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M.Comm. ( Accounting) / Globally, the temperature is rising and some of the consequences are starting to show. This effect is known as global warming. The issue of global warming and environmental pollution is more serious than people realise as it is the starting point of potentially catastrophic events to come. The implementation of global emission reductions is imperative in order to prevent further global warming. All countries should be actively involved in the prevention of further global warming and the reduction of pollution. With the use of a comparative analysis of various environmental taxes internationally, the countries with established environmental tax frameworks can be used as a basis for the development of effective environmental tax frameworks in developing countries. This will ensure that developed as well as developing countries will be held accountable for their emissions and hopefully will make efforts to reduce their emissions. South Africa has very few environmental tax policies and the existing acts are not sufficient to ensure the effective reduction and management of its emissions. Successful environmental tax policies are those that are economically viable and easy to implement. This is achieved through successful implementation by the tax authorities as well as the taxpayers’ cooperation and acknowledgement of these policies.

This thesis focuses on environmental taxes and their gradual introduction in the Czech Republic within the ecological tax reform. The work mentions the history of environmental policy in the European Union, implementation and harmonization processes in the whole community in the area of ecology. Briefly touches on the objectives and principles of environmental protection that the European Union has set out the current environmental taxes and charges in the individual Member States. Among EU countries, details the history of the introduction of environmental taxes in Denmark and Sweden. The work is a general view of the reform in the country. Her appreciation and potential impacts of reform.

The purpose of this thesis is see if national policies regarding aimed at combating climate change could work even if international ones, such as the Kyoto Protocol, are considered to fail. The question was if environmental policies could be included as an explanatory variable for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The environmental polices of interest were the market-based instrument, environmental taxes.   First, the hypothesis whether or not Sweden fit the EKC theory is tested, and this proves to be the case when looking at the years 1800-1996. Second, a hypothesis was tested to see if environmental taxes can help decreasing carbon emission intensity further once a country has reached its turning point. Comparing Sweden to six other countries from the European Union show that this is the case, although environmental taxes must be one of many tools and cannot work alone.   The study shows that the role of taxes were significant, thus showing their importance for the work on climate change. It is also observed that national policies do work, while regional, or international, ones are harder to conduct. The importance of national policies is enhanced since they will be guiding countries when deciding whether or not to commit to international policies.

This diploma thesis aims to investigate an administrative costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic between 2013 and 2015. A value of administrative cost has been monitored for individual customs authorities. By using an indicator of the relative administrative cost thesis also assesses an overall effectiveness of Environmental taxes from perspective of tax entity and tax administrator. The main finding from this analysis shows that administration costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were lower and administration of these taxes was more effective than administration of Environmental Taxes in Slovakia. However in comparison with Excise Taxes in the Czech Republic the administration cost of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were higher and administration of these taxes was less effective. Overall the administration of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic could have been considered as effective in reviewed period.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18757号 / 経博第508号 / 新制||経||272(附属図書館) / 31708 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 和弘, 教授 神事 直人, 教授 柴田 章久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Po industrializacijos periodo buvo pastebėtas vis didėjantis neigiamas poveikis aplinkai, kuris nebuvo kiekybiškai apskaičiuojamas ir įtraukiamas į ekonomines sąskaitas. Aplinka ir ekonomika yra glaudžiai susijusios. Aplinka turi ekonominę vertę, kuri yra itin svarbi ir reikšminga visai ekonomikai, gamintojams ir vartotojams. Tik prieš šimtmetį pradėtas analizuoti ekonominės veiklos neigiamas poveikis aplinkai, kurį būtina valdyti, įtraukti į ekonominius skaičiavimus ir kaip galima labiau minimizuoti. Šio darbo tikslas - atlikti dviejų ekologinę mokesčių reformą įgyvendinusių šalių lyginamąją analizę ir pateikti rekomendacijas Lietuvai dėl galimos ekologinių mokesčių reformos įgyvendinimo plėtros. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama ekologinių mokesčių koncepcija: jų atsiradimo priežastys, tikslai, privalumai ir trūkumai, taip pat įtaka darniam šalies vystymuisi. Antroje dalyje apžvelgiamos ekologinių mokesčių reformos Švedijoje ir Vokietijoje, taip pat aprašomas šių reformų palyginimo bei Lietuvos esamos situacijos analizės šioje srityje metodologinis pagrindimas. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje atlikta lyginamoji reformų Švedijoje ir Vokietijoje rezultatų analizė įtraukiant ir Lietuvos aplinkos situacijos bei mokesčių vertinimą, taip pat pateikiamos rekomendacijos aplinkos mokesčių reformos plėtrai Lietuvoje. / Following industrialization, negative environmental impact, which previously had not been evaluated quantatively and was not included in economic accounts, was taken into account. Economics and the environment are closely related disciplines. The environment has economical value which is very relevant to the whole economy, producers and consumers. Only a century ago negative economic impact on the environment began to be analyzed and included in calculations with the aim of minimizing environmental impact as much as possible. The aim of this work is to undertake a comparable analysis of two countries which have already carried out eco-tax reform, and to propose recommendations about eco-tax reform introduction and development in Lithuania. The first part of this work examines the concept of eco-taxes: their causes, goals, strengths and weaknesses, as well as their impact on sustainable development. The second part is an overview of eco-tax reform in Sweden and Germany, and description of methodology of comparable analysis of eco-tax reform in Sweden and Germany, and of estimation of the tax situation in Lithuania. The last part includes comparable analysis of those 2 countries and Lithuania, as well it finishes with recommendations for eco-tax reform‘s possible results in Lithuania.

