<p>Den 1 januari 1996 infördes ett nytt regelverk på den svenska elmarknaden. En marknad som sedan 1902 varit kontrollerad av staten avreglerades, och fri konkurrens för handel med elektricitet. Regeringen skriver i ett direktiv 2003 att ”den ökade konkurrensen och den nya regleringen på elmarknaden har inneburit stora strukturförändringar”. Intresset växte för hur dessa strukturförändringar påverkade aktörernas strategiska agerande. Hur hanterar en monopolist en avreglering och hur skapas en position på ”en ny marknad”?</p><p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att beskriva de strukturförändringar som skett på den svenska elmarknaden i samband med avregleringen, samt att i denna kontext analysera elhandelsföretagens strategiska agerande. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera strategiska aspekter viktiga i ett sådant förändringsarbete.Genomförande: Uppsatsen kan i viss mån liknas vid en fallstudie där vi genom sex olika elhandelsföretag tittar närmare på de effekter avregleringen av den svenska elmarknaden fått på marknadens aktörer och deras strategier. Empirin grundastill största delen på 14 personliga intervjuer, men utöver detta har även sekundärdata i form av statliga utredningar, övriga undersökningar samt tryckt företagsmaterial använts.</p><p>Resultat: Vad gäller marknaden är de tydligaste strukturförändringarna en ökad konkurrens, sjunkande marginaler och ett skifte i fokus från teknik- till marknadstänkande. Avseende de strategiska förändringarna hos de enskilda företagen är dessa markanta. Skillnader mellan aktörerna är små, främst på grund av homogeniteten i produkten, och de skillnader som kan ses finns mellan stora och små aktörer. Viktiga aspekter för att hantera en avreglering på ett bra sätt är bland annat att kunna hantera risker, påbörja omorganisationen i tid, ha koll på omvärlden, samt tänka på att storleken spelar roll och att samarbete lönar sig.</p>

Den 1 januari 1996 infördes ett nytt regelverk på den svenska elmarknaden. En marknad som sedan 1902 varit kontrollerad av staten avreglerades, och fri konkurrens för handel med elektricitet. Regeringen skriver i ett direktiv 2003 att ”den ökade konkurrensen och den nya regleringen på elmarknaden har inneburit stora strukturförändringar”. Intresset växte för hur dessa strukturförändringar påverkade aktörernas strategiska agerande. Hur hanterar en monopolist en avreglering och hur skapas en position på ”en ny marknad”? Syftet med vår uppsats är att beskriva de strukturförändringar som skett på den svenska elmarknaden i samband med avregleringen, samt att i denna kontext analysera elhandelsföretagens strategiska agerande. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera strategiska aspekter viktiga i ett sådant förändringsarbete.Genomförande: Uppsatsen kan i viss mån liknas vid en fallstudie där vi genom sex olika elhandelsföretag tittar närmare på de effekter avregleringen av den svenska elmarknaden fått på marknadens aktörer och deras strategier. Empirin grundastill största delen på 14 personliga intervjuer, men utöver detta har även sekundärdata i form av statliga utredningar, övriga undersökningar samt tryckt företagsmaterial använts. Resultat: Vad gäller marknaden är de tydligaste strukturförändringarna en ökad konkurrens, sjunkande marginaler och ett skifte i fokus från teknik- till marknadstänkande. Avseende de strategiska förändringarna hos de enskilda företagen är dessa markanta. Skillnader mellan aktörerna är små, främst på grund av homogeniteten i produkten, och de skillnader som kan ses finns mellan stora och små aktörer. Viktiga aspekter för att hantera en avreglering på ett bra sätt är bland annat att kunna hantera risker, påbörja omorganisationen i tid, ha koll på omvärlden, samt tänka på att storleken spelar roll och att samarbete lönar sig.

