This thesis is an exploration of the institutional engagement between farmers and government, as well as a discourse about the development process in Ethiopia. The discussions are based on the fieldwork conducted from January 2012 to March 2012 in the eastern Ahmara region of the Dewa Chefa district (woreda). The ethnographic material will show how the public’s opinion is altered by the government and national media in terms of the discourse on development, economic growth and change of a farmer’s life. The discourses portray an unrealistic view of real, existing practices and engagements among the farmers and the agricultural bureau in the woreda. The main argument of the thesis is to show how the government's development discourses have multiple purposes that are not only attributed to the development practices and engagements, but also to the political realities and relations which exist between the government and the rural agricultural people. The thesis will explain how engagements, practices and discourses are strategized by the government and its institutions to assert power and to ensure farmers’ compliance. Also, it will explain the farmers' engagements and practices, and their strategies to deal with the development process and the government's strategies to assert power.   The theoretical framework is based on the deconstructive, or anthropological development critique. It will argue that understanding development as governmentality and discourses will be vital in discussing development as a power relationship and way of controlling others and extending government's power over its subjects. In such a view of development as nation state construction, the thesis will explain how development knowledge and discourse are reworked, reformulated and multiplied as new forms of knowledge and discourses to serve the purpose of the government in power within the nation.

This work deals with audit activities and assurance engagements. So it deals with similar issues from Czech and international perspective. It describes the types of audit activities and assurance engagements. It also describes related legislation, standards and regulatory authorities. The work contains information about persons, who perform audit activities and assurance engagements. This thesis compares audit activities and assurance engagements. The comparison shows a great similarity. This work deals with practical use of audit activities. It is solved from audit firm's and client's perspective. The result is, that the statutory audit is most widely used in practice.

L’objet de cette recherche est de saisir les logiques différenciées de l’engagement militant d’habitants menacés d’expulsion. À Rio de Janeiro et au Cap, villes dans lesquelles s’ancre cette étude, les classes populaires sont fragilisées par des politiques urbaines conduisant à des expulsions massives. Réunie au sein de structures collectives, une partie des résidents de la Vila Autódromo (Rio de Janeiro) et de Woodstock (Le Cap) se mobilise pour défendre son espace de vie.En rupture avec les lectures qui en sont communément données, je démontre ici que les structures militantes dans lesquelles les habitants se regroupent sont marquées par une forte hétérogénéité :les habitants s’y (dés)engagent selon divers degrés. Tandis que certains s’impliquent intensément dans l’action collective, d’autres préfèrent se tenir à l’écart ou se retirer au terme d’une période d’engagement. À travers un examen attentif des carrières des enquêtés, les mobiles objectifs (contexte et contraintes organisationnelles) et subjectifs (expériences, interprétations, représentations), qui sous-tendent leur participation sont analysés. Par le biais d’observations ethnographiques, ils sont ensuite réactualisés à la lumière des interactions entre résidents. Les liens sociaux de voisinage et les rapports de force entre résidents sont décryptés comme autant d’éléments susceptibles d’entraver un engagement au sein du groupe. En examinant les outils de façonnage du militantisme déployés par les groupes et les normes d’engagement diffusées par leurs cadres, je tente de comprendre comment les habitants s’y conforment, les contournent ou ajustent les activités militantes à leurs sphères de vie, bouleversées par la précarité économique et résidentielle. En retour, interroger l’hétérogénéité des engagements militants permet de mieux comprendre comment les groupes sociaux gèrent la diversité de leurs membres et ajustent leurs pratiques organisationnelles. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a lógica diferenciada do engajamento militante de moradores ameaçados de remoções. No Rio de Janeiro e na Cidade do Cabo, cidades em que este estudo se baseia, as classes trabalhadoras são enfraquecidas por políticas urbanas que conduzem a despejos massivos. Reunidos em estruturas coletivas, uma parte dos moradores da Vila Autódromo (Rio de Janeiro) e de Woodstock (Cidade do Cabo) se mobiliza para defender o seu espaço de vida. Mostro aqui que as estruturas militantes em que os moradores se reúnem são caracterizadas por uma forte heterogeneidade: os moradores estão empenhados nelas em diferentes graus. Enquanto alguns se envolvem intensamente na ação coletiva, outros preferem se afastar ou se retirar após um período de envolvimento. Através do estudo das carreiras dos inquiridos, são analisados os motivos objetivos (contexto e restrições organizacionais) e subjetivos (experiências, interpretações, representações) subjacentes à sua participação. Através de observações etnográficas, são depois atualizadas à luz das interações entre os residentes. Os laços sociais do bairro e as relações de poder entre os residentes são considerados como elementos susceptíveis de dificultar um compromisso mais intenso no grupo. Ao examinar os instrumentos de ativismo utilizados pelos grupos e as normas de empenhamento divulgadas pelos seus líderes, tento compreender como os residentes se conformam com eles, os contornam ou ajustam as atividades da militância às suas esferas de vida, que têm sido perturbadas pela insegurança económica e residencial. Por sua vez, questionar a heterogeneidade dos engajamentos permite compreender melhor a forma como os grupos sociais gerem a diversidade dos seus membros e ajustam as suas práticas organizacionais / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La thèse étudie les relations entre science et politique, à partir de la production historiographique consacrée à l’histoire des passés dits totalitaires (nazi et communiste) en Pologne. Cette histoire du temps présent est étudiée depuis sa genèse, durant la période communiste (1945-1989), jusqu’à la période post-communiste, après 1989. Elle fait l’objet de luttes entre acteurs, savants et profanes, dont les prises de position antagonistes s’expliquent par les positions différenciées qu’ils occupent dans l’espace du débat historiographique. L’autonomie de cet espace est limitée par une contrainte politique externe, exercée par le pouvoir politique, mais aussi par les logiques, internes à cet espace, de réponse à la contrainte externe. La thèse invite à relativiser la pertinence, en matière de production historiographique, de la césure de 1989, et souligne les formes de continuité entre la République populaire de Pologne et la situation présente. / Based on a study of the historiographical literature about the “totalitarian” pasts (nazi and communist) of Poland, this dissertation deals with the relationship between science and politics. The making of the history of these periods is studied from its genesis during the communist era (1945-1989) until the post-communist period started after 1989. Academic and non-academic actors are involved in the historiographical debate. Their stances can be explained by the various positions they occupy in the social space of this debate. The autonomy of this social space is not only limited by an external political constraint, applied by the political power, but also by this space’s internal logic elaborated in response to this outside pressure. The dissertation casts doubt the 1989 caesura in the historiographical literature, and underlines continuities between the Popular Republic of Poland and the current situation.

Il s’agit d’une étude de droit des actes juridiques internationaux (engagements conventionnels et unilatéraux), portant sur un mécanisme largement utilisé dans la pratique conventionnelle mais très peu étudié en doctrine, celui de la suspension, distingué des mécanismes, plus radicaux mais finalement moins intéressants peut-être, d’extinction des engagements. Pour la première fois, est proposée une définition de la suspension, préalablement distinguée des notions voisines avec lesquelles elle a souvent été confondue (dispense, exception d’inexécution, force majeure, contre-mesures, réserve, etc… et surtout, dénonciation et retrait). La définition proposée fait état des caractéristiques de la suspension telle qu’elle se donne à voir dans les clauses conventionnelles, la pratique diplomatique et la jurisprudence, et prend appui sur la « théorie de l’engagement ». L’étude vise également à clarifier le régime de la suspension, duquel Fitzmaurice disait qu’il soulevait de « graves difficultés de classification et de plan ». L’examen de la pratique révèle en effet que ce régime n’est pas unique mais dual, originalité qui ne manquera pas de frapper la curiosité du lecteur, et dont la mise à jour permet une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de suspension. / This study focuses on a mechanism frequently used in legal practice, but, surprisingly, often ignored in international doctrine: suspension. The mechanism of suspension is to be distinguished from more radical, but arguably less interesting mechanisms, such as revocation. Suspension will be analysed within the context of both conventional and unilateral international law commitments. For the first time, a general definition of suspension will be proposed, which sets it apart from the many similar notions with which it has been confused, such as dispense, exception of inexecution, force majeure, countermeasures, reservations, …, and last but not least, denunciation and withdrawal. The proposed definition also aims to identify characteristics that are unique to suspension, as shown in treaty clauses, in diplomatic practice and case law, and as supported by « commitment theory ». The study will also clarify the legal regime of suspension, which, according to Fitzmaurice, involves « serious difficulties of classification and content ». Indeed, a closer look at suspension in practical terms reveals that there are not one, but two legal regimes of suspension. This eye-opening conclusion will not fail to engage the reader’s interest and will contribute to our further understanding of the phenomenon of suspension.

The research I present within this thesis is a meaning analysis of contemporary shamanism for practitioners in the north of Norway and Sweden. I have used ethnographic research methods of observation, participation, conversations, interviews, context research and analysis of written texts. My aim has been to research the meaning of the sacred in the lives of contemporary shamanic practitioners, by using a theoretical framework from psychology of religion made by Paloutzian (2005). By using this frame I have focused on practitioners understanding of spiritual beliefs and ultimate concerns. As to view how these come forth in expressions of self-definition, values, goals, purposes and attitudes. My conclusions have been that contemporary shamanism is viewed as a spiritual understanding of the world that is expressing itself differently within cultural practices and geographical spaces. It is a worldview that is connecting people through shared beliefs and understandings. These understandings create strong values on how we should act with eachother, nature and our own self, as we are viewed as belonging to each other in a spiritual perspective. These values come in conflict with social and political structures built on other values and attitudes. Practitioners speak of a call for change in structures, the need of understanding our history and our belonging with eachother and nature for our own wellbeing and our world to survive. As some engage in social activism and other social engagements, others view their goal as to”walk in beauty”(Gaup 2007).

Le risque de crédit présent dans tous les contrats financiers constitue la principale source de pertes pour les banques et les institutions financières au Liban. Le secteur bancaire libanais connaît en matière de crédit une évolution sans précédent conséquence de trois mutations principales : Un rôle sans cesse croissant des marchés financiers dans le système financier international; l'émergence au sein des banques de nouvelles techniques quantitatives de management des risques de crédit; une réglementation bancaire en cours de changement / The Credit Risk which existed in all financial contracts constitutes the principal resource of loss for the banks and financial institutions in Lebanon. During the last years, the measure and the risk management have grown an importance in the banking industry, causing a development of new tools especially for the Corporate. The banking authorities, who are realizing this evolution, have decided to reform the regulation of the Capital Adequacy. Thus, the reform of Basle II proposes new allocation of assets based on better evaluation of risk. Basle II incites the banks to be provided by performing internal system of scoring of all their customers (Retail and Corporate).For this purpose, the Lebanese banking sector has shown, in matters of credit, an unprecedented evolution, consequence of three principal changes:a growing role of financial market in the international financial system; an emergence in the middle of banks of new quantitative techniques of Management of Credit Risk; a banking regulation in progress of change.This thesis have for objective to present all the different risk, take stock of their management in the midst of Lebanese banks and to provide a lighting on the new track of development viewed for these banks in order to come from the high risk.

abstract: Within ethics, a number of scholars advocate an interdisciplinary approach of combining the two traditionally different professions of science and philosophy with the confidence that this collaboration will be a mutually beneficial experience. Current ethicist-scientist interactions include embedded-ethicists and research ethics consultation services. Both methods are employed with the hope that they will reduce social and ethical problems that could arise from scientific research, and enhance the reflective capacity of investigative teams. While much effort has been put forth in the endeavor of creating ethicist-scientist interactions, there remains opportunity to refine these new interaction models to make them more robust. There is need for ethicists to understand the context of ethical decision-making in the laboratory. By extension, before interacting with scientists in a research lab, research ethicists ought to have the ability to understand the science and also be familiar with the different factors that influence scientific research, such as funding, productivity requirements, time constraints, politics of laboratories and institutional reward structures. Through literature review and the analysis of qualitative data obtained from the ethnographic study in a neuroscience laboratory, this thesis explores the strengths and weaknesses of ethicist-scientist interactions and aims to understand the culture, traditions and values of this community and their perspectives on their role as scientists and their relationship to ethics. This study shows that the quantity and quality of ethics discussions in the lab are limited and dictated by time constraints and minimal incentives. Other influencing factors are the researchers' perspectives on ethics and how they view their role as a scientist in relation to the public. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Applied Biological Sciences 2012

Referred to as a graveyard for foreign aid and simultaneously a great example for progress in terms of implementing the New Deal for Engagements in Fragile States, Somalia is recovering from a protracted war, multi-dimensional fragility and deep mistrust. This research analyses how international actors contribute to peace, state and trust building in the Somali region by implementing the New Deal TRUST principles on a national level and by engaging in the peacebuilding process in Galkacyo, Central Somalia on a local level. Through a qualitative approach and case study design, the research relies on data collected through qualitative content analyses of reports, official documents and evaluations as well as data collected through key informant interviews. Informants involve persons working for the European Union, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme in New York and Somalia, the Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, Interpeace Eastern and Central Africa Regional Office and the New York University with connection to the New Deal and or peace and statebuilding engagements in the Somali region. The findings, generated from the collected data, are analysed through a theoretical framework based on Wallensten’s (2015) theory on ‘Quality Peace’, Eriksen’s (2017) theory on Statebuilding and Barbalet’s (2009) and Eccles (2015) theory on trust building. The research finds that the implementation of the TRUST principles is scattered in terms of progress. ‘Use and strengthen country systems’ and ‘Strengthening capacities’ are the two principles delivering most progress according to the majority of the informants, whereas ‘Risk sharing’ and ‘Timely and predictable aid’ perform worse. The implementation of the first principle, ‘Transparency’, mainly referring to the sharing of documents, inclusive decision-making and reporting of aid to the Somali Aid Coordination Unit at the Prime Minister’s Office, has made moderate progress. At a local level, Interpeace engages in the Galkacyo peacebuilding process by providing strategic, financial and technical support to local structures, e.g. a joint Peace Committee and joint security force. The research identifies a tendency that the implementation of the New Deal TRUST principles has had limited impact on a local level. The development of the emerging FMSs has added an extra dynamic to the conflict in Galkacyo, a city divided by the two administrative regions Galmudug and Puntland. Furthermore, whether donor behaviour has changed in fragile states as an effect of the New Deal is debated. The engagements on a local level in Galkacyo tend to contribute to peace and trust building among clashing communities, however, limited impact can be identified on the statebuilding process and on peace and trust building vis-à-vis the Federal and State Governments.

Cette thèse porte sur le mouvement associatif étudiant, et son impact sur les autres formes d’engagements collectifs des individus dans le monde social. Elle s’attache à montrer que le mouvement associatif étudiant génère des projets, des formes d’engagements dans le collectif, que l’on voit réapparaître quelques années plus tard dans les associations, ONG, syndicats, partis politiques, … Outre la capacité transitive du message associatif étudiant, c’est la place de préfigurateur des engagements collectifs qu’occupe le mouvement associatif étudiant qui sont les objets principaux de cette recherche. La démonstration s’établit sur deux chapitres. Le premier s’attache à démontrer la réalité historique de cette proposition, de la fin du XIXème siècle jusqu’aux années 80. La seconde partie en démontre l’actualité, notamment au travers des pratiques à l’œuvre au sein du réseau FAGE. Ce travail, alliant quantitatif et qualitatif, s’appuie sur la catégorie du sujet tourainien, démontrant notamment la participation du mouvement associatif étudiant à l’émergence du Sujet. Les aspects historiques de ce travail s’appuient sur les travaux de Monchablon, Fischer, et plus largement, du GERME. Les problématiques relevant du tiers-secteur sont décryptées à l’aune des travaux de Ion, Archambault, ainsi que ceux du MAUSS. La capacité transitive du message associatif étudiant s’appuie enfin sur les travaux de Fillieule, Mayer et Agrikoliansky. Il ressort de ce travail la capacité du milieu associatif étudiant à bousculer les consensus sociaux en matière d’engagement collectif des individus, et à agir pour l’institutionnalisation progressive de modalités innovantes et performatives. / This thesis focuses on the student union and its impact on other forms of individual devotion towards collective commitments in the Social world. It aims to demonstrate that the student union generates projects and forms of commitments in the collective, that reappear several years later in unions, NGOs, political parties. Although the student union message is transitive, the precursor nature of collective engagements, central to student union movement, is the focus of this research. The demonstration spans two chapters. The first demonstrates the historical reality of such proposal, from the end of the nineteenth century to the 80s. The second demonstrates its topicality, mainly through the activities within the network FAGE. This work, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, is based upon the subject of Touraine category, with a particular emphasis on the participation of the student union in the emergence of the Subject. The historical aspects of this thesis are based on the work of Monchablon, Fischer, and more broadly, GERME. The problems associated with the third sector are considered under the point of view of Ion, Archambault and Mauss. The transitive capability of the student union message builds on Fillieule, Mayer and Agrikoliansky works. This work demonstrates the ability of the student union to disturb the social consensus in the area of collective commitment of individuals, and to favour the gradual institutionalization of innovative and performative modalities.