Towards the end of October 2018, news stories surfaced about a targeted crackdown on gay people in Tanzania. Regional Commissioner of Dar es Salam, Paul Makonda, announced plans to form a government taskforce that would be devoted to pursuing and prosecuting LGBTIQ people, or those perceived to be on the spectrum (Amnesty International, “Tanzania”). This current onslaught on LGBTIQ citizens has already seen 10 men arrested, ostensibly for participating in a same-sex wedding (Ibid). While the Tanzanian foreign ministry distanced itself from the Regional Commissioner’s remarks (Burke), others have framed Makonda’s actions as a natural extension of president John Magufuli’s “morality crusade” (Amnesty International, “Tanzania”). After being elected to office in 2015, Magufuli achieved international acclaim for this 'thrift and intolerance for corruption’ (Paget). However, Magufuli’s “morality crusade” quickly spiralled into authoritarianism, with a clampdown on freedom of speech and on opposition to his party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) (Ibid). The party has governed Tanzania since its independence in 1961 (O’Gorman 317). As Ahearne notes, it has become a situation where 'any opposition is seen as “against the nation”’ since it has become 'clear that Magufuli is following a nationalist agenda.’ Homophobic campaigns have been a common feature since Magufuli was elected in 2015, and sodomy still carries a prison sentence of up to 30 years in Tanzania (Burke). The current “morality crusade” is not that unusual, in other words, and it imagines sexual and gender minorities as outside the nation-state, as not quite citizens. This discourse is not new, and simply echoes similar declarations and crackdowns in other African countries that frame sexual and gender minorities as non-citizens.

Includes bibliographical references. / With an eye to the historical situation in which the novel is set, and into which it emerges, I examine the text’s negotiation of the problems of communication and communicability across different languages and cultures. I suggest Greene as, in this sense, occupied with many of the same concerns about the limits of representation of personal experience as are found in the "Modernist" movement. This reading of the text also takes into account an historically contextualised overview of the various colonial interests the novel presents - those of the "old colonial peoples" of Europe as opposed to the new American empire. In this light, I am interested in the text’s depiction of the meeting of characters of different cultural origins - specifically the encounter of the European and the American, and the "Westerner" and the "Oriental" - in order to investigate the pitfalls of communication.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 13, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Charles Harris (chair), Ronald Fortune, Curtis White. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 304-316) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 229-247.

This essay aims to examine which consequences a less-detail controlled curriculum has on English teachers’ choice of English-language literature. With support from the literature review, this essay argues that an unofficial, tacit school canon of English-language literature mainly composed of ten literary works seems to have been established in Swedish upper-secondary schools, despite the Swedish National Curriculum not naming specific literary works educators in Sweden are required to use in their teaching. Thus, this essay answers the following questions: 1) Which English-language literature do English teachers in Sweden use in their teaching? 2) Does a less-detail controlled curriculum contribute to English teachers in Sweden being more inclusive in their choice of literature in teaching? The results support the hypothesis; that despite the ten literary works found in the unofficial, tacit school canon might be vulnerable to the same criticism aimed at the “Western literary canon” and a “prescribed” curriculum. Yet, no evidence was found which would illustrate that a less detail-controlled curriculum does not contribute to English teachers in Sweden being more inclusive in their choice of literature in teaching since the inclusive classroom is not only a matter of what is being taught but also of how it is being taught. Additionally, the study shows that there are countries in the Western world that name literary works as a teaching requirement for educators that “silently” marginalize and privilege some voices. Despite educators not being able to influence what is being taught, educators have developed strategies and methods (critical literacy/pedagogy, and intersectionality) on how these literary works are taught to learners with the aim to make room for a spectrum of voices when being required to teach from a “prescribed” curriculum.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Apartheid het die oorgrote meerderheid Suid-Afrikaners se lewens onherroeplik beinvloed. Dit is daarom te verstane dat dit in die Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur, insluitende die Engelse Suid-Afiikaanse jeugliteratuur, neerslag gevind het. Ten einde die studie in konteks te plaas, word in die eerste drie hoofstukke 'n historiese oorsig van die apartheidsera, Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse volwasse literatuur, en Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse kinderen jeugliteratuur, gegee. Die hoofgedeelte van die studie word vervolgens bespreek, en is in die volgende drie hoofstukke verdeel: • Die uitbeelding van sosio-ekonomiese toestande gedurende die apartheidsera, soos byvoorbeeld van afsonderlike woongebiede en aparte openbare geriewe. • Die uitbeelding van die onderwystoestande, veral van die Bantoe-onderwysbeleid. • Die uitbeelding van die veiligheidsmagte (polisie en weermag), insluitende die beeld van hierdie magte in die bree gemeenskap. Ten slotte word verskillende ooreenkomste wat na vore gekom bet in die bestudeerde Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse jeugromans waarin apartheid