No description available.

Nos últimos anos tem havido uma crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente. Dentro deste contexto, surgiram as misturas asfálticas mornas que, devido à diminuição de temperatura na usinagem e na compactação, têm impacto positivo não só sobre a poluição ambiental, mas também sobre o consumo energético. Este estudo compara o comportamento de misturas asfálticas mornas (com aditivo surfactante) com o de misturas similares usinadas a quente (convencionais), por meio de ensaios laboratoriais de compactação, de propriedades mecânicas, além de testes complementares. Os resultados apontam que não há necessidade de alteração do método de dosagem convencional para as misturas mornas, e que o teor de ligante de projeto das misturas mornas deve ser mantido igual à da similar a quente. Porém, os resultados dependem muito do tipo de ligante, do teor de asfalto utilizado e do nível de diminuição da temperatura de usinagem e compactação. O controle da temperatura e a magnitude de sua redução demonstraram ser essenciais na qualidade final da mistura morna nesta tecnologia. Além disso, tem-se o acompanhamento de dois trechos experimentais, onde não foram verificadas dificuldades complementares de usinagem e de execução em pista. Os resultados de controle tecnológico da obra e de avaliação dos aspectos de superfície nos trechos com mistura morna se mostraram similares aos das técnicas a quente. Foram analisadas as emissões de poluentes (HPAs prioritários no material particulado) de misturas asfálticas mornas e a quente, tanto no programa laboratorial, quanto em usina e em pista, por ocasião da execução de um dos trechos experimentais. Os resultados indicaram que houve redução em cerca de três vezes do total destes poluentes com as misturas mornas. Visualmente também foi constatada uma diminuição expressiva dos fumos de asfalto com a mistura morna em campo. Por fim, estimou-se que há uma economia significativa do consumo de combustíveis com a redução da temperatura de secagem e aquecimento dos agregados em usina com as misturas mornas. Deste modo, o trabalho demonstra, pelas propriedades físicas e mecânicas avaliadas em laboratório e em campo, que a qualidade das misturas asfálticas mornas é similar às das usinadas a quente, com os benefícios da redução das emissões de poluentes e da economia de energia. / In the last years there has been an increasing concern for the environment. In this context, warm mixes asphalt was developed with positive impact not only on the environmental pollution, but also on the energy consumption, due to the reduction of mixing and compaction temperatures. This work compares the behavior of warm mixes asphalts (with surfactant additive) with similar hot mixes asphalt (conventional ones), through compaction and mechanical properties, as well as additional tests, in laboratory. The results indicate that it is not necessary to change the conventional asphalt mix design for warm mixes, and also that the optimum asphalt content in the warm mixes should be maintained similar to the hot mixes. However, the results are dependent on the asphalt type, the asphalt content, and the level of mixing and compaction temperature reduction. The temperature control and the magnitude of its reduction are essential for the final quality of the warm mix in this technology. Besides, two test tracks were monitored, where there were no additional difficulties during the mixing procedure and in the construction site. The results of the field control and the evaluation of the pavement surface in the warm mix test tracks were similar to the hot mix techniques. Pollutants emissions (priority PAH on the particulate matter) from warm and hot mixes asphalt mixes were analyzed, in the laboratory, in the mixing plant and in the field, during one of the test tracks construction. The results demonstrated that there was a reduction of about three times on the total amount of these pollutants with the warm mixes. Visually, it was also verified that there was a large reduction of asphalt fumes with the warm mix in the field. Finally, it was estimated that there are significant energy savings when reducing drying and heating temperatures of the aggregates in the mixing plant with warm mixes. Thus, this work shows, through the physical and mechanical properties evaluated in the laboratory and in the field, that the quality of warm mixes is similar to the hot mixes, with the benefits of reducing pollutant emissions and saving energy.

