This dissertation analyzes the effect of insulation on the price of housing units in Opava city. In the theoretical part of the dissertation deals with the subject of appraisement, the energy intensity of buildings and technical-economic evaluation. In the practical part sets the prices of selected housing units by direct comparison, the comparative method by regulation and yield value. It assesses whether the possible range in the valuation regulations (5%) reflects the fact that the recognized building insulated in accordance to the current legislation. It detects the energy nature of a apartment building in which they are placed selected apartments. The goal is to determine a price increase of housing units due to insulation and evaluates the appropriateness and inappropriateness of buying from the investor's perspective.

This thesis deals with current topics of today, such as the issue of valuation of real estate and energy performance of buildings. The content is divided into a theoretical part where the first general and then specifically looks at the issue, and the practical part, which contains the calculations for determining the price of the selected house by direct comparison and cost methods by decree. It also specifies the energy performance of the house in its current state, and after the thermal insulation. Orientation also the return on the investments made from the perspective of the investor. The aim of this study is to assess the extent to which there is an increase in the price of a house due to the thermal insulation.

This thesis analyzes the impact of insulation on the price of flats in Zdar. In the theoretical part of the thesis deals with the theme of energy demand and pricing. The second part sets the prices of selected flats in different valuation methods, namely: direct comparison method, comparative method and cost method. Furthermore, the work deals with energy conservation, depending on the thermal insulation. The aim is to determine whether and by how much prices will rise flats due to the additional insulation, what are the savings in heat and what about payback to investment.

Актуальность данной работы обусловлена тем, что Китай – самая большая развивающаяся страна в мире, и его потребление энергии намного больше, чем в других странах. Энергосбережение и повышение энергоэффективности экономики – это укрепление энергетической и национальной безопасности страны. Повышение энергоэффективности и энергосбережение способствуют снижению потребления природных ресурсов и сокращению вредных выбросов в окружающую среду. Объект исследования – потребление энергетических ресурсов в Китае. Предмет исследования – организационно-экономические отношения в процессе повышения энергоэффективности экономики Китая. Цель диссертационного исследования состоит в анализе современного состояния в сфере энергосбережения в мире и Китае и выработке предложений по повышению уровня энергоэффективности национальной экономики Китая. Научная новизна диссертационного исследования заключается в том, что выявлены особенности изменения структуры потребления энергетических ресурсов в стране в результате реализации энергетической политики Китая; предложено строительство фотоэлектрической солнечной электростанции в провинции Китая и проведена эколого-экономическая оценка инвестиционного проекта с применением показателя LCOE. / The relevance of this work is due to the fact that China is the largest developing country in the world, and its energy consumption is much higher than in other countries. Energy saving and increasing the energy efficiency of the economy is the strengthening of the country's energy and national security. Improving energy efficiency and saving energy helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources and reduce harmful emissions into the environment. The object of research is the consumption of energy resources in China. The subject of the research is organizational and economic relations in the process of increasing the energy efficiency of the Chinese economy. The purpose of the dissertation research is to analyze the current state of energy conservation in the world and China and to develop proposals to improve the energy efficiency of the national economy of China. The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is that the features of the change in the structure of consumption of energy resources in the country as a result of the implementation of China's energy policy are revealed; proposed the construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant in the province of China and carried out an environmental and economic assessment of the investment project using the LCOE indicator.

No description available.