1 Taxes, charges and other similar instruments for the environmental protection The reason why I chose this theme is that the environmental protection from the perspective of financial law is a very topical issue in all EU countries, including the Czech Republic. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse instruments that are utilized for environmental protection. The thesis deals with direct and indirect regulatory instruments and the increased attention is paid to the energy taxes. The thesis is composed of five basic chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the environmental protection from the perspective of financial law. Chapter One and Two is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis such as the environment and environmental protection or environmental policy. Chapter Three deals with the basic structure of instruments for environmental protection, which are instruments of direct regulation (normative) and indirect regulatory instruments (economic). This chapter also describes the characteristics of these instruments and their advantages and disadvantages. Chapter Four concentrates on economic instruments - environmentally related charges and especially environmentally related taxes. This chapter deals with the term of environmental taxes, their characteristics and...

The object of the diploma thesis is to analyse the environmental taxation in the OECD countries, to inform the readers about the development of environmental taxes and current trends in tax revenues from environmental taxes. The thesis is also focused on the structure of revenues from environmental taxes, the significant part is created by energy taxes, especially by taxes on motor fuels. Attention is also paid to taxation of carbon dioxide, according to the OECD the carbon taxes are one of the effective tools to reduce CO2 emissions, which is important to achieve the targets set under the Kyoto Protocol. The explicit carbon taxes are applied in the 12 tax systems of 12 OECD member countries and in the Canadian province of British Columbia. An increase of the countries applying carbon taxes since 2010 demonstrates the increased demand for this tool in recent years. The object of the last part of the thesis is to analyse whether declining tax burden on labour while increasing tax burden on energy is put into practice.

This dissertation is concerned with tax rates for the use of commodities in general, and energy in particular. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are used to analyze the normative question of whether the tax rate for intermediate use by firms should be the same as the tax rate for final consumption by households. To answer this question, a distinction needs to be made between fiscal taxes for the purpose of raising revenue for the government, and Pigovian taxes for the purpose of changing behaviour. Concerning fiscal taxes, firms should not pay taxes on their use of inputs if the tax rates in final consumption are at their optimal level. If the tax rate for households is above the optimal level, intermediate use in firms should be taxed in order to increase the price of other commodities and reduce the distortion of relative prices. Essay 1 ascertains what factors determine the optimal relation between the tax rate for final consumption by households and intermediate use by firms. Essay 2 analyses Swedish energy taxes from the perspective of reducing global emission of CO2. It is found that the welfare maximizing tax rates are equal for households and firms not participating in emission trading, while firms that participate in emission trading should have a zero tax rate. Essays 3 and 4 deal with methodological issues. Essay 3 derives a new method for estimation of symmetric input-output tables from supply and use tables. This method solves the problem of negative coefficients, makes it possible to use both the industry and commodity technology assumptions simultaneously and enables the commodity technology assumption to be used even when the number of commodities is larger than the number of industries. Essay 4 describes the model used in the first two essays. The price structure developed here makes it possible to take into account price differences between different purchasers other than differences in tax rates. This essay also makes a comparison between the Swedish implementation of this model and other Swedish CGE-models used to analyse climate policy and energy taxation.