O uso de fitase em dietas destinadas a frangos de corte é um consenso na indústria avícola. Juntamente ao emprego de 500FTU/kg de fitase, a recomendação de reduções de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) na matriz nutricional é tida como uma estratégia para a redução dos custos da dieta sem causar redução no desempenho dos animais. Com isso, foi hipotetizado que o uso de superdosagem de fitase (1500FTU/kg) em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca e Pd, energia metabolizável (EM) e proteína bruta (PB), apresentaria menores custos de dieta e maior lucratividade, sem acarretar redução no desempenho dos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da redução de Ca, Pd, PB e EM em dietas comerciais suplementadas com superdosagem de fitase sobre o custo de dietas e margem de lucro, bem como o desempenho, mineralização óssea e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42d. Para tanto, foram utilizados 1200 pintos de um dia (Cobb500) distribuídos aleatoriamente em um programa de alimentação comercial composto por dieta sem redução nutricional e sem suplementação enzimática ( C ); dietas reduzidas em 23kcal, 0,23%, 0,10% e 0,09% na fase 1 e 2, e reduzida em 23kcal, 0,24%, 0,11% e 0,10% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementadas com 500FTU/kg de fitase (500); dietas reduzidas em 29kcal, 0,29%, 0,13%, 0,12% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 30kcal, 0,31%, 0,14% e 0,13% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1000FTU/kg de fitase (1000); e dietas reduzidas em 34kcal, 0,34%, 0,15%, 0,14% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 35kcal, 0,36%, 0,16% e 0,15% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1500FTU/kg de fitase (1500); com 25 repetições por tratamento e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC GLM do SAS (2012) e quando atendidas, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias (Tukey) a 5% de probabilidade. O uso de superdosagem de fitase promoveu o desempenho, cinzas ósseas e rendimento de carcaça e pernas similares entre os animais (p<0.05). No entanto, os animais submetidos a dietas suplementadas com 1500FTU/kg de fitase apresentaram melhor rendimento de peito (p=0.037). Além disso, as dietas suplementadas com fitase apresentaram menor custo de dieta e maior lucratividade (p<0001). Em conclusão, neste estudo, a utilização de superdosagem de fitase em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca, Pd, EM e PB apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável para a redução de custos e aumento da lucratividade, sem afetar o desempenho de frangos de corte aos 42d. / The use of phytase in diets for broilers is a consensus in the poultry industry. Together with the use of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, the recommendation of reductions in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) in the nutritional matrix is taken as a strategy to reduce dietary costs without causing a reduction in animal performance. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the use of phytase superdosings (1500 FTU/kg) in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca and aP, metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) would present lower dietary costs and higher profitability, with no effects on animal performance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of reduction of Ca, aP, CP and ME in commercial diets supplemented with phytase superdosing on the cost of diets and profit margin, as well as performance, bone mineralization and carcass dressing of broiler chickens from 1 to 42d of age. For this purpose, 1200 day-old chicks (Cobb500) were randomly distributed in a commercial feeding program composed of a diet without nutritional reduction and without enzymatic supplementation (C); diets reduced by 23kcal, 0.23%, 0.10% and 0.09% in phase 1 and 2, and reduced by 23kcal, 0.24%, 0.11% and 0.10% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of phytase (500); diets reduced by 29 kcal, 0.29%, 0.13%, 0.12% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 30 kcal, 0.31%, 0.14% and 0.13% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1000 FTU/kg of phytase (1000); and diets reduced by 34 kcal, 0.34%, 0.15%, 0.14% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 35 kcal, 0.36%, 0.16% and 0.15% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (1500); with 25 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per experimental unit. The data were analyzed by PROC GLM of SAS (2012) and when met, the data were submitted to the test of comparison of averages (Tukey) at 5% of probability. The use of phytase superdosing promoted performance, bone ash, and carcass dressing and leg yield similar among treatments (p>0.05). However, animals fed diets supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase showed greater breast yield (p=0.037). In addition, diets supplemented with phytase had lower diet cost and greater profitability (p<0001). In conclusion, in this study, the use of phytase superdosing in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca, aP, ME and CP is a viable alternative for reducing costs and increasing profitability, without affecting the performance of broiler chickens at 42d of age.

