O objetivo geral do estudo foi investigar o impacto do calçado minimalista e dos calçados esportivos com entressola de termoplástico Poliuretano expandido (TPE) sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e o desempenho durante a corrida. O estudo 1 comparou o calçado minimalista e o calçado com TPE na economia de corrida (EC) e o desempenho. Doze corredores homens foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: a) teste progressivo até a exaustão para caracterização da amostra; b) duas corridas contrarrelógio de 3 km em uma pista de atletismo de 400 m e ao final dos testes responderam uma avaliação de conforto. c) quatro testes de corrida submáxima de 6 minutos em uma esteira para determinar a EC, o custo de oxigênio (CTO2) e a componente vertical da força reação do solo. Houve uma maior EC (~2,4%) (P = 0,01), aumento do primeiro pico (~15,8%) (P = 0,01) e diminuição da taxa de propulsão (~15,9%) (P = 0,01) no TPE em comparação ao calçado minimalista. No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre TPE e minimalistas para CTO2 (P = 0,61) e desempenho total de corrida (P = 0,61). Essas descobertas revelaram que o calçado TPE produz uma EC maior e uma taxa de propulsão mais baixa em comparação com calçados minimalistas, mas essas melhorias não foram acompanhadas por mudanças no CTO2 e, consequentemente, no desempenho na corrida. O estudo 2 comparou 3 calçados com diferenças percentuais de TPE inserido na entressola. As principais diferenças metodológicas foram a análise da EMG e o teste de corrida de 10 km. Não houve diferença estatística entre os calçados para as variáveis EC, componente vertical da força reação do solo (FRS), EMG e desempenho. A análise de regressão revelou que 96% do desempenho em uma prova de 10 km podem ser explicados pelas variáveis altura do arco e controle médio-lateral para o modelo de calçado TPE 55%. Nenhuma variável biomecânica analisada neste estudo foi capaz de identificar alguma diferença que pudesse estabelecer uma diferença entre os calçados que repercutisse em desempenho ou EC. Os resultados práticos dos estudos revelaram que correr com calçado TPE melhora a EC em comparação ao calçado minimalista. No entanto, a melhora na EC não se refletiu em desempenho no teste de corrida de 3 km. Diferentes porcentagens de TPE inseridos na entressola do calçado não produziram diferenças na EC e desempenho em uma prova de 10km. Desta forma, ainda não é possível dizer qual calçado é capaz de reduzir o tempo gasto em uma prova de corrida de curta ou longa duração / The overall objective of the study was to investigate the impact of minimalist footwear and sports shoes with midsole thermoplastic expanded polyurethane (TPE) on physiological parameters and performance during running. Study 1 compared minimalist shoes and TPE shoes in running economy and performance. Twelve male distance runners performed the following tests: a) a maximal incremental test to characterize the sample; b) two 3-km time-trials on an outdoor 400 m track and at the end of tests answered an evaluation of comfort. c) four 6-min submaximal running tests on a treadmill to determine the RE, energetic cost (CTO2) of 3 km running time-trial and ground reaction force parameters. The athletes performed the sub-maximal running tests and 3-km time trials using the TPE and minimalist shoes. There was a higher RE (~2.4%) (P = 0.01), increased first peak (~15.8%) (P = 0.01), and decrease push-off rate (~15.9%) (P = 0.01) in TPU compared with minimalist shoes. However, there were not significant differences TPU and minimalist shoes for CTO2 (P = 0.61) and overall running performance (P = 0.61). These findings revealed that TPU produces a higher RE and a lower push-off rate when compared to minimalist shoes, but these improvements were not accompanied by changes in CTO2 and, consequently in running performance. Study 2 compared 3 shoes with differences percentage TPE inserted in the midsole. The main methodological differences were the EMG analysis and the 10 km running time-trial. There was no statistical difference between shoes for the EC, vertical component of ground reaction force and EMG. Regression analysis revealed that 96% of the performance in a 10 km running time-trial can be explained by the variable height of the arch and medial-lateral control to the shoe model TPE 55%. No biomechanical variable analyzed in this study was able to identify any differences that could establish a difference between the shoes that had repercussions on RE or performance. The practical results of the studies have shown that running with TPE improves the RE compared to minimalist shoes. However, the improvement in RE was not reflected in performance in the 3-km running time-trial. Different percentages of TPE inserted in the shoe midsole did not produce differences in RE and performance in a 10km running time-trial. Thus, it is not possible to tell which shoes is able to reduce the time spent on a short or long running race

