Os ensinos técnicos e tecnológicos estão em pauta nas discussões e decisões governamentais. Esta pesquisa investiga o encontro entre a educação de língua inglesa e esses ensinos. Por meio de metodologias qualitativas de cunho etnográfico, analiso as visões de dois professores e de diversos alunos de duas escolas, uma escola técnica de nível médio e uma faculdade de tecnologia do ensino superior, pertencentes a um centro educacional tecnológico no Estado de São Paulo. Nesta, respondo a duas perguntas de pesquisa: qual é a percepção dos alunos e professores do segmento escolar técnico/tecnológico da presença da língua inglesa na sociedade? E qual é o reflexo da relação língua inglesa e sociedade neoliberal globalizada nos contextos de educação técnica/tecnológica, considerando-se a premissa da formação crítica na sociedade atual? Com base nas interpretações de dados, esta tese defende que as duas escolas investigadas têm realizado um trabalho educacional por meio das aulas de inglês que visa, concomitantemente, a formação tecnológica/instrumental, cidadã e crítica. A contribuição desta pesquisa é mostrar que esses contextos constituem espaços de mudança e que visam uma formação cidadã dos alunos, como indicado em suas diretrizes. Exponho este estudo em duas partes. A primeira parte apresenta uma introdução, na qual contextualizo o campo e as metodologias envolvidas na investigação sobre a língua inglesa, e as raízes teóricas desse estudo, embora a teorização se estenda ao longo dos capítulos, tecidos com dados, análise e reflexões. A segunda parte se constitui por cinco capítulos. Os sentidos construídos nesta parte se pautam em dados que me levaram a interpretações e compreensões sobre: as questões acerca do neoliberalismo que influencia os discursos sobre a língua inglesa, discutidas no primeiro capítulo; o ensino de língua inglesa e a educação na sociedade atual, ensino este analisado no contexto das relações globais-locais (glocais) e que é apresentado no segundo capítulo; a relação pedagogia convencional/tradicional e a pedagogia crítica analisada no ensino de língua inglesa no referido contexto de investigação, o que me permitiu reflexões e revisitas conceituais no terceiro capítulo; a adequação de uma proposta de formação crítica no contexto de educação técnica/tecnológica, numa análise que conta com as teorias dos novos letramentos e das novas tecnologias (NTICs) para a investigação da prática, compondo o quarto capítulo e da problematização da prática dessas teorias e respectivas perspectivas culturais no desenvolvimento de uma cidadania ativa, o que constitui o quinto capítulo. Ancorado nos movimentos educacionais contemporâneos, concluo afirmando que os novos letramentos, somados às práticas pedagógicas existentes nos ensinos técnicos/tecnológicos, podem colaborar com propostas educacionais renovadas. / The technical education and the technology/vocational education are at stake in government decisions and discussions. This research investigates the encounter between English language education and the technical and vocational education. Based on qualitative ethnographic methodologies, I analyze the discourses of two teachers and several students from two schools - a secondary level technical school and a faculty of technology both belonging to a technology educational institution in the State of São Paulo . Through this approach I seek to answer two main research questions: what is the perception of students and teachers from these schools in relation to the presence of English language in society? And how is the relationship between the English language and globalized neoliberal society reflected in technical/technology education, with regard to the premise of the necessity of critical education in today\'s society? Based on interpretations of data, this thesis argues that both schools have developed a pedagogical approach aimed at instrumental teaching at the same time as it focuses on citizenship and critical education. The contribution of this thesis is to suggest that these contexts provide spaces for change and that vocational education can contribute to students citizenship education, as indicated in its official orientations. I present this study in two parts. The first one comprises the introduction, the contextualization, the methodologies, and some theoretical roots of this research. The second part comprises the analysis of data intertwined with more theoretical grounding. In the first chapter, I discuss the influence of the neoliberal discourse on English language teaching and learning. In the second one, the interpretative analysis focuses on English language teaching and education in current society, in particular the notion of the global-local, or the glocal. In the third part I present an analysis based on a revisited critical pedagogy. I reflect upon some views of conventional/traditional pedagogy and critical pedagogy through English language education. The new literacies and new technologies (ICTs) are the focus of the fourth chapter. In the fifth and final chapter I reflect upon the concepts of culture and citizenship within foreign language education contexts. I understand that education, culture and citizenship should be in dialogue if they are to contribute to new teachings and new learnings. Based on contemporary educational movements, I conclude by stating that the new literacies, added to the existing pedagogical practices of this educational institution, might produce new educational proposals, which comprise the transformative dimensions of schooling.