Automotive industry is facing fundamental challenges due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, energy saving and environmental concerns. The need of sustainable energy development has motivated the research of energy reduction and renewable energy sources. Efficient use of energy in vehicle manufacturing is demanded, as well as an alternative energy source to replace gasoline powered engines. In this thesis, we introduce a case study at an automotive paint shop, where the largest amount of energy consumption of an automotive assembly plant takes place. Additionally, we present a summary of recent advances in the area of hybrid and electrical vehicles battery manufacturing, review commonly used battery technologies, their manufacturing processes, and related recycling and environmental issues. Our study shows that energy consumption in paint shops can be reduced substantially by selecting the appropriate repair capacity, reducing the number of repainted jobs and consuming less material and energy. Also, it is seen that considerable effort needs to be devoted to the development of batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles in the near future, which will make this area challenging and research opportunities promising.

Nos últimos anos tem havido uma crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente. Dentro deste contexto, surgiram as misturas asfálticas mornas que, devido à diminuição de temperatura na usinagem e na compactação, têm impacto positivo não só sobre a poluição ambiental, mas também sobre o consumo energético. Este estudo compara o comportamento de misturas asfálticas mornas (com aditivo surfactante) com o de misturas similares usinadas a quente (convencionais), por meio de ensaios laboratoriais de compactação, de propriedades mecânicas, além de testes complementares. Os resultados apontam que não há necessidade de alteração do método de dosagem convencional para as misturas mornas, e que o teor de ligante de projeto das misturas mornas deve ser mantido igual à da similar a quente. Porém, os resultados dependem muito do tipo de ligante, do teor de asfalto utilizado e do nível de diminuição da temperatura de usinagem e compactação. O controle da temperatura e a magnitude de sua redução demonstraram ser essenciais na qualidade final da mistura morna nesta tecnologia. Além disso, tem-se o acompanhamento de dois trechos experimentais, onde não foram verificadas dificuldades complementares de usinagem e de execução em pista. Os resultados de controle tecnológico da obra e de avaliação dos aspectos de superfície nos trechos com mistura morna se mostraram similares aos das técnicas a quente. Foram analisadas as emissões de poluentes (HPAs prioritários no material particulado) de misturas asfálticas mornas e a quente, tanto no programa laboratorial, quanto em usina e em pista, por ocasião da execução de um dos trechos experimentais. Os resultados indicaram que houve redução em cerca de três vezes do total destes poluentes com as misturas mornas. Visualmente também foi constatada uma diminuição expressiva dos fumos de asfalto com a mistura morna em campo. Por fim, estimou-se que há uma economia significativa do consumo de combustíveis com a redução da temperatura de secagem e aquecimento dos agregados em usina com as misturas mornas. Deste modo, o trabalho demonstra, pelas propriedades físicas e mecânicas avaliadas em laboratório e em campo, que a qualidade das misturas asfálticas mornas é similar às das usinadas a quente, com os benefícios da redução das emissões de poluentes e da economia de energia. / In the last years there has been an increasing concern for the environment. In this context, warm mixes asphalt was developed with positive impact not only on the environmental pollution, but also on the energy consumption, due to the reduction of mixing and compaction temperatures. This work compares the behavior of warm mixes asphalts (with surfactant additive) with similar hot mixes asphalt (conventional ones), through compaction and mechanical properties, as well as additional tests, in laboratory. The results indicate that it is not necessary to change the conventional asphalt mix design for warm mixes, and also that the optimum asphalt content in the warm mixes should be maintained similar to the hot mixes. However, the results are dependent on the asphalt type, the asphalt content, and the level of mixing and compaction temperature reduction. The temperature control and the magnitude of its reduction are essential for the final quality of the warm mix in this technology. Besides, two test tracks were monitored, where there were no additional difficulties during the mixing procedure and in the construction site. The results of the field control and the evaluation of the pavement surface in the warm mix test tracks were similar to the hot mix techniques. Pollutants emissions (priority PAH on the particulate matter) from warm and hot mixes asphalt mixes were analyzed, in the laboratory, in the mixing plant and in the field, during one of the test tracks construction. The results demonstrated that there was a reduction of about three times on the total amount of these pollutants with the warm mixes. Visually, it was also verified that there was a large reduction of asphalt fumes with the warm mix in the field. Finally, it was estimated that there are significant energy savings when reducing drying and heating temperatures of the aggregates in the mixing plant with warm mixes. Thus, this work shows, through the physical and mechanical properties evaluated in the laboratory and in the field, that the quality of warm mixes is similar to the hot mixes, with the benefits of reducing pollutant emissions and saving energy.