<p>Riksbyggen Fastighetsservice is a company whose businesses cope with building construction and related services. The local office of Riksbyggen Fastighetsservice in Gävle has been studied in this project. The local office locates in Näringen 20:4, which was constructed in 1989.</p><p> </p><p>The aim of this project is to make a diagnosis of the current situation; find out the most applicable way of optimizing the operation of the facility in order to reduce the energy consumption, to study costs and possible savings and provide assistance with future energy management.   </p><p> </p><p>Firstly, a study of Energy Balance was conducted. The transmission losses was 57761 KWh; mechanical ventilation losses 3855 KWh; hot tap water heat losses 9579 KWh; natural transmission and infiltration 6897 KWh. On the other hand, heat gain from internal heat was 12707 KWh; solar radiation 8521 KWh; and supply heat 56806 KWh.</p><p> </p><p>Secondly, the energy costs have been checked out. 29655 KWh of electricity was consumed in 2008. 5948 KWh was used by 20 fuses electricity and 23707 KWh was for 25 fuses. Lighting, electrical equipment and machine composed the electricity consumption. Lighting consumes 13278 KWh; equipment consumes 6452 KWh; and machine consumes 9925 KWh. Lighting electricity was composed by office lighting and workshop lighting with 4798 KWh and 8480 KWh respectively.</p><p> </p><p>Electricity cost is very complicated and flexible in Sweden according to effect and consumption. The total cost of electricity consists of electricity commerce fee and electricity transmission net. Electricity commerce fee includes annual fixed fee, electricity fee, energy certificate and tax. Electricity transmission fee includes annual fixed transmission fee, grid fee and tax. Tax plays vital important role which results in huge total cost. The local office spent 43356 kr on electricity in 2008. 4798 kr was spent on office lighting, and 8480 kr was spent on workshop lighting.</p><p> </p><p>On the other hand district heating fee is composed by annual fixed fee, effect fee, energy fee and tax. The local office spent 37142 kr on 56.806 MWh of district heating in 2008. Thus, the local office purchased 86461 KWh of energies and spent 80498 kr in total in 2008.</p><p> </p><p>Thirdly, to assist its energy traces and management, three tables were designed. One table is for annual energy consumption and cost in each month with all information of sub-terms on costs. One table is for annual electricity consumption for each electrical equipment and cost in accordance. Another table is for district heating consumption and cost. </p><p> </p><p>At last, energy saving possibilities was explored. One way is applying improvements or maintenance of the office construction. The result of Energy Balance shows that transmission losses were 57761 KWh which occupies 74% of the total losses, and it is the biggest bite. As the office was constructed in 1989, if improvements and maintenance can be applied to the insulation of floor, roof and walls, or change the windows, the heat losses can be reduced.</p><p> </p><p>However, the other solution might be much more applicable and financial sound. Just go to Clas Ohlson to buy LED 1 W and 3 W lamps to replace the current bulbs. Spending 3009 kr to buy 51 LED incandescent bulbs of 1W effect, and 3576 kr on 24 LED fluorescent of 3W effect, will save 12057 kr every year. The lighting electricity consumption will be reduced from 13278 KWh / year to 264 KWh / year. Instead of spending 16017 kr on lighting, 98% will be reduced, and only 318 kr will be paid. Moreover, the payback is really nice, only 0.42 year. Action! The sooner the better! 20% of energy cost will be saved!</p>

Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’étudier la faisabilité de réaliser des mesures du travail mécanique au cours de différentes marches pathologiques et de répondre à la question suivante : « La mesure du travail mécanique permet-elle d’expliquer l’augmentation du coût énergétique de la marche dans différents déficits unilatéraux ? ». L’énergétique et la mécanique de la marche ont été évaluées dans les quatre déficits unilatéraux suivants : l’hémiparésie, la gonarthrose unilatérale, l’arthroplastie totale d’un genou et l’amputation partielle d’un membre inférieur. Au terme de ce travail, il apparaît que : (a) les mesures du travail mécanique sont réalisables dans les quatre déficits unilatéraux choisis ; (b) les variables mécaniques permettent d’expliquer l’augmentation du coût énergétique de la marche ; (c) l’augmentation du coût énergétique ne peut être expliquée par l’inefficacité du mécanisme pendulaire de la marche.

This thesis studies technological progress in the energy sector and the transition path from fossil fuels to renewable energy, with a particular emphasis on the conse- quences to the whole economy. Currently, there is an active discussion regarding sub- sidizing renewable energy sources, which are often portrayed as the sole future source of energy and the driver of signi cant employment and economic growth. However, innovation in the fossil fuel sector and its continuing development can also be a game changer and should not be ignored. In the rst chapter, we use a dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous technological progress in energy production to study the optimal transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in a neoclassical growth economy. We emphasize the importance of modeling technology innovation in the fossil fuel sector, as well as in the renewable energy industry. Advancements in the development of shale oil and gas increase the supply of fossil fuel. This implies that the \parity cost target" for renewables is a moving one. We believe that this important observation is often neglected in policy discussions. Our quantitative analysis nds that these advancements allow fossil fuels to remain competitive for a longer period of time. While technological breakthroughs in the fossil fuel sector have postponed the full transition to renewable energy, they have also created many jobs and stimulated local economies. In the third chapter, we use an econometric analysis to compare job creation in the shale gas and oil sectors with that in the wind power sector in Texas. The results show that shale development and well drilling activities have brought strong employment and wage growth to Texas, while the impact of wind industry development on employment and wages statewide has been either not statistically signi cant or quite small. The rst and third chapters question the current enthusiasm in policy circles for only focusing on alternative energy. Chapter 2 provides some theoretical support for subsidizing renewable energy development. Here we develop a decentralized ver- sion of the model in Chapter 1 and allow for technological externalities. We analyze the e ciency of the competitive equilibrium solution and discuss in particular dif- ferent scenarios whereby externalities can result in an ine cient outcome. We show that the decentralized economy with externalities leads to under-investment in R&D, lower investment and consumption, and delayed transition to the renewable economy. This may provide an opportunity for government action to improve private sector outcomes.

Riksbyggen Fastighetsservice is a company whose businesses cope with building construction and related services. The local office of Riksbyggen Fastighetsservice in Gävle has been studied in this project. The local office locates in Näringen 20:4, which was constructed in 1989.   The aim of this project is to make a diagnosis of the current situation; find out the most applicable way of optimizing the operation of the facility in order to reduce the energy consumption, to study costs and possible savings and provide assistance with future energy management.      Firstly, a study of Energy Balance was conducted. The transmission losses was 57761 KWh; mechanical ventilation losses 3855 KWh; hot tap water heat losses 9579 KWh; natural transmission and infiltration 6897 KWh. On the other hand, heat gain from internal heat was 12707 KWh; solar radiation 8521 KWh; and supply heat 56806 KWh.   Secondly, the energy costs have been checked out. 29655 KWh of electricity was consumed in 2008. 5948 KWh was used by 20 fuses electricity and 23707 KWh was for 25 fuses. Lighting, electrical equipment and machine composed the electricity consumption. Lighting consumes 13278 KWh; equipment consumes 6452 KWh; and machine consumes 9925 KWh. Lighting electricity was composed by office lighting and workshop lighting with 4798 KWh and 8480 KWh respectively.   Electricity cost is very complicated and flexible in Sweden according to effect and consumption. The total cost of electricity consists of electricity commerce fee and electricity transmission net. Electricity commerce fee includes annual fixed fee, electricity fee, energy certificate and tax. Electricity transmission fee includes annual fixed transmission fee, grid fee and tax. Tax plays vital important role which results in huge total cost. The local office spent 43356 kr on electricity in 2008. 4798 kr was spent on office lighting, and 8480 kr was spent on workshop lighting.   On the other hand district heating fee is composed by annual fixed fee, effect fee, energy fee and tax. The local office spent 37142 kr on 56.806 MWh of district heating in 2008. Thus, the local office purchased 86461 KWh of energies and spent 80498 kr in total in 2008.   Thirdly, to assist its energy traces and management, three tables were designed. One table is for annual energy consumption and cost in each month with all information of sub-terms on costs. One table is for annual electricity consumption for each electrical equipment and cost in accordance. Another table is for district heating consumption and cost.    At last, energy saving possibilities was explored. One way is applying improvements or maintenance of the office construction. The result of Energy Balance shows that transmission losses were 57761 KWh which occupies 74% of the total losses, and it is the biggest bite. As the office was constructed in 1989, if improvements and maintenance can be applied to the insulation of floor, roof and walls, or change the windows, the heat losses can be reduced.   However, the other solution might be much more applicable and financial sound. Just go to Clas Ohlson to buy LED 1 W and 3 W lamps to replace the current bulbs. Spending 3009 kr to buy 51 LED incandescent bulbs of 1W effect, and 3576 kr on 24 LED fluorescent of 3W effect, will save 12057 kr every year. The lighting electricity consumption will be reduced from 13278 KWh / year to 264 KWh / year. Instead of spending 16017 kr on lighting, 98% will be reduced, and only 318 kr will be paid. Moreover, the payback is really nice, only 0.42 year. Action! The sooner the better! 20% of energy cost will be saved!