The rapid development of wind energy in Sweden created a volatile environment for the electricity market. Variance in the daily prices and the reductions of the average prices over the years due to the merit order effect of intermittent wind energy resulted in increased unpredictability in financial returns, which led to many wind projects being cancelled. In this thesis, in order to shed more light on the impact of wind energy development on spot prices, an artificial neural network (ANN) electricity price forecasting model is designed in order to predict Sweden’s four electricity regions Nord Pool Elspot day-ahead electricity spot market prices. The model's final result displayed a mean absolute error of 3.3398 €/MWh. In order for the model to be able to generalize better, a ridge regression regularizer is added to the ANN. Alternative wind scenarios for Sweden are introduced and their spot prices are predicted by the ANN model. The results show that each 10% increase in wind energy production leads to a 0.9% spot price reduction in the Nord Pool Swedish energy market prices.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The biodiesel production chain in Rio Grande do Sul is based on the production of soybeans potential, traditional cultivation of family farmers. Agricultural cooperatives are important economic agents in the energy market. They hold about 30% of the receipt of the soybean crop, and are included in institutional actions foreseen by the National Plan for Production and Use of Biodiesel. Based on this reality, the objective of this research is to analyze the position taken by the agricultural cooperatives entered in the production chain of biodiesel soybean oil base in Rio Grande do Sul. Is employed multicases study method. The conceptual approach uses the SWOT and through the fuzzy sets, illustrating the positioning of the cooperative compared to production chain. The linguistic model was applied in five agricultural cooperatives, authorized by the Ministry of Agrarian Development to supply raw material to the biodiesel industry in the state. With the results of applying the SWOT-Fuzzy linguistic model, it was possible to explore the positioning of the cooperatives compered to the biodiesel production chain. Among the five analyzed cooperatives, the Coopermil has the boldest competitive positioning against the biodiesel chain, the internal environment is formed by intensity forces and the external environment predominance opportunity. The Cotrirosa has an internal organization with structured forces that allows positioning unobtrusively and capturing the opportunities in their favor and deflecting threats. The Cotribá and Cotrisal have an internal scenario classified as neutral, as the external environment is rooted in the development of potential opportunities with this characterization cooperatives adapt their forces and reduce their threats according to the opportunities that biodiesel chain offers. The cooperative with more discreet competitive positioning ahead the chain is Cotrijal that shapes their strengths and mitigates weaknesses in order to capture the biodiesel chain opportunity and divert the threat, the cooperative is positioned directly as the right time to market. / A cadeia produtiva do biodiesel no Rio Grande do Sul está pautada no potencial produtivo do grão soja, tradicional cultivo dos agricultores familiares da região. Por deterem aproximadamente 30% do recebimento da safra de soja, e por serem contempladas em ações institucionais previstas pelo Plano Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel, as cooperativas agrícolas são importantes agentes econômicos atuantes nesse mercado energético. Partindo dessa realidade, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar o posicionamento assumido pelas cooperativas agropecuárias inseridas na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel a base do óleo de soja no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, emprega-se o método de estudo multicasos. Utiliza-se a abordagem conceitual da matriz SWOT e através dos conjuntos fuzzy, ilustra-se o posicionamento das cooperativas frente à supracitada cadeia produtiva. O modelo linguístico foi aplicado em cinco cooperativas agropecuárias, habilitadas pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário ao fornecimento de matéria-prima a indústria de biodiesel no estado. Com os resultados da aplicação do modelo linguístico SWOT-Fuzzy, foi possível explorar o posicionamento das cooperativas gaúchas frente à cadeia produtiva do biodiesel. Entre as cinco cooperativas analisadas, a Coopermil possui o posicionamento competitivo mais arrojado frente à cadeia do biodiesel, o ambiente interno é formado por intensidade de forças e o ambiente externo de predominância de oportunidade. A Cotrirosa tem uma organização interna com forças estruturadas que permite se posicionar de forma discreta e captar as oportunidades ao seu favor e desviar das ameaças. A Cotribá e Cotrisal possuem um cenário interno classificado como neutro, já o ambiente externo é alicerçado no desenvolvimento de potenciais oportunidades, com essa caracterização as cooperativas adaptam suas forças e reduzem suas ameaças de acordo com as oportunidades que cadeia do biodiesel oferece. A cooperativa com posicionamento competitivo mais discreto frente a cadeia é a Cotrijal, que molda as suas forças e ameniza suas fraquezas no objetivo de captar as oportunidade da cadeia do biodiesel e desviar das ameaça, a cooperativa se posiciona diretamente conforme o momento certo de mercado.

This thesis deals with the stochastic optimization problem of hydro reservoir manage- ment. External inflows and market electricity price are both considered as random inputs to the model, which is designed as joint chance constrained programming. The main goal of the optimization problem is to maximize the profit from hydro energy usage together with minimizing the cost of used water. The random component is modelled by suitable stochastic processes based on historical data and then approximated via scenarios. Sea- sonal deterministic model is another model that is presented in this thesis. This model helps appraise water stored in every each reservoir's compartment. The estimates of water values are based on dual variables. Finally, in the practical part the hydro reservoir ma- nagement problem is applied to the real hydro valley located on the Vltava river. This part also deals with an option of increasing the number of pumping stations in this particular hydro valley.

Introduction of emission trading scheme of tradable permits become a great phenomena among energy business agents. Each emitter of CO2 is granted or allocated definite amount of tradable permitts. These allow him to produce one tonne of CO2 or to sell them on the spot or forvard market. Since these tradable permits became valuable (behave as a commercial instrument) they carry two possible usage. To be consumed when producing MWh of energy of to be sold on the market. These alternative usage are according to economy theory opportunity costs, therefore should be considered as the implicit costs and implemented into the price setting. When operating on competitive market, this cost increase should be fully passed on to the price. In this paper we analyze this pass-through of the permits costs. By using regression analysis we try to estimate the pass-through rate of the permits costs in power energy market. We analyze the spot and futures market in the Czech Republic (PXE) and in Germany (EEX). Estimated pass through rate ranges between 0,65 and 1,2. The results emphasize that the energy market is quite competitive, because the costs are more or less fully passed on consumers. One interesting feature arose from results. The pass-through rate greater than one is sort of economically counter-intuitive and should be studied in more detail in some future work.