Die steigende Verknappung der Ressourcen bei stetigem Bevölkerungswachstum und der sich vollziehende Klimawandel erfordern Nachhaltigkeit in allen Ebenen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es eine allgemein anwendbare Methode zur Energiebilanzierung in der Tierhaltung am Beispiel der Milchviehhaltung zu entwickeln und darauf aufbauend Indikatoren zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit des Energieeinsatzes im Milchproduktionsverfahren zu ermitteln. Anhand eines theoretischen Standardverfahrens der Milchproduktion wird eine Energieintensität von 3,54 MJ zur Herstellung von einem kg Milch bei einer definierten Einzeltierleistung von 8.000 kg Milch Kuh-1 Jahr-1 berechnet. Hierbei wird der kumulierte Energieaufwand (KEA) komplett dem Zielprodukt Milch zugeordnet. Stark beeinflussbar ist die Energieintensität durch die Fütterungsgestaltung, wobei beispielsweise ein steigender Kraftfutteranteil in der Ration die Energieintensität erhöht. Die Analyse der Daten von zwei Praxisbetrieben bestätigen die Ergebnisse. Aufgrund der Kuppelproduktentstehung in der Milchviehhaltung werden unterschiedliche Allokationsmethoden des KEA der Milchproduktion auf die einzelnen Produkte entwickelt und diskutiert. Die ermittelte Vorzugsmethode empfiehlt folgende Allokation des KEA auf die vier Kuppelprodukte: 59 % des KEA wird dem Zielprodukt Milch zugeordnet, 18 % der Schlachtkuh, 2 % dem Kalb und 21% den Exkrementen. Die Durchführung einer Fehlerfolgeabschätzung zeigt, dass Einzelunsicherheiten aufgrund der Vielzahl der einfließenden Parameter in der Energiebilanzierung der Milchproduktion nur geringen Einfluss auf den KEA haben. Der Einfluss von Verfahrensänderungen durch betriebs- und managementbedingte Entscheidungen auf den KEA ist bedeutend höher. Als geeigneter Indikator zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit des Energieeinsatzes in der Tierhaltung wurde die Energieintensität ermittelt. Diskussionswertebereiche für die Energieintensität wurden definiert. / The scarcity of resources, the progressive growth of population and the climate change require sustainability in all levels of the agricultural production. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of a method for a generally accepted way of balancing energy in livestock husbandry at the example of dairy farming. Afterwards sustainability indicators were determined for the assessment of the sustainable use of energy in dairy farming. For a defined standard procedure which includes an animal performance of 8.000 kg milk cow-1 year-1, an energy intensity of 3.54 MJ per kg milk is calculated.The investigations show that the CED in dairy farming is strongly affected by the composition of the diet. Increasing pasture in the diet decreases the CED while concentrate in the diet has a reverse effect. Data analyses concerning the energy intensity at two farms confirm the results of the calculations. Dairy farming is a multi-output process. For that reason the allocation of the cumulative energy demand on the different products is done within the scope of a life cycle inventory analysis. The preferable solution of the allocation divides the cumulative energy demand on the four co-products as follows: 59 % for the milk production, 18% for producing beef from the dairy cow, 2% for the calf and 21% for the excrements. An uncertainty analysis is done to verify the influence of single uncertainties on the results of the calculations. As result an uncertainty of ± 6 % of the CED of the standard procedure was calculated. This uncertainty of the calculation has a lower influence on the CED than management related decisions on the cultural practices e.g. diet compositions and service life of the cows. Energy intensity in livestock husbandry has been determined as a useful indicator and therefore a reasonable part of an indicator system for the examination of the sustainability of agricultural production procedures.