This thesis has improved Baltazar's methodology for potential energy savings estimation from retro-commissioning/retrofits measures. Important improvements and discussions are made on optimization parameters, limits on optimization parameter values, minimum airflow setting for VAV systems, space load calculation, simulation of buildings with more than one type of system, AHU shutdown simulation, and air-side simulation models. A prototype computer tool called the Potential Energy Savings Estimation (PESE) Toolkit is developed to implement the improved methodology and used for testing. The implemented methodology is tested in two retro-commissioned on-campus buildings with hourly measured consumption data. In the Sanders Corps of Cadets Center, the optimized profiles of parameter settings in single parameter optimizations can be explained with engineering principles. It reveals that the improved methodology is implemented correctly in the tool. The case study on the Coke Building shows that the improved methodology can be used in buildings with more than one system type. The methodology is then used to estimate annual potential energy cost savings for 14 office buildings in Austin, TX with very limited information and utility bills. The methodology has predicted an average total potential savings of 36% for SDVAV systems with electric terminal reheat, 22% for SDVAV systems with hot water reheat, and 25% for DDVAV systems. The estimations are compared with savings predicted in the Continuous Commissioning assessment report. The results show it may be helpful to study the correlation by using generalized factors of assessment predicted energy cost savings to estimated potential energy cost savings. The factors identified in this application are 0.68, 0.66, and 0.61 for each type of system. It is noted that one should be cautious in quoting these factors in future projects. In the future, it would be valuable to study the correlation between measured savings and estimated potential savings in a large number of buildings with retrocommissioning measures implemented. Additionally, further testing and modifications on the PESE Toolkit are necessary to make it a reliable software tool.

South Africa is currently facing a major electricity crisis due to the continuous growth in electricity demand. Eskom, the largest electricity supplier in South Africa, have enabled numerous methods to support energy reduction in both the residential and industrial sectors. Programs developed by Eskom to help the different major electricity consuming industries with the development of energy efficient and load shift strategies, have already been put into practice. These programs solely focus on the potential savings in megawatts each production sector might consist of. The key features of the Eskom electricity reduction initiative are driven by the energy efficiency concept and the peak demand load shift capability. Both the load shift and energy efficient initiatives are mostly active in the mining industry, because of the high electricity consumption levels of a standard mining operation. One of the most inefficient systems currently active within a mining operation is the ventilation control system. This dissertation describes the energy efficient and load shift research on the current underground ventilation system by means of certain design methodologies that might improve the inefficient operational features on both the standard underground auxiliary fans and the main surface fans. The operational features of a standard 2-pole 45 kW issued auxiliary fan were tested, by using a fan-testing column to compare the performance criteria to that of an improved auxiliary fan design. An energy saving potential on a single 45 kW unit of 11 kW was evident during the testing analysis. This amounted to an estimated annual energy saving potential of R 370,000.00 with a total saving of 561 kW on all the installed 45 kW units at Kopanang goldmine, by means of an investment in the replacement of the current installed units with that of the improved units. A secondary study was to gather information on the main surface fan operational features at Kopanang and Mponeng goldmines. The gathered information showed an estimated possibility for load shift and efficiency initiatives, which will result in fan operating life expansion and electricity savings capabilities. Annual electricity savings of up to R I ,500,000.00 were calculated on efficiency and load shift strategies and gave an indication on how costly inefficient operations are. The calculated I 0% increase in main fan efficiency resulted in an annual saving of nearly R 1,100,000.00 with a reduction of 1,05 MW at Mponeng goldmine and an annual saving of nearly R 721,000.00 with a reduction of 675 kW at Kopanang goldmine. The load shift potential at Mponeng and Kopanang goldmines were nearly 3,5 MW and 2,25 MW respectively. Capital investments from either Eskom or alternative investors will definitely play a crucial part in the realization of energy efficiency and load shift measures. It may include, improved fan installations, variable speed drives for the main fans and real time management systems. If the mine should decide to invest in these efficient strategies, the proposed Eskom DSM program might result in a net energy savings potential for any mining operation. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

