The relationship between substrate oxidation (RER) and food intake (FI) is undefined. This study examined the effects of RER modified by a glucose pre-load (GL), exercise (EX) and GL with EX on, FI and energy balance (NEB) in normal-weight boys (9-12 y) and men (20-30 y). Subjects (15 boys, 15 men) were randomized with treatments of either water or GL followed by either EX or rest. Measures included RER, energy expenditure (EE)(kcal/kg), subjective appetite, FI(kcal/kg) measured at a pizza lunch and NEB (kcal/kg). FI(kcal/kg) was reduced by GL(p < 0.0001), and further decreased with GL ingested prior to EX(p = 0.0254). RER was increased with GL(p < 0.0001) and EX(p = 0.0043), and was higher in men compared to boys (p = 0.007). There was no association between RER and FI(kcal/kg). In conclusion, there was no relationship between RER and FI, suggesting that FI is not affected by substrate oxidation.

The relationship between substrate oxidation (RER) and food intake (FI) is undefined. This study examined the effects of RER modified by a glucose pre-load (GL), exercise (EX) and GL with EX on, FI and energy balance (NEB) in normal-weight boys (9-12 y) and men (20-30 y). Subjects (15 boys, 15 men) were randomized with treatments of either water or GL followed by either EX or rest. Measures included RER, energy expenditure (EE)(kcal/kg), subjective appetite, FI(kcal/kg) measured at a pizza lunch and NEB (kcal/kg). FI(kcal/kg) was reduced by GL(p < 0.0001), and further decreased with GL ingested prior to EX(p = 0.0254). RER was increased with GL(p < 0.0001) and EX(p = 0.0043), and was higher in men compared to boys (p = 0.007). There was no association between RER and FI(kcal/kg). In conclusion, there was no relationship between RER and FI, suggesting that FI is not affected by substrate oxidation.

Observations of feeding behaviour of common guillemots, Uria aalge, in June 2002 at the island Stora Karlsö in the Baltic Sea proper, and measurements of morphology and energy density in the prey fish sprat, Sprattus sprattus, showed that fish delivered to chicks at present are shorter and weigh less than in the 1970s. Long lasting attending periods and a feeding rate of 4.6 feeds per day indicate that parents are feeding their chicks at a maximum rate. Because of a decline in the energy density in sprat (22.4 kJg-1 dry weight) the daily energy intake of common guillemot chicks have declined noticeably. This could probably explain the observed decrease in fledging body weight of chicks through the 1990s. Baltic common guillemots do not seem to be able to select more energy-dense prey sizes or to switch to other prey species.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 59-65.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is derived from protein metabolism as well as ammonia formed with the rumen. MUN can be used to estimate Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). The ammonia which is formed in the rumen and is not utilized in bacterial metabolism is absorbed by rumen wall and trnsformed into urea in the liver The objective of the present paper evaluate a possible protein excess in the diet of dairy herds through MUN levels. A total of 598 animals from 11 different herds were sampled. Also, feed consumed was sampled for analyses and individual cow production recorded. In milk samples, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cell count and MUN were measured. MUN was related positively related to total protein consumption and negatively related to total energy, which is demonstrated by the equation NUL=0.87 + 7.2PI 0.31ET and P<0,001. When the herds are blocked by production (Group 1 < 15 L; Group 2 between 15 and 25 L; and Group 3 > 25 L) there is a difference in protein and energy consumption, however, NUL was not different between groups 2 and 3. When production is considered, the correlation yields the equation NUL=3.39 + 5.68PI - 0.62 ET + 0.43 Prod and P<0,0001. Based on the results it is concluded that in RS state, NUL is elevated during winter months, principally in higher producing herds. / O nitrogênio uréico do leite é oriundo principalmente do nitrogênio amoniacal absorvido pela parede ruminal sendo que as concentrações de NUL podem ser utilizadas para estimar as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no sangue (NUS) ou no plasma (NUP). Quando a concentração de amônia no rúmen excede a capacidade de captura e utilização pela microbiota ruminal, a mesma é absorvida pela parede do rúmen e transportada ao fígado, por meio do sistema porta e, então, transformada em uréia. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho, foi investigar se existe excesso de proteína na dieta de bovinos leiteiros, através análise da dieta e do NUL. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 598 animais de 11 rebanhos, além da produção, dieta e os alimentos para análise bromatológica. Foi realizado, a determinação das concentrações de gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, CCS e o NUL. O NUL se relacionou com o aumento da concentração de proteína ingerida, e com a diminuição da energia total e isto é demonstrado pela equação NUL=0.87 + 7.2PI 0.31ET e P<0,0001. Ao analisar a distribuição dos rebanhos por produção (Prod.<15 litros, Grupo 1; Prod entre 15 e 25 litros Grupo 2; e prod > que 25 litros, grupo 3), pode-se observar que estes diferiram estatisticamente quanto a proteína ingerida e a energia ingerida, mas quanto ao NUL, não existiu diferença entre os animais que produzem mais de 15 litros/dia. Ao analisar a produção média do rebanho, com a PI e a ET, para avaliar o NUL, formou-se a equação, NUL= 3.39 + 5.68PI - 0.62 ET + 0.43 Prod e P<0,0001 Com isso, pode-se concluir que no RS em determinados meses o NUL esta aumentado, principalmente em rebanhos que apresentam maiores médias de produção.