uitgebeeld word, bespreek. Daar word ook gekyk na die waarde van hierdie jeugromans. / Apartheid had a irrevocably influence on the lives of the majority of people in South Africa. Therefore it is understandable that it would be portrayed in South African literature, including the English South African youth literature. To put the subject in context, the first three chapters ofthe thesis deal with a historical overview of the apartheidera; South African English adult literature; and South African English children's literature. The main part of the thesis has been divided as follows: • The portrayal of socio-economic conditions, e.g. separate residential areas and public amenities. • The portrayal of the education situation, especially the Black Education policy. • The portrayal of the security forces (police and army), including the images of these forces in the broader community. To conclude the thesis, similarities in the youth novels portraying apartheid are discussed. The value of these youth novels is also looked into. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Apartheid het die oorgrote meerderheid Suid-Afrikaners se lewens onherroeplik beinvloed. Dit is daarom te verstane dat dit in die Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur, insluitende die Engelse Suid-Afiikaanse jeugliteratuur, neerslag gevind het. Ten einde die studie in konteks te plaas, word in die eerste drie hoofstukke 'n historiese oorsig van die apartheidsera, Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse volwasse literatuur, en Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse kinderen jeugliteratuur, gegee. Die hoofgedeelte van die studie word vervolgens bespreek, en is in die volgende drie hoofstukke verdeel: • Die uitbeelding van sosio-ekonomiese toestande gedurende die apartheidsera, soos byvoorbeeld van afsonderlike woongebiede en aparte openbare geriewe. • Die uitbeelding van die onderwystoestande, veral van die Bantoe-onderwysbeleid. • Die uitbeelding van die veiligheidsmagte (polisie en weermag), insluitende die beeld van hierdie magte in die bree gemeenskap. Ten slotte word verskillende ooreenkomste wat na vore gekom bet in die bestudeerde Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse jeugromans waarin apartheid uitgebeeld word, bespreek. Daar word ook gekyk na die waarde van hierdie jeugromans. / Apartheid had a irrevocably influence on the lives of the majority of people in South Africa. Therefore it is understandable that it would be portrayed in South African literature, including the English South African youth literature. To put the subject in context, the first three chapters ofthe thesis deal with a historical overview of the apartheidera; South African English adult literature; and South African English children's literature. The main part of the thesis has been divided as follows: • The portrayal of socio-economic conditions, e.g. separate residential areas and public amenities. • The portrayal of the education situation, especially the Black Education policy. • The portrayal of the security forces (police and army), including the images of these forces in the broader community. To conclude the thesis, similarities in the youth novels portraying apartheid are discussed. The value of these youth novels is also looked into. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Mention obtenue: Exceptionelle / Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’inscription des sujets LGBTQ dans les discours dominants et leurs dispositifs dans le cadre de la production culturelle caribéenne récente. Pour ce faire, la recherche se base sur l’autobiographie Antes que anochezca de Reinaldo Arenas; les romans El Rey de La Habana de Pedro Juan Gutiérrez et Masi de Gay Victor; le recueil de nouvelles Mundo cruel de Luis Negrón; la nouvelle « ¡Jum! » de Luis Rafael Sánchez; les poèmes « Young Faggot » et « Surrender » de Faizal (Deen) Forrester; le documentaire Des hommes et des dieux d’Anne Lescot et de Laurence Magloire. Le point de départ théorique de la thèse st le concept (bio)pouvoir développé par Michel Foucault, soit un réseau de relations de pouvoir omniprésent qui encadre, détermine, crée, définit et limite les sujets à l’aide de discours (tels que l’idéologie ou la religion) et de dispositifs (comme le genre et la sexualité). Dans un premier temps, la thèse analyse la représentation du corps LGBTQ dans les discours que sont la norme du genre et de la sexualité, la nation et la religion (christianisme et religions syncrétiques afrocaribéennes). Marginalisés par la norme, les corps des sujets LGBTQ sont aussi définis comme étant problématiques par les discours nationaux et religieux. La thèse traite par la suite de la construction des identités LGBTQ caribéennes, qui sont représentées comme étant fortement dichotomiques et basées sur le rôle sexuel, ainsi que des espaces dans lesquels sont représentés les sujets LGBTQ caribéens. Ceux-ci sont marginaux et fonctionnent comme des hétérotopies. Finalement, la thèse s’intéresse aux stratégies de survie qui permettent aux sujets LGBTQ caribéens de négocier avec le biopouvoir : la désidentification, l’invisibilité contextuelle et la migration. / This thesis concerns the inscription of LGBTQ subjects in dominant discourses and their apparatus in the context of recent Caribbean cultural production: Antes que anochezca by Reinaldo Arenas, El Rey de La Habana by Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, and Masi by Gary Victor; the collection of short stories Mundo cruel by Luis Negrón; the short story “¡Jum!” by Luis Rafael Sánchez; the poems “Young Faggot” and “Surrender” by Faizal (Deen) Forrester; and finally, the documentary film Des hommes et des dieux by Anne Lescot and Laurence Magloire. The theorical starting point of this thesis is the concept of (bio)power developed by Michel Foucault: an omnipresent web of power relationships that oversees, determines, creates, defines and limits subjects by means of discourses (such as ideology or religion) and apparatus (like gender and sexuality). Additionally, the thesis deals with the construction of Caribbean LGBTