The results indicate that depending on what is most important for the system, the recommendations are different. If energy is more important, then the single axis tracker system can be a good fit but if it is solar irradiance, the solar fence is better. Both systems should be suitable for shade tolerant crops but if experimenting with others such as field bean and barley, the solar fence is more appropriate. The results for the integrated panels designs indicates that these designs are not a good first fit for Sweden since the reduction is greater than 50 % for most designs. Since there is only one agrivoltaic system in Sweden with results on one type of crop, there is a need for more systems with different designs and crops to be able to tell the real potential of agrivoltaics is Sweden. / För att nå nationella mål om förnybara energikällor i den svenska energimixen behövs en snabbtillväxt. Regeringen har efterfrågat en strategi för att öka de förnyelsebara energikällorna framtill 2040. Det skulle innebära en ökning av solenergin och därmed också öka konkurrensen avmarkytor. Agrivoltaics är ett koncept som kombinerar solceller och jordbruk på samma yta ochdärmed är konkurrensen av markyta inte ett problem vid implementering av sådana projekt.Detta projekt har undersökt möjligheten att implementera ett agrivoltaic system i Sverigeeftersom det har blivit ett hett ämne inom solcellsindustrin. Syftet med denna studie är att tafram ett underlag för Svea Solar som kan vara till hjälp för att avgöra vilket agrivoltaic systemsom är bäst för en första implementering i Sverige beroende på solinstrålning, energiproduktionoch val av grödor. Detta inkluderade att föra en förstudie av olika befintliga agrivoltaic systemoch intervjua tidigare jordbrukskunder till Svea Solar. Den största oron bland bönderna var hurett sådant system skulle påverka skörden, energiproduktionen och därmed ekonomin. Detta varanledningen till att solinstrålning valdes som en viktig parameter att simulera. Solceller ochfotosyntesen i växter behöver solinstrålning för att producera och därför är det en viktig faktori utformningen av ett agrivoltaic system.Solinstrålningen under utvalda system och solpaneler simulerades. Energiutbytet simuleradesockså för att kunna jämföra de båda viktiga faktorerna av ett agrivoltaic system. Ett systemmed vertikala paneler (Solar fence), ett enaxlat spårsystem (Single axis tracker system) och ettintegrerat system valdes för simuleringarna. Ett integrerat system definieras genom att en delmaterial i ett system/objekt ersätts med ett annat, i detta fall solceller. Till exempel plasten somanvända i odlingstunnlar för produktion av bland annat bär.Generellt är resultaten för agrivoltaic system plastsberoende på grund av viktiga skillnader isolinstrålning och klimat. Resultaten visade hur mycket solinstrålningen och därmed också denårliga energin minskade beroende på systemdesign. De vertikala panelerna visade på bästresultat vad gäller solinstrålningen med en minsta minskning på 3-5 % och som mest 20-28 %under hela dagen beroende på design. Enaxlade spårare hade minst 3-8 % och som mest 40-59% och integrerade systemet hade minst 42-60 % och mest 50-75 % minskning avsolinstrålningen. När den årliga energiproduktionen jämfördes med ett fast radavstånd på 12 mhade de vertikala panelerna ett årligt resultat på 1738 kWh i jämförelse med det enaxladesystemet som producerade 2812 kWh.Resultaten, från simuleringen av solinstrålning, indikerar att ett vertikalt system är bäst lämpatför att experimentera med olika grödor, skuggtåliga men också mer känsliga grödor såsom kornoch åkerböna. Enaxliga spårare är ett bra alternativ med skuggtåliga grödor om elproduktionenär den viktigaste delen av systemet, då den gav goda resultat i energisimuleringen. Resultatenför de integrerade systemen indikerar att dessa konstruktioner inte passar lika bra för Sverigeeftersom minskningen av solinstrålning är markant större.

Simulation of a wall jet in an enclosure performed to predict the effect of pulsation flow on improving the performance of mixing ventilation systems which are routine practices in industry. Comparing two flows with equal amount for constant and pulsation modes, it was found out that the same global airflow pattern exists for both of the cases but with generation of more eddies and local periodically velocity variations for pulsation mode. This periodic generation of turbulence at pulsatile ventilation flows happen despite the relatively low Reynolds numbers of such flows.Bigger size of boundary layer and higher turbulent kinetic energy for pulsation mode in comparisonwith the same flow rate in constant velocity mode could result in more ventilation capacity with no need to increase the use of energy. It was seen that while a higher constant velocity rate could produce the same acceptable results in terms of higher efficiency in ventilation, a lower pulsated flow could yields it without the risk of draught. Regarding the thesis procedure, the computational solution started with a grid independency study. 2-Dimensional simulation failed to simulate the results similar to the experimental data. No URANS model was able to yield good outcome in 2D mode. The study was continued with 3D SST-kω which yielded good prediction of velocity profiles near the wall regions. For predicting turbulence parameters in the center of the domain SST-URANS was not helpful so, simulation switched to SAS which was successful to some extent to get close to reality.