Introduction: Obesity has become a major world-wide health issue. Social-economic status, physical activity levels and dietary intake may influence the weight status in children. However, these issues have not been examined together in studies of young girls in Saudi Arabia. Aim: This study aimed to investigate energy and nutrient intakes, physical activity and social economic status of girls aged 8-11 years in western Saudi Arabia according to their BMI. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases, phase one was a pilot study where 32 girls were selected to assess the suitability of body composition, dietary intake (food diary, food frequency questionnaire) and physical activity measurement tools (pedometer, physical activity questionnaire). The findings of this phase were employed in phase 2; the diet diary and accelerometer were nominated as assessment tools. In phase two, girls (n= 234) participated from different schools. Waist circumference, height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Girls were classified according to BMI centile charts (CDC). Dietary intake was measured via a 4-day food diary and accelerometers were used to assess the intensity and time spent in physical activity. Results: A total of 30% of the sample were classified obese or overweight. There was a significant difference in the mean daily energy intake between the BMI groups with the obese group having the highest energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake (obese group: 2677 ± 804 kcal/d; healthy weight group: 1806 ± 403 kcal/d, p< 0.001), but the percentage contribution of the macronutrients to energy intake remained the same across the BMI groups. Carbohydrate intake was shown to be the main contributor to predict obesity levels. VI There were no differences in number of steps taken per day or time spent in moderate/ vigorous intensity exercise according to BMI category. Most of the girls did not meet daily physical activity guidelines (5969 to 6773 steps per day and 18.5 - 22.5 mins per day of moderate- vigorous activity). Intake of sweets and sugary drinks, and total energy intake were significantly higher in the high income group compared to the low income group. However, family income was not associated with BMI status. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that obesity in girls aged 8-11 years is linked to excessive energy intake from all macronutrients and the majority of girls in all weight categories are inactive. Research should be conducted to develop interventions to promote dietary change and activity that is culturally acceptable for girls in Saudi Arabia.

Introdução: Há evidências de que o uso de adoçantes não-calóricos (ANC) pode interferir na regulação do apetite, promovendo maior ingestão alimentar, maior ganho de peso (GP) e maior adiposidade. Um estudo prévio, realizado pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa, demonstrou que o uso de sacarina (p=0,005) e aspartame (p=0,048) promoveu maior GP quando comparados ao uso sacarose. Entretanto, devido às limitações metodológicas, não foi possível afirmar se os adoçantes poderiam causar maior GP quando comparados a uma condição inerte; ou ainda, se os sub-componentes da sacarose (glicose e frutose), quando avaliados isoladamente, poderiam contribuir para o menor GP. Além disso, foi verificado que os grupos dos adoçantes compensaram o déficit calórico, ingerindo proporcionalmente mais ração, de modo que, a fração entre a ingestão calórica total e peso corporal não diferiu entre os grupos. Portanto, adicionamos no presente estudo, um terceiro macronutriente com baixo poder de saciedade e potencial indutor de maior GP, o lipídio. Deste modo, o presente estudo contempla analisar o efeito da sacarina comparando-a a condição controle, glicose, frutose e lipídio, além de avaliar o efeito entre cada um dos grupos. Métodos: Foi realizado um experimento controlado envolvendo 40 ratos machos Wistar com peso médio inicial de 300g. Os animais foram randomizados em 5 grupos e receberam água e ração ad libitum, além das seguintes dietas: Controle (20ml de iogurte,75 kcal/semana), Sacarina (0,3%, 75 kcal/semana), Glicose (20%, 139 kcal/semana), Frutose (20%, 139 kcal/semana) ou Lipídio (9%, 139 kcal/semana). As dietas foram administradas 5 dias semanais, por 14 semanas. Realizou-se diariamente o controle da ingestão alimentar e hídrica, e semanalmente o controle do peso corporal. A composição corporal foi determinada pela estimativa da massa gorda, representada pelo peso (g) do tecido adiposo marrom interescapular somado ao tecido adiposo branco (epididimal e retroperitoneal); a massa magra foi representada pela soma do músculo esquelético gastrocnêmio e músculo cardíaco, todos foram removidos imediatamente após o sacrifício dos animais e pesados em balança de precisão milesimal. A análise dos dados foi realizada no SPSS versão 