Socio-economic processes have long underlined the value of language and ethno-linguistic categories in Canada. The Quiet Revolution, widely considered to be one such process, has resulted in the production of Quebec's English-speaking minority. Although recent studies pertaining to Quebec's English-speaking minority have largely focused on the construction of identity, little research has explored the perceived value of language. While Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is increasingly bilingual, figures suggest that its youth continues to migrate. Through a critical perspective, this thesis explores how Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is navigating the uneven distribution and rising value of bilingualism. Using a qualitative approach, I conducted 15 interviews with participants who attended an English-language high school in Quebec City. Results revealed that participants mobilized ethnic and economic language ideologies as a means to negotiate the value of their linguistic practices and that these language ideologies structured mobility and enabled participants to reposition themselves within a new linguistic market.

This thesis outlines the problem of the influence of English language development in preschool articulation. The theoretical part is devoted to the development of speech and articulation, as I present a comparison between the formation of Czech and English sounds. The third chapter describes the problems of articulation disorders including articulation problems most common in preschool children. Conclusion theoretical part consists of chapter, which deals with teaching English in kindergarten. Evaluates the pros and cons of this teaching. As part of the research in the practical part of the thesis I focused on the examination of language pre-school children. Important was also the interview with the English teacher. The aim of my thesis was to evaluate the level of articulation in preschool children receiving instruction in English language. Survey I conducted twice at intervals of six months. The results rather confirmed my suspicion that the development can be influenced by the pronunciation of English teaching at preschool age.

In Korea, English education in kindergartens has dramatically increased in the last 15 years. As a result, almost all Korean kindergarten students are learning English today. The present study aims to understand Korean parents’, kindergarten teachers’, and kindergarten students’ perceptions of early English-language education (EEE). This study is particularly significant because thus far little research has investigated the perceptions of EEE held by the young learners themselves. Ninety-five participants - 30 kindergarten teachers, 33 parents, and 32 five- and six-year old kindergarten students - were recruited from five kindergartens in four cities in Chung-Nam province, Korea. The parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of EEE were examined through questionnaires, whereas the students’ perceptions of learning English were investigated through multiple data collection methods: a questionnaire, an interview session, and a drawing activity. Questionnaire data gathered from the parents and teachers were quantitatively analyzed, and the data gathered from the kindergarten students were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings revealed that the parent and student groups shared more positive attitudes towards EEE than the teacher group. In addition, many more parents and students believed that English education is necessary at the kindergarten level than the teachers did. Concerning kindergarten students’ perceptions, the three data collection methods in this study showed that many kindergarten children consistently held positive attitudes towards learning English. The students were not only interested in learning English, but they also showed high self-confidence in learning English. / Graduate

The thesis is focused on teaching students with learning disabilities in the first level of primary school, especially for teaching English to these children. Further, I will focus mainly on finding and verification of teaching methods to be used when teaching English to these students.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laryssa Paulino de Queiroz Sousa - 2017.pdf: 2586764 bytes, checksum: 60296e68d33788a9ceaf5dff0b9da2b5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-06 / This study focused on the discussion of critical language education (DUBOC, 2012, 2014; NORTON; PAVLENKO, 2004; OKAZAKI, 2005; PENNYCOOK, 1999, 2001, 2012, 2017; URZÊDA-FREITAS; PESSOA, 2014, among others) with English language teachers from a language school, located in Goiânia, through a collaborative experience of critical teacher education (ELLSWORTH, 1989; HAWKINS, NORTON, 2009; KUMARAVADIVELU, 2012; PESSOA; URZÊDA-FREITAS, 2012; SILVESTRE, 2016, among others). These theoretical perspectives are based on Critical Applied Linguistics (FABRÍCIO, 2006; MOITA LOPES, 2006a, 2006b, 2013a, 2013b; PENNYCOOK, 1990, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), in which the teaching-learning process is seen as a politicized act; the classroom is seen as a space of social practices; and teachers and students are seen as active agents of their realities. The research is characterized as qualitative (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2013) and collaborative (IBIAPINA, 2008; TELES; IBIAPINA, 2009), and it was developed by a group of eight teachers and me in the period of September and December of 2015. During the study, the activities implemented were the reading and the discussion of six academic texts and the problematization of the teaching-learning process of English in the light of these texts. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to discuss which reflections on critical language education stood out and 2) to problematize how the teacher education experience lived was characterized and how the educators interpreted it, grounded on Critical Applied Linguistics. An initial questionnaire, discussions of the focus group on selected texts (recorded in audio), interviews (also recorded in audio), field notes and personal narratives were the sources of the empirical material generated. In relation to the language teaching-learning process, the teachers focused on the discussion of their understandings on the critical language education perspective, in a way they could highlight their local realities and their agency, question conflicts and power relations in the classroom and problematize the teaching materials used in the school. With regard to language teacher education, teacher preparation and the challenges for the implementation of a critical work, principles related to this perspective and the care related to its development, and the hindrances and contributions of the research to the participating group stood out. / O estudo desenvolvido teve como enfoque a discussão da educação linguística crítica (DUBOC, 2012, 2014; NORTON; PAVLENKO, 2004; OKAZAKI, 2005; PENNYCOOK, 1999, 2001, 2012, 2017; URZÊDA-FREITAS; PESSOA, 2014, entre outros/as) com docentes de língua inglesa de uma escola de idiomas, localizada em Goiânia, por meio de uma experiência colaborativa de formação crítica docente (ELLSWORTH, 1989; HAWKINS; NORTON, 2009; KUMARAVADIVELU, 2012; PESSOA; URZÊDA-FREITAS, 2012; SILVESTRE, 2016, entre outros/as). Essas perspectivas teóricas são fundamentadas pela Linguística Aplicada Crítica (FABRÍCIO, 2006; MOITA LOPES, 2006a, 2006b, 2013a, 2013b; PENNYCOOK, 1990, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), na qual o processo de ensino-aprendizagem é visto como um ato politizado; a sala de aula, como um espaço de práticas sociais; e docentes e discentes, como agentes ativos/as de suas realidades. A pesquisa é caracterizada como qualitativa (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2013) e colaborativa (IBIAPINA, 2008; TELES; IBIAPINA, 2009), tendo sido desenvolvida por um grupo de oito docentes e por mim no período de setembro a dezembro de 2015. Durante o estudo, as atividades implementadas foram: leitura e discussão de seis textos acadêmicos e problematização do processo de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês à luz desses textos. Assim, os objetivos do estudo foram: 1) discutir quais reflexões sobre educação linguística crítica se sobressaíram e 2) problematizar como se caracterizou e como os/as educadores/as interpretaram a experiência de formação docente vivenciada, fundamentada pela Linguística Aplicada Crítica. Questionário inicial, discussões do grupo focal sobre os textos selecionados (gravadas em áudio), entrevistas (também gravadas em áudio), anotações de campo e narrativas pessoais constituem as fontes do material empírico. Em relação ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas, os/as docentes enfocaram a discussão de suas compreensões sobre a perspectiva de educação linguística crítica, de modo a realçar suas realidades locais e sua agência, a questionar conflitos e relações de poder em sala de aula e a problematizar o material didático usado na escola. No que concerne à formação de professores/as de línguas, destacaram-se a preparação docente e os desafios para a implementação de um trabalho crítico, os princípios relacionados a essa perspectiva e cuidados relativos ao seu desenvolvimento e os entraves e as contribuições da pesquisa para o grupo participante.

Abstract Since 2005, it has been government policy in Taiwan to introduce English in Grade 3 of primary schooling (when learners are generally age 9). The overall aim of this research project was to investigate some of the problems associated with the implementation of this policy by combining research involving teacher cognition with research involving the criterion-referenced analysis of a sample of textbooks produced in Taiwan for young learners and a sample of lessons taught in Taiwanese primary schools. A questionnaire-based survey of a sample of teachers of English in Taiwanese primary schools (166 respondents) was conducted, focusing on teacher background and training, views about national and local policies, approaches to course content, methodology and teaching resources, and perceptions of their own proficiency in English and of their own training needs. Only 46 (27%) of the respondents reported that they had a qualification specific to the teaching of English and 41 (25%) reported that they had neither a qualification in teaching English nor a general primary teaching qualification. Many expressed dissatisfaction with the implementation of policies relating to the teaching of English at national level (46/ 29%), local level (39/24%) and in their own school (28/17%). Although many reported that the availability of resources (125/ 75%) and/ or student interest (101/ 61%) played a role in determining what they taught, none reported that the national curriculum guidelines did so. Although official policy in Taiwan endorses the use of 'communicative language teaching', only 103 (62%) of respondents reported that their own approach was communicatively-oriented, with 18 (11%) observing that they preferred grammar-translation. A more in-depth survey relating to teacher perception of pre- and in-service training was conducted using a questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Although all 10 participants in this survey are officially classified as being trained to teach English in Taiwanese primary schools, the type and extent of their training varied widely and all of them expressed dissatisfaction with that training, noting that they had no confidence in the trainers' own competence in teaching English to young learners. All claimed that critical issues were either omitted altogether or dealt with in a superficial way. One contextual factor that has a significant impact on teacher performance in Taiwan is the quality of the textbooks that are generally available. A sample of textbooks (3 different series) produced in Taiwan was analysed and evaluated, the analysis revealing that the materials were often poorly organised, inappropriately selected and illustrated, contextually inappropriate. Finally, from a sample of twenty videotaped English lessons taught to students in primary schools in Taiwan, six that were considered to be typical were transcribed, analysed and evaluated in relation to criteria derived from a review of literature on teaching effectiveness. All of these lessons were found to be characterised by problems in a number of areas, including lesson focus, lesson staging, concept introduction, concept checking, and the setting up and conducting activities. It is concluded that the implementation of official policy on the teaching of English in primary schools in Taiwan is fraught with problems, problems that are evident at every stage in the process, from teacher education, through materials design to lesson planning and delivery.

This study aims to expand studies on ESL/EFL teachers’ beliefs by investigating the relationship among Korean teachers’ beliefs about English language education in Korea, sources of their beliefs, their perceptions of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MOE)-initiated reforms in English language education, and the degree of implementation of the reforms in their classroom teaching. Toward that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative research instruments: a survey with a questionnaire, interviews, and observations. The study surveyed 158 in-service teachers. Among these 158 teachers, 10 were selected for interviews and observations. Each of the 10 teachers was interviewed three times and his/her classroom teaching observed twice. The findings of the study indicate: a) the beliefs held by the majority of the participants were based on the communication-oriented approaches (COA) to English language teaching, which has been recommended by the MOE in its efforts to reform English language education in Korea; b) major sources of the participants’ beliefs seemed to be their experiences as learners in overseas English programs and domestic in-service teacher education programs with practical curricula; c) the teacher participants’ perceptions of the reforms’ general direction were largely consistent with their COA-based beliefs, but their perceptions of specific reform policies and measures were dictated by their concerns with realities of EFL education and their positions; and d) not the participants’ beliefs but their negative perceptions of reform policies and measures AND the constraints they cited were the main obstacles to the implementation of the reform policies and measures in their classroom teaching. The findings reveal gaps and mismatches among the participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and practices. The study interprets such gaps and mismatches not as inconsistencies but as symptoms of a transitional stage through which English language education in Korea has been going. The study discusses the implications of the findings for Korean EFL teachers, EFL/ESL teacher education programs, and reform agents. The study ends with four suggestions for future research.