O uso de fitase em dietas destinadas a frangos de corte é um consenso na indústria avícola. Juntamente ao emprego de 500FTU/kg de fitase, a recomendação de reduções de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) na matriz nutricional é tida como uma estratégia para a redução dos custos da dieta sem causar redução no desempenho dos animais. Com isso, foi hipotetizado que o uso de superdosagem de fitase (1500FTU/kg) em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca e Pd, energia metabolizável (EM) e proteína bruta (PB), apresentaria menores custos de dieta e maior lucratividade, sem acarretar redução no desempenho dos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da redução de Ca, Pd, PB e EM em dietas comerciais suplementadas com superdosagem de fitase sobre o custo de dietas e margem de lucro, bem como o desempenho, mineralização óssea e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42d. Para tanto, foram utilizados 1200 pintos de um dia (Cobb500) distribuídos aleatoriamente em um programa de alimentação comercial composto por dieta sem redução nutricional e sem suplementação enzimática ( C ); dietas reduzidas em 23kcal, 0,23%, 0,10% e 0,09% na fase 1 e 2, e reduzida em 23kcal, 0,24%, 0,11% e 0,10% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementadas com 500FTU/kg de fitase (500); dietas reduzidas em 29kcal, 0,29%, 0,13%, 0,12% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 30kcal, 0,31%, 0,14% e 0,13% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1000FTU/kg de fitase (1000); e dietas reduzidas em 34kcal, 0,34%, 0,15%, 0,14% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 35kcal, 0,36%, 0,16% e 0,15% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1500FTU/kg de fitase (1500); com 25 repetições por tratamento e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC GLM do SAS (2012) e quando atendidas, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias (Tukey) a 5% de probabilidade. O uso de superdosagem de fitase promoveu o desempenho, cinzas ósseas e rendimento de carcaça e pernas similares entre os animais (p<0.05). No entanto, os animais submetidos a dietas suplementadas com 1500FTU/kg de fitase apresentaram melhor rendimento de peito (p=0.037). Além disso, as dietas suplementadas com fitase apresentaram menor custo de dieta e maior lucratividade (p<0001). Em conclusão, neste estudo, a utilização de superdosagem de fitase em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca, Pd, EM e PB apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável para a redução de custos e aumento da lucratividade, sem afetar o desempenho de frangos de corte aos 42d. / The use of phytase in diets for broilers is a consensus in the poultry industry. Together with the use of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, the recommendation of reductions in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) in the nutritional matrix is taken as a strategy to reduce dietary costs without causing a reduction in animal performance. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the use of phytase superdosings (1500 FTU/kg) in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca and aP, metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) would present lower dietary costs and higher profitability, with no effects on animal performance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of reduction of Ca, aP, CP and ME in commercial diets supplemented with phytase superdosing on the cost of diets and profit margin, as well as performance, bone mineralization and carcass dressing of broiler chickens from 1 to 42d of age. For this purpose, 1200 day-old chicks (Cobb500) were randomly distributed in a commercial feeding program composed of a diet without nutritional reduction and without enzymatic supplementation (C); diets reduced by 23kcal, 0.23%, 0.10% and 0.09% in phase 1 and 2, and reduced by 23kcal, 0.24%, 0.11% and 0.10% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of phytase (500); diets reduced by 29 kcal, 0.29%, 0.13%, 0.12% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 30 kcal, 0.31%, 0.14% and 0.13% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1000 FTU/kg of phytase (1000); and diets reduced by 34 kcal, 0.34%, 0.15%, 0.14% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 35 kcal, 0.36%, 0.16% and 0.15% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (1500); with 25 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per experimental unit. The data were analyzed by PROC GLM of SAS (2012) and when met, the data were submitted to the test of comparison of averages (Tukey) at 5% of probability. The use of phytase superdosing promoted performance, bone ash, and carcass dressing and leg yield similar among treatments (p>0.05). However, animals fed diets supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase showed greater breast yield (p=0.037). In addition, diets supplemented with phytase had lower diet cost and greater profitability (p<0001). In conclusion, in this study, the use of phytase superdosing in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca, aP, ME and CP is a viable alternative for reducing costs and increasing profitability, without affecting the performance of broiler chickens at 42d of age.