17, utilizou-se Modelo Linear Misto para as medidas longitudinais e ANOVA com teste complementar de Tukey para medidas únicas. Resultados: Houve compensação calórica entre consumo de iogurte e de ração, de modo que a ingestão calórica total (kcal/g) não diferiu entre os grupos (p=0,42). Os grupos também apresentaram similaridade quanto à ingestão hídrica (ml/g) (p=0,27) e composição corporal (p=0,13). Entretanto, o uso de sacarina promoveu maior GP que o controle (p=0,035), sendo similar ao uso de glicose (p=0,06), lipídio (p=0,76) e frutose (p=0,38). Os grupos Lipídio (p=0,016) e Glicose (p<0,001) também ganharam mais peso que o controle, todavia, o grupo Frutose não diferiu deste, mas apresentou GP menor que o grupo Glicose (p=0,006). Conclusão: Independentemente do tipo de suplementação, a regulação do apetite parece ser dependente do aporte calórico, sendo proporcional ao peso corporal, assim como a ingestão hídrica. O uso crônico de sacarina demonstrou promover maior GP, sendo similar ao uso de lipídio, glicose ou frutose. Já, o grupo Frutose apresentou ganho de peso intermediário, diferindo apenas do grupo Glicose. Apesar de haver diferenças quanto ao ganho de peso, a estimativa de massa magra e gorda foi semelhante entre os grupos. Estudos adicionais são necessários para elucidar outros mecanismos, que, independentemente da ingestão calórica estariam envolvidos no maior ganho de peso. / Introduction: There are evidences that the use of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) can interfere in the appetite regulation, promoting higher food intake, more weight gain (WG) and the increaseof adiposity. A previous study, performed by our research group, demonstrated that the use of saccharin (p=.005) and aspartame (p=.048) promoted more WG when compared with the use of sucrose. However, due to the methodological limitations, it was not possible to say whether sweeteners could promote more WG compared to an inert condition, or if the sub-components of sucrose (glucose and fructose), when evaluated in isolation, might contribute to less WG. Moreover, it was found that the groups of sweeteners compensated the caloric deficit, ingesting proportionally more chow, so that the ratio between the total caloric intake and body weight did not differ between the groups.Thus, it was added a third macronutrient with low power of satiety and potential inducer of greater WG, as the lipid. Therefore, this study contemplates to analyze the effect of the saccharin, comparing it to the control condition, glucose, fructose and lipid, besides evaluating the effect between each group. Methods: It was conducted a controlled experiment involving 40 male Wistar rats with initial average weight of 300g. The animals were randomized into 5 groups and given water and chow ad libitum, and the following diets: Control (20ml of yogurt, 75 kcal/wk), Saccharin (.3%, 75 kcal/wk), Glucose (20%, 139 kcal/wk), Fructose (20%, 139 kcal/wk) or Lipid (9%, 139 kcal/wk). The diets were administered 5 days weekly for 14 weeks. It was performed daily control of food and water intake, and weekly body weight control. Body composition was determined by estimating fat mass represented by the weight (g) of interscapular brown adipose tissue added to the white adipose tissue (epididymal and retroperitoneal); the lean mass was represented by the sum of the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.Everything was removed immediately after sacrificing the animals and weighed in millesimal precision. The data analysis was performed with SPSS version 17, and it was used Linear Mixed Model for longitudinal measures and ANOVA with Tukey's pot hoc test for single measures. Results: There was caloric compensation between intake of the yogurt and chow, so that the total cumulative caloric intake (kcal/g) did not differ between groups. The groups also had similar regarding the water intake (ml/g) and body composition. However, the use of saccharin promoted greater WG than the control (p=.035), being similar to the use of glucose (p=.06), lipid (p=.76) and fructose (p=.38). Lipid (p=.016) and Glucose groups (p<.001) also gained more weight than the control, though, the Fructose group did not differ from this, but had weight gain less than the Glucose group (p=.006). Conclusion:Whatever type of diet, the appetite regulation appears to be dependent on calorie intake, being proportional to body weight, as well as water intake. The chronic use of saccharin demonstrated to promote greater WG, being similar to the use of lipids, glucose or fructose. Already, the Fructose group showed intermediate weight gain, differing only of Glucose group. Although there are differences in weight gain, the estimate of lean and fat mass was similar between groups. Additional studies are needed to elucidate other mechanisms that, independently of caloric intake, would be involved in more weight gain.