South Africa is currently facing a major electricity crisis due to the continuous growth in electricity demand. Eskom, the largest electricity supplier in South Africa, have enabled numerous methods to support energy reduction in both the residential and industrial sectors. Programs developed by Eskom to help the different major electricity consuming industries with the development of energy efficient and load shift strategies, have already been put into practice. These programs solely focus on the potential savings in megawatts each production sector might consist of. The key features of the Eskom electricity reduction initiative are driven by the energy efficiency concept and the peak demand load shift capability. Both the load shift and energy efficient initiatives are mostly active in the mining industry, because of the high electricity consumption levels of a standard mining operation. One of the most inefficient systems currently active within a mining operation is the ventilation control system. This dissertation describes the energy efficient and load shift research on the current underground ventilation system by means of certain design methodologies that might improve the inefficient operational features on both the standard underground auxiliary fans and the main surface fans. The operational features of a standard 2-pole 45 kW issued auxiliary fan were tested, by using a fan-testing column to compare the performance criteria to that of an improved auxiliary fan design. An energy saving potential on a single 45 kW unit of 11 kW was evident during the testing analysis. This amounted to an estimated annual energy saving potential of R 370,000.00 with a total saving of 561 kW on all the installed 45 kW units at Kopanang goldmine, by means of an investment in the replacement of the current installed units with that of the improved units. A secondary study was to gather information on the main surface fan operational features at Kopanang and Mponeng goldmines. The gathered information showed an estimated possibility for load shift and efficiency initiatives, which will result in fan operating life expansion and electricity savings capabilities. Annual electricity savings of up to R I ,500,000.00 were calculated on efficiency and load shift strategies and gave an indication on how costly inefficient operations are. The calculated I 0% increase in main fan efficiency resulted in an annual saving of nearly R 1,100,000.00 with a reduction of 1,05 MW at Mponeng goldmine and an annual saving of nearly R 721,000.00 with a reduction of 675 kW at Kopanang goldmine. The load shift potential at Mponeng and Kopanang goldmines were nearly 3,5 MW and 2,25 MW respectively. Capital investments from either Eskom or alternative investors will definitely play a crucial part in the realization of energy efficiency and load shift measures. It may include, improved fan installations, variable speed drives for the main fans and real time management systems. If the mine should decide to invest in these efficient strategies, the proposed Eskom DSM program might result in a net energy savings potential for any mining operation. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Silvia Azucena Nebra de Pérez / Tese ( doutorado)- Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho é obter uma abordagem termoeconômica sistemática que possa ser aplicada a qualquer sistema de potência e de refrigeração cujos fluidos de trabalho operem num ciclo termodinâmico. Para isso, é proposta uma interpretação termodinâmica dos termos gerados pela formulação dos Modelos H&S e UFS. Neste trabalho também é proposto um novo nível de desagregação da exergia física, chamado aqui Modelo UFS+, tal que supera a limitação do Modelo UFS quanto ao isolamento de dispositivos isentálpicos de estrangulamento quando o fluido expandido comporta-se como gás ideal. Uma comparação com as componentes térmica e mecânica é feita em tal situação. Além disso, um estudo de caso é feito, cujo sistema estudado é uma turbina a gás com reator nuclear operando em cogeração. Os resultados mostram que a desagregação total do sistema, em relação à construção do diagrama funcional, é obtida somente com a aplicação do Modelo UFS+. Também neste trabalho, propõe-se o desenvolvimento de uma sistemática livre de arbitrariedades para obtenção do insumo e do produto de um volume de controle qualquer. A sistemática proposta é aplicada para modelar vários componentes de engenharia. Além disso, um estudo de caso é feito, cujo sistema estudado é uma planta de refrigeração por compressão com dois evaporadores. Os resultados mostram que a sistemática pode ser aplicada para construção do diagrama funcional do sistema para todos os níveis de desagregação de exergia. Por fim, uma síntese dos resultados é feita, além da apresentação das contribuições deste trabalho e de sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / The main goal of this work is to develop a systematic thermoeconomic approach that can be applied to model any power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycles. In order to achieve such goal, it is proposed a thermodynamic meaning of the terms formulated by the H&S and UFS Models. In this work, it is also proposed a new physical exergy splitting level, here called UFS+ Model, which overcomes the UFS Model limitation regarding the throttling devices isolation when the working fluid behaves as an ideal gas. A comparison between the proposed model and the thermal and mechanical components is done. Also, it is done a case study, whose studied system is a nuclear gas turbine plant running in cogeneration mode. Results show that the total system disaggregation is obtained when one applies the UFS+ Model only, regarding the functional diagram drawing. In this work, it is also proposed the development of an arbitrariness free systematic to obtain fuel and product for any control volume. The proposal is applied to model some engineering equipment. Also, a case study is done, whose studied system is a compression refrigeration plant with two evaporators. Results show that the proposal can be applied to draw the system functional diagram for all exergy splitting levels. Finally, it is done a synthetic appraisal of results as well as the presentation of the contributions made by this work and suggestions for future research.