No description available.

År 2020 formulerade lastbilsproducenten Scania CV AB ett mål kring att minska sin energi-förbrukning med 25% till år 2025, med energiförbrukningen för år 2020 som baslinje. Effektiviseringen är nödvändig för att lastbilsproducenten ska kunna fortsätta bedriva ett hållbart och ansvarsfullt företagande. Denna studie utförs hos produktionsenheten DI (drivline-injektor), enheten tillverkar bränsleinsprutningssystem för verksamheten Cummins-Scania XPI Manufacturing. Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera energibesparingsaktiviteter samt föreslå eventuella energibesparingsåtgärder för att kunna stödja produktionsenheten DI med att nå energireduceringsmålet på 25%. En implementationsplan formuleras i syfte att presentera tidslinjen för åtgärdsförslagen. Metoden som tillämpas för att identifiera aktiviteterna är främst litteraturstudier. Dessa kompletteras med empiriska studier som utförs i syfte att tillhandahålla information om produktionsanläggningen. Energikonsumtionen i ursprungsläget samt energikonsumtion efter implementerad åtgärd beräknas för samtliga åtgärdsförslag. Åtgärderna som föreslås för att produktionsenheten ska reducera sin energiförbrukning är följande: • Införa helg- och kvällsavstängningar på maskiner• Införa helg- och kvällsänkningar (viloläge) på maskiner• Byta belysning till LED• Sänka temperatur till följd av implementation av LED-lysrör• Byta till filter med lägre tryckfall• Åtgärda tryckluftsläckage med förebyggande underhåll Implementeringen av följande åtgärder resulterar till en total energibesparing på 228,8 MWh per år. / The year 2020 the truck manufacturer Scania CV AB established a goal of reducing its energy consumption by 25% by 2025, with the year 2020 as its starting point. Reduction of energy consumption is necessary for the truck manufacturer in order to continue to conduct both sustainable as well as responsible business. This study is performed at the production unit DI (driveline-injector), the unit manufactures fuel injection systems for the company Cummins-Scania XPI Manufacturing. The purpose of the report is to identify energy saving activities, and additionally propose energy saving actions to be able to support the production unit DI in achieving the energy reduction target of 25%. A supplementary implementation plan is formulated in order to display the timeline for the presented activities. The method applied to formulate the activities is mainly literature studies from digital scientific publishing systems. Furthermore, are empirical studies performed in order to provide information from the facility. Calculations are performed to identify and present the results of the current energy consumption as well as the energy calculations after the proposed activities. The measures the field study presents for the production unit to reduce its energy consumption result in the following: • Introduce weekend and evening shutdowns on machines• Introduce standby mode on machines• Replace lighting with LEDs• Lower the temperature as a result of implemented LEDs• Switch to filters with lower pressure drop• Implement preventative maintenance in order to reduce compressed air leakage The implementation of the following measures results in a total energy saving of 228.8 MWh per year.