Die Wahl risikoadäquater Kapitalkosten ist Voraussetzung für eine Investitionsentscheidung im Interesse der Investoren. In der Energiewirtschaft wird die Ermittlung der Eigenkapitalkosten mit Hilfe des Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPM) infolge fehlender Kapitalmarktdaten für Investitionen in regenerative Energien sowie durch die Existenz neuer Marktakteure mit eingeschränkter Risikostreuung allerdings mehr und mehr erschwert. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt ein Forschungsvorhaben zur Entwicklung eines modellbasierten Ansatzes, der die veränderten Bedingungen durch den Wandel in der Energiewirtschaft aufgreifen und damit verbundene Problemfelder lösen soll.

Wind power is a fast-growing industry (GWEC, 2013) and already accounts for seven percent of the total electricity consumption in the EU. The largest market in the EU, and the third largest in the world, is Germany, with an installed base of 31 GW onshore. This master‟s thesis has examined the German onshore wind power market from a developer perspective, through a market study based on existing literature and semi-structured interviews with industry experts, a case study of a developer competing in the market and a survey, with the aim of investigating the sourcing models used as well as the success factors and challenges the developers are facing.  The study has found that Germany is a large, growing market with a generous feed-in tariff based support scheme, offering low-risk investments in wind power. However, there are many challenges for wind power developers, such as limited availability of designated areas for wind power development, non-uniform regulations, fierce competition and acceptance issues.  The authors believe that the future growth of the German onshore market will come from repowering and that having local contacts and credibility offer distinct advantages in the highly competitive arena.

<p>  </p> <p>This dissertation is composed of three main articles, which are detailed below.</p> <p>First article: The proliferation of prosumers generates the opportunity to have a more decentralized and open energy market. Given this opportunity, the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading energy paradigm appears, where consumers and prosumers can exchange energy without an intermediary. Because P2P energy trading plays a fundamental role in the proliferation of renewable energies and the system flexibility for a low-carbon energy transition, this article provides a review of the P2P energy trading that is necessary to understand the current approaches, challenges, and future research that should be conducted in this area. As a result, areas for consideration were identified and grouped into the following six topics: (1) trading platform, (2) blockchain, (3) game theory, (4) simulation, (5) optimization, and (6) algorithms. The study identified several challenges that may give way to future research, such as integrating generation, transmission, and distribution into studies, large-scale studies, and modeling consumer and prosumer complex behavior. Given that P2P energy trading is a relatively new topic, there is still much work to be done to implement the real-world model successfully.</p> <p>Second article: Along with the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/exponential-growth" target="_blank">exponential growth</a> of distributed energy sources in the last decade, net-metering programs have expanded to encourage investment in renewable energy. However, several countries and some states in the United States are ending these programs. Therefore, it is needed to explore alternatives to net-metering programs to continue encouraging the adoption of renewable energies. In this paper, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) models are studied as viable options to net-metering. In particular, the evaluation and comparison of the net-metering model to two P2P models is proposed. The first P2P model used the power grid for electricity exchange, and the other used electric vehicles. Simulations of a 50 household <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micro-grids" target="_blank">microgrid</a> with access to electric vehicles and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/photovoltaics" target="_blank">photovoltaic</a> generation were run to achieve this objective. Technical and economic indexes were established to measure the performance of the three models. The results indicated that the P2P model using the grid shows the best performance, followed by the P2P model using electric vehicles. </p> <p>Third article: Solar generation has increased rapidly in recent years worldwide, and it is projected to continue to grow exponentially. A problem exists in that the increase in solar energy generation will increase the probability of grid disturbances. This article focused on analyzing the grid disturbances caused by the massive integration to the transmission line utility-scale solar loaded to the balancing authority high voltage transmission lines in four regions of the United States electrical system: (1) California, (2) Southwest, (3) New England, and (4) New York. Statistical analysis of equality of means was carried out to detect changes in the energy balance and peak power. Results show that when comparing the difference between hourly net generation and demand, energy imbalance occurs in the regions with the highest solar generation: California and Southwest. No significant difference was found in any of the four regions in relation to the energy peaks. The results imply that regions with greater utility level solar energy adoption must conduct greater energy exchanges with other regions to reduce potential disturbances to the grid. It is essential to bear in mind that as the installed solar generation capacity increases, the potential energy imbalances created in the grid increase. </p>

Why should technology-based startups in the energy sector collaborate? How do they collaborate today? What is the incumbents’ perspective on collaboration with startups? Today these are issues of high interest for the energy sector in Sweden and for other startups in similar industries. This thesis considers the changing dynamics within the Energy sector in Sweden, the potential of innovation through startups, the market potential and barriers that these actors within the industry are facing. It also considers how collaborations and networks serve to seize opportunities and to overcome challenges and barriers faced by the industry today. Opportunity areas identified were: the trends within the industry concerning decentralized generation, the founders’ dedication for their startups, startup’s ability to act fast and flexibly, their technology contribution, and incumbents differentiating themselves through startups in a highly competitive market. Entry barriers identified were a traditional and slow market, dominative national champions, financial, regulatory, lead times, lack of experience, high risk, lack of system context and credibility. Finally strategic networks and collaboration prove to be an essential part for startups to overcome their liabilities and barriers to entry.