For many decades, college English teaching in China has been teacher-centered, mainly focusing on the enhancement of students’ four basic English language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, with little attention paid to the cultivation of students’ higher order thinking skills (Tang, 2016; Wang, Xu, & Zhou, 2016). The teacher-centered teaching approach has led to the problem that after having learned English for many years, students cannot speak English fluently (Dai, 2001). There has been a call for promoting the student-centered teaching model in China (NACFLT, 2000). One relatively new approach to support student-centered active learning is flipped instruction (Egbert et al., 2015). In a flipped classroom, the transmission of information in a traditional face-to-face class is moved out of class time, and the class time is devoted to engaging students in active learning to foster deeper understanding of course content and problem-solving skills. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the effects of the flipped classroom model on the learning of Chinese undergraduate students in a college English class. Using a purposeful sampling strategy, I selected a flipped English class in a private college in Shanghai, China, which can be regarded as a pioneer in promoting the flipped classroom model in China. I identified six second-year college students to be my respondents. During the six weeks of study in the fall semester of 2019, I collected data from multiple sources including one individual semi-structured open-ended interview with the instructor and each of the student participants, classroom observation, and documentation such as the teacher’s teaching plans, students’ journal entries, course projects, word maps and worksheets (both online or written ones). With a holistic analysis of the data collected, I explored students’ perceptions of the learning experiences in the flipped college English class, which lent an insight into the effects of the flipped classroom model on students’ learning. This study found that the teacher partly flipped her English class. Most of the learning of vocabulary and grammar was moved out of class. The learning of the articles in the textbook was partly flipped, with the initial understanding of the article done before class and the in-depth text analysis carried out in class. In class time, the teacher created an active learning environment with a variety of activities, encouraging students to think and speak English. The flipped learning tasks prepared students for the active learning in class, and the post-class learning tasks engaged students in further learning and thinking. All the six students regarded the teaching model as “original” and “helpful”. They perceived improved learning in the active learning environment in class. In addition, they perceived enhanced autonomy in learning, improvement in their English listening and speaking proficiency, and opportunities for cultivating higher order thinking skills. However, they were also faced with challenges in learning which they attributed to their low proficiency level of English listening and speaking. There was one outlier who preferred the traditional way of teaching and learning English, though he acknowledged the value of the teaching model adopted in this partly flipped English class.

This thesis aimed to investigate the perception of secondary school students regarding English teachers’ motivational strategies. The investigation focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, the frequency of their implementation, and the disjunction between students’ preferred motivational approaches and their perception of teachers’ practices. A digital survey was distributed to 46 students from a suburban school near Stockholm. To analyze the data collection, descriptive statistics and, Wilcoxon matched the pair tests were conducted to determine whether there is a significant difference between paired students’ preferences of motivational strategies and their perception of English teachers’ use of these strategies. Results indicated that students assign positive ratings to most motivational strategies. Moreover, students consistently rated their English teachers’ motivational strategy use quite highly, with a low standard deviation, reflecting that student participants shared similar opinions. At times, the Wilcoxon matched-pair test exhibits a statistically significant difference between students’ preferred motivational strategies and their perception of teachers’ practices. Despite the teachers’ high utilization of motivational strategies, students’ expectations appear to be higher.