Energy is an essential component required to execute missions throughout military organizations. Failing to sustain energy efficiency in military units could cause mission failures throughout the Department of Defense. As a result, efficient energy management has become a major priority for Air National Guard units as well as other military organizations around the globe. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to gain an understanding of strategies used by front-line military supervisors to reduce energy consumption through behavioral change on a military installation located in Maryland. The central question explored strategies that front-line military supervisors use to change behaviors to reduce energy consumption on a military installation. The conceptual frameworks included the energy cultures framework, Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory, Adam's equity theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and Vroom's expectancy theory. Research data were obtained during a 7-day period from 15 front-line military supervisors in a military unit. Participants were required to have a satisfactory evaluation performance report and be a front-line military supervisor in the Air National Guard unit being studied. Braun and Clarke's 6-phase thematic analysis technique was administered to analyze the data. There were 6 emergent themes identified from the focus group data: (a) environmental preservation, (b) sustainable practices, (c) funds, (d) proactive leadership, (e) workplace management, and (f) policy and regulations. The findings from the study could be used by front-line military supervisors to become proactive leaders that use practical, sustainable practices effectively to manage energy conservation in military installations. The implications for positive social change include the potential to reduce energy usage in the Federal government.

<p>The potential of using acid hydrogen peroxide under Fenton conditions to lower the electrical energy consumed during the production of Black spruce (Picea mariana) thermomechanical pulp (TMP) was investigated. The chemical system, which consisted of ferrous sulphate, hydrogen peroxide and optionally an enhancer (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or oxalic acid/sodium oxalate), was evaluated as an inter-stage treatment where the primary refiner was used as a mixer. The produced TMPs were thoroughly characterised in order to explain the effect of the chemical system on fibre development and to be able to propose a mechanism for the impact on refining energy reduction. The possibility to improve the optical properties by washing, chelating and sodium dithionite or hydrogen peroxide bleaching the treated pulps was evaluated.</p><p> </p><p>The results obtained in a pilot plant trial show that it is possible to significantly reduce the comparative specific energy consumption by approximately 20% and 35% at a freeness value of 100 ml CSF or a tensile index of 45 Nm/g by using 1% and 2% hydrogen peroxide respectively. The energy reduction is obtained without any substantial change in the fractional composition of the pulp, though tear strength is slightly reduced, as are brightness and pulp yield. No major differences between the reference pulp and the chemically treated pulps were found with respect to fibre length, width or cross-sectional dimensions. However, the acid hydrogen peroxide-treated pulps tend to have more collapsed fibres, higher flexibility, a larger specific surface area and a lower coarseness value. The yield loss accompanying the treatment is mainly a consequence of degraded hemicelluloses. It was also found that the total charge of the chemically treated pulps is higher compared to the reference pulps, something that may have influenced the softening behaviour of the fibre wall.</p><p> </p><p>A washing or chelating procedure can reduce the metal ion content of the chemically treated TMPs considerably. The amount of iron can be further reduced to a level similar to that of untreated pulps by performing a reducing agent-assisted chelating stage (QY) with dithionite. The discoloration cannot, however, be completely eliminated. The brightness decrease of the treated pulps is thus not only caused by higher iron content in the pulp, but is also dependent on the type of iron compound and/or other coloured compounds connected with the acid hydrogen peroxide treatment. Oxidative bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (P) is more effective than reductive bleaching with sodium dithionite in regaining the brightness lost during the energy reductive treatment. Using a QY P sequence, a hydrogen peroxide charge of 3.8% was needed to reach an ISO brightness of 75% for the chemically treated pulps. The corresponding hydrogen peroxide charge for the untreated TMP reference was 2.5%.</p><p> </p><p>The radicals generated in the Fenton reaction will probably attack and weaken/soften the available outer fibre wall layers. This could facilitate fibre development and consequently lower the electrical energy demand for a certain degree of refinement.</p>