This thesis uses innovative approaches to analyse energy policy interventions aimed at enhancing the environmental sustainability of energy use as well as its consequential welfare implications. First, we examine the relationship between energy efficiency improvement and CO2 emissions at the macro level. We use the Index Decomposition Analysis to derive energy efficiency by separating out the impact of shifts in economic activity on energy intensity. We then employ econometric models to relate energy efficiency and CO2 emissions accounting for non-economic factors such as consumers lifestyle and attitudes. The applications for 13 OPEC and 30 OECD countries show that at the country-group and individual country level, increase in energy intensity for OPEC is associated with both deteriorations in energy efficiency and shifts towards energy-intensive activities. The model results suggest that the reduction in energy efficiency in general go in tandem with substantial increases in CO2 emissions. The decline in energy intensity for OECD can be attributed mainly to improvements in energy efficiency which is found to compensate for the impact on CO2 emissions of income changes. The results confirm the empirical relevance of energy efficiency improvements for the mitigation of CO2 emissions. The method developed in this chapter further enables the separate assessment of non-economic behavioural factors which according to the results exert a non-trivial influence on CO2 emissions. Secondly, having empirically confirmed the relationship between energy efficiency improvements and CO2 emission at the macro level in Chapter 2, we investigate potential underlying drivers of energy efficiency improvements taking into account potential asymmetric effects of energy price change in Chapter 3. This is crucial for designing effective and efficient policy measures that can promote energy efficiency. In addition to the Index Decomposition Analysis used to estimate the economy-wide energy efficiency in Chapter 2, we also use Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Data Envelop Analysis as alternative methods. The driving factors are examined using static and dynamic panel model methods that account for both observed and unobserved country heterogeneity. The application for 32 OECD countries shows that none of the three methods leads to correspondence in term of ranking between energy efficiency estimates and energy intensity at the country level corroborating the criticism that energy intensity is a poor proxy for energy efficiency. The panel-data regression results using the results of the three methods show similarities in the impacts of the determinants on the energy efficiency levels. Also, we find insignificant evidence of asymmetric effects of total energy price but there is proof of asymmetry using energy specific prices. Thirdly, in Chapter 4 we offer an improved understanding of the impacts to expect of abolishing fuel price subsidy on fuel consumption, and also of the welfare and distributional impacts at the household level. We develop a two-step approach for this purpose. Key aspect of the first step is a two-stage budgeting model to estimate various fuel types elasticities using micro-data. Relying on these estimates and the information on households expenditure shares for different commodities, the second step estimates the welfare (direct and indirect) and distributional impacts. The application for Nigeria emphasises the relevance of this approach. We find heterogeneous elasticities of fuel demand among household groups. The distributional impact of abolishing the kerosene subsidy shows a regressive welfare loss. Although we find a progressive loss for petrol, the loss gap between the low- and high-income groups is small relative to the loss gap from stopping kerosene subsidy, making the low-income groups to suffer a higher total welfare loss. Finally, from the highlighted results, we draw the following concluding remarks in chapter 5. Energy efficiency appears a key option to mitigate CO2 emissions but there is also a need for additional policies aiming for behavioural change; energy specific prices and allowing for asymmetry in analysing the changes in energy efficiency is more appropriate and informative in formulating reliable energy policies; the hypothesis that only the rich would be worse-off from fuel subsidy removal is rejected and the results further suggest that timing of the fuel subsidy removal would be crucial as a higher international oil price will lead to higher deregulated fuel price and consequently, larger welfare loss.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the quantitative potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions through changed patterns of consumption, given unchanged levels of consumption expenditure. The thesis question is analysed using a systems analysis approach which in this case means that life cycle assessment data on energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to household consumption are combined with a financial and behavioural analysis to make sure that the budget constraint is kept and that both the first and second order effects of adopting a green consumption pattern are analysed. The budget constraints are kept using a general linear model. By using marginal propensities to spend to direct the reallocation of saved or deficit money calculated utility is maintained as far as possible. Further, investigations explore the impact of individual household demographic characteristics and geographic context on household consumption patterns, energy requirements and CO2 emissions. The key result of this thesis is that changed household behaviour, choosing “green“ products and energy efficient technology will not make a big difference. What can be achieved in the short time perspective by adopting an almost completely green consumption pattern and energy efficient technology is a reduction of energy requirements by around 8% and CO2 emissions by around 13%. With a longer time perspective and further technological change that provides additional possibilities to move consumption patterns in a greener direction, the effect on energy requirements and CO2 emissions is still fairly small. By 2020, the potential to reduce energy requirements is around 13% and CO2 emissions around 25%. In the most extreme scenario (2050), the scope for reducing energy requirements is 17% and for CO2 emissions 30%. All these reductions will be outpaced by growth in income almost as soon as they are implemented. Of policy relevance the results reveal that very limited impact can be expected by a policy relying on greener consumption patterns, whether adopted voluntarily or as a result of incentives such as tax changes. Such a policy cannot achieve more than a small and temporary reduction to growth in energy requirements and CO2 emissions. It is also shown that, prescribing specific consumption patterns as a means of reducing energy requirements and CO2 emissions has to be done with care. This is illustrated by one of the experiments in which adopting a partly green consumption pattern, a green diet, in fact increased total energy requirements and CO2 emissions. This, and the results of all the other experiments show the importance of applying a systems approach. It demonstrates that life cycle data alone are irrelevant for assessing the total effects of adopting green consumption patterns. Further research on the potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions thus primarily needs to better capture system wide effects rather than to improve on, and fine tune the measurement of the energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to individual products.

The use of gas microturbines as a primary unit in CHP is still weak in the industrial process. It gives the driving force to the main aim of this master thesis, which is the technical and economic evaluation of the gas microturbines waste heat recovery system, which is the key factor for their economic sustainability. Assignment contains description of CHP system that was gradually built in LENP laboratory, part of NETME Centre. The author has joined the final work before start-up of the CHP system. He presents and describes results of the first experiments on this unit. The flue gas of a microturbine was used for heating water by heat exchanger flue gas–water and for direct linen drying. The case study of laundry with capacity 10 tons per shift was developed in cooperation with companies in laundry care. Results of those tests were used to process integration and utilization of this professional industrial laundry All obstacles found and opportunities of the use of microturbines are comprehensively described and tested in case studies, which are simulated in Chemstation Chemcad Software. Results of the thesis are expected to be useful these fields: the use of gas microturbines in industry & energy savings in industrial laundries.

The master's thesis deals with actual possibilities of acquisition water from air humidity in order to obtain fresh water, focusing on energy intensity of vapor-compression refrigeration for it is production. There is a basic determine study for Czech climatic zone in selected localities. For graded cooling capacity dependencies describing the acquisition of water from the air, where is the energy intensity ranges on average between 0,3 ÷ 0,5 kWh/l. For the selected family house are set the individual variants of non-potable rainwater management.