The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER)s has prompted interest in the expansion of DC power systems. The technological limitations that hinder the expansion of DC power systems are the absence of DC circuit breakers and high step-up/high step-down DC converters for interconnecting DC systems. This thesis presents a transformerless high step-up DC-DC converter intended for use as an interconnect between DC systems. The converter is required to operate at medium to high voltage (>1kV) and provide high voltage gain (>5). This work details the steady state operation and dynamic model of the proposed converter. The component ratings are identified and converter design limitations are investigated. A 100V:1kV/4kW prototype is produced to verify the analytic steady state model and measure efficiency. An experimental efficiency of 90% was achieved at a step-up ratio of 1:10, however efficiency at low power is limited due to the need to circulate power.

The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER)s has prompted interest in the expansion of DC power systems. The technological limitations that hinder the expansion of DC power systems are the absence of DC circuit breakers and high step-up/high step-down DC converters for interconnecting DC systems. This thesis presents a transformerless high step-up DC-DC converter intended for use as an interconnect between DC systems. The converter is required to operate at medium to high voltage (>1kV) and provide high voltage gain (>5). This work details the steady state operation and dynamic model of the proposed converter. The component ratings are identified and converter design limitations are investigated. A 100V:1kV/4kW prototype is produced to verify the analytic steady state model and measure efficiency. An experimental efficiency of 90% was achieved at a step-up ratio of 1:10, however efficiency at low power is limited due to the need to circulate power.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama kaip vyksta AEI politikos įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje , kuris lyginamas Švedijos Karalystės AEI politikos kontekste, akcentuojant, biomasės išteklių panaudojimą energetikoje, šios srities gerosios praktikos pavyzdžius, teisinį reglamentavimą, ypatingai pažymima darnios plėtros koncepcijos, Europos Sąjungos vykdomos energetikos politikos įtaka AEI politikos įgyvendinimui. Darbe, siekiama išanalizuoti AEI politikos įgyvendinimą Lietuvoje ir Švedijoje išskiriant biomasės panaudojimo aspektą. Tai įgyvendinama: apibrėžiant svarbiausias sąvokas susijusias su analizuojamo darbo tema bei palyginant Lietuvos ir Švedijos energetikos sektoriaus valdymą; išskiriant viešosios politikos veiklos instrumentus bei jų panaudojimą analizuojamose valstybėse; palyginant esminius atsinaujinančios energetikos politikos niuansus, per biomasės panaudojimo prizmę Lietuvoje ir Švedijoje ir pateikiant gerosios praktikos pavyzdžius naudingus efektyvesnei AEI plėtrai ateityje; analizuojant Europos Sąjungos, Darnios plėtros bei regioninės politikos įtaką energetikos politikos įgyvendinimui, nustatant strateginio planavimo svarbą atsinaujinančios energetikos plėtrai. Taip pat, pateikiama susisteminta, apibendrinta darbo temos analizė vertinant Lietuvoje įgyvendinamą AEI politiką Švedijos kontekste ir siūlomos rekomendacijos. / Master's thesis analyzes how the policy of Renewable energy recources is implementing in Lithuania, which is compared with example of Sweden‘s Renewable energy policy framework, emphasizing the use of biomass resources for energy. The paper aims to analyze the Renewable energy resources policies in Lithuania and Sweden with special Focus on biomass use of energy aspect. This is implemented: with defining the key concepts related to the theme; analyzed Lithuanian and Swedish energy sectors; selected intstruments of public policy and analyzed their use for the countries under discussion; by comparing the essential nuances of the renewable energy policy through biomass prism of Lithuania and Sweden, and providing examples of good practice which are useful for the future development of more effective energy policy; analysed European Union, sustainable development, regional policy and strategių planning impact for policy implementation of renewable energy resources. Also, there is a systematic summary of the topic analysis of the Renewable policy implementation in Lithuania and Sweden and the proposed recommendations.

This thesis analyzes Russian foreign policy towards Azerbaijan in the post-Soviet era. The dissolution of the Soviet Union paved the way for the independence of Azerbaijan. This development necessitated the redefinition of the relationship between Russia and Azerbaijan. However, post-Soviet Russia was reluctant to treat Azerbaijan as a fully independent state that could develop its relations other states freely. In this way, Moscow sought to keep Azerbaijan under its own sphere of influence. To this purpose, Russia used its influence in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the development of the Caspian Sea energy resources as its two main policy instruments for controlling Azerbaijan. When Vladimir Putin was elected as the President of Russia in 2000, it was not clear whether the previous Russian foreign policy towards Azerbaijan would continue as in the past or change. The developments between 2000 and 2005 show that Vladimir Putin changed the previous Russian stance on the Caspian Sea energy resources and took more collaborative posture towards Azerbaijan. However, Putin continued the earlier Russian position on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This study argues that there has been both change and continuity in Russian foreign policy towards Azerbaijan since Vladimir Putin&rsquo / s rise to Russia&rsquo / s presidency in 2000. In this sense, Russian foreign policy under Putin could be conceptualized mainly as a pragmatic foreign policy. This conceptualization makes it possible to identify both change and continuity in Russian foreign policy towards Azerbaijan.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη φαινομένων υπερτάσεων σε δίκτυα σύνδεσης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας με τη χρησιμοποίηση του προγράμματος ΕΜΤΡ. Μέσω της ιδιαίτερης αναφοράς σε αιολικά συστήματα γίνεται λεπτομερής εξομοίωση για δυναμικές και διακοπτικές υπερτάσεις, υπερτάσεις χειρισμών, καθώς και κεραυνικές υπερτάσεις. / The purpose of this study is the presentation and analysis of overvoltages occurring in the network interconnection of renewable energy resources. Through the detailed reference of wind power systems, the thorough study of lighting,dynamic and switching overvoltages is presented.

With the growing energy consumption in the world today, the decreasing amount of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, developments and greater use of renewable energy resources is crucial. One of the promising environmentally friendly energy resources is solar power. The technology for producing electricity from the use of solar cells is continuously developing and is growing on the market. The objective of this master thesis is to illustrate how solar panels can be integrated into a building’s design, and what value this gives to the building. The purpose is also to give an indication of whether an integrated solar panel installation is profitable, and what is required for more building developers to invest in solar power. A study on solar cells was conducted to gain knowledge of the different types of solar cells and systems and their possible integration into buildings. The study also included research on why solar cell installations are not more common today. Case Studies were also conducted on projects with integrated solar cells. This was done to gain an understanding of how solar panels can be used as design elements. The study was done as a systematic literature study through a qualitative method. City and site analyses were carried out as a first step in the design process. The analyses focused on the movements, green spaces, climates, functions and architectural character of the city and site. The analyses were done to attain an impression of the environment the building would be placed in, and its requisites. These analyses were followed by volume and solar studies to come up with a building design that would fulfill the requirements of the client, while creating good areas for placement of the solar panels. The master thesis resulted in a design proposal for a mixed-use building with integrated solar cells. The resulting two buildings are located in the outskirts of the city center of Linköping. The buildings are designed to interact with the surrounding buildings and the remaining city, while at the same time bringing something new and exciting to the mix. The buildings’ placement and height were decided by the combination of the movement of the sun over the plot, so as to create good areas for the solar panels, and the requisites of the site. The integrated solar panels are placed on the roofs and facades of the buildings. The possibilities of semitransparent solar cells in windows and glass railings is also examined. The solar panels on the roof consist of solar roof tiles and are placed on the east side of the north building’s roof and the west side of the south building’s roof. These tiles have matching roof tiles without solar cells inside, on the other side of the roofs, meaning that no difference can be seen between the two sides. The façade panels are placed to cover the entire protruding stairwells of the buildings. Panels are also placed on remaining parts of the south-east and south-west facing facades but are here placed in a pattern as though they are trickling down the walls. The panels are placed to avoid shade as shading of the panels reduces their effect. The solar cells are smooth, black, thin-film solar cells and the panels have matching glass panes that are placed were the design opted for panels, but the placement was not good out of a solar irradiation perspective. The results of the rough calculations on the project’s solar panel installation’s profitability shows that the investment would have a payback time of approximately 15 years. This, when counting in a government support of 1.2 million kroners and the reduced cost for the building cover material that the solar panels replace. The solar panels in the design proposal are not in standard sizes. Would they have been so the investment cost would have been lower and the payback time, according to the rough calculations, would be around 10 years. The produced electricity constitutes around 60 percent of the operational electricity for the buildings. If semitransparent solar cells are included the value goes up to 80 percent. Although the produced electricity does not cover the complete electricity needs of the buildings, it still reduces the amount of bought electricity. Electricity that would most likely not come from a renewable source. The conclusion is, therefore, that an integrated solar cell installation is economically profitable. The solar panels contribute both the aesthetics of the building and building functions, as well as electricity from a renewable source. Investing in a solar cell installation also sets a good example and will lead to more investors taking a chance on solar power. Getting more building developers to invest in solar cells systems can be done by increasing the, today lacking, knowledge of solar energy and solar cells, the process for designing and installing a solar cell system, as well as the laws regarding solar power and solar power investments. Another obstacle for solar power is the high costs of the installations. The prices on solar cells are, however, continuously dropping, because of the development in technology and the manufacturing process, as well as the growing number of manufacturers. To increase the speed of this process more building developers should invest in solar cells, as a higher demand will lead to more manufacturers, which will then lead to reduced prices. The government can also help by offering research support and for example tax subventions to make an investment in solar power seem more worthwhile.

abstract: The Internet and climate change are two forces that are poised to both cause and enable changes in how we provide our energy infrastructure. The Internet has catalyzed enormous changes across many sectors by shifting the feedback and organizational structure of systems towards more decentralized users. Today’s energy systems require colossal shifts toward a more sustainable future. However, energy systems face enormous socio-technical lock-in and, thus far, have been largely unaffected by these destabilizing forces. More distributed information offers not only the ability to craft new markets, but to accelerate learning processes that respond to emerging user or prosumer centered design needs. This may include values and needs such as local reliability, transparency and accountability, integration into the built environment, and reduction of local pollution challenges. The same institutions (rules, norms and strategies) that dominated with the hierarchical infrastructure system of the twentieth century are unlikely to be good fit if a more distributed infrastructure increases in dominance. As information is produced at more distributed points, it is more difficult to coordinate and manage as an interconnected system. This research examines several aspects of these, historically dominant, infrastructure provisioning strategies to understand the implications of managing more distributed information. The first chapter experimentally examines information search and sharing strategies under different information protection rules. The second and third chapters focus on strategies to model and compare distributed energy production effects on shared electricity grid infrastructure. Finally, the fourth chapter dives into the literature of co-production, and explores connections between concepts in co-production and modularity (an engineering approach to information encapsulation) using the distributed energy resource regulations for San Diego, CA. Each of these sections highlights different aspects of how information rules offer a design space to enable a more adaptive, innovative and sustainable energy system that can more easily react to the shocks of the twenty-first century. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2018

O Planejamento Energético tradicional geralmente privilegia os custos econômicos dos recursos energéticos, relegando ao segundo plano questões políticas, sociais e ambientais. Este trabalho pretende estimular a mudança desta abordagem através da proposição de um modelo de caracterização de recursos energéticos integrando todas essas quatro dimensões. São dois seus objetivos: o fornecimento de uma metodologia para avaliar o custo global dos recursos energéticos e de outra para estimar o potencial de tais recursos. Para facilitar o processo de avaliação, o modelo sugere o uso da ACC - Avaliação de Custos Completos, a qual permite a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de custos, reduzindo a necessidade de dados quantitativos, limitados em certos casos. Ilustra-se a aplicação do modelo com um exemplo de caracterização dos recursos na região de Araçatuba, localizada no Oeste Paulista. Os resultados revelam que, quando considerados os custos globais, a adoção de recursos renováveis apresenta grande competitividade, ao contrário de outros que, apesar de serem economicamente atraentes, não apresentam custos globais aceitáveis. / The Traditional Energy Planning usually favors technical-economic costs, relegating political, social and environmental issues to a less important level of analyses. This work tries to encourage a change in such approach by elaborating a model of energy resources characterization integrating all four dimensions - environmental, political, social and economic. The model aims at two objectives: providing a method of assessing the global cost of energy resources and estimating its potential considering the limitations provided by these dimensions. The integration of distinct elements constitutes a complex and tricky activity that can result in inaccurate results if not taken carefully. To minimize this complexity, the Model suggests the use of the Full Cost Accounting - FCA - method, which allows the consideration of quantitative and qualitative costs, reducing the demand for quantitative data, limited in some cases. The Model has been applied in the characterization of the region of Araçatuba, located in the western part of the state of São Paulo, the most populated state in Brazil. The results reveal that the adoption of renewable sources is quite attractive, especially when global costs are taken into account. On the other hand, other resources don\'t present acceptable global costs despite being economically attractive.

Over recent years, political, technological, environmental and economic factors have combined to increase interest in distributed energy resources (DER), and flexibility in the power system. As a resource which is both distributed and flexible, flexible demand (FD) can be considered to be particularly of interest. However, due to many facets of its nature, understanding the available flexibility, and potential value of that flexibility, is difficult. Further, understanding the effects of FD exploitation on other multi-energy system actors, given the complex nature of modern liberalised energy systems, complicates the picture further. These factors form material obstructions to the assessment of FD, for example, for the construction of business cases. To address these gaps this thesis first assesses the nature and value of various applicable current and potential markets and charging/incentive regimes, before detailing a novel multi-energy domestic demand simulation model, capable of modelling, in detail, domestic FD resources. Subsequently, a multi-commodity stochastic energy/reserve optimisation model, capable of modelling various DERs and taking into account price signals related to various energy-related commodities and services (including user utility) is specified. The separation of price components for application at different aggregation levels, which is applied in the optimisation model, also informs the described value mapping methodology, which illustrates the impacts of any, particularly demand-side, intervention on the wider multi-energy system. The power of the above detailed contributions are demonstrated through various studies, which show the physical and economic impact of various demand side interventions and of greater market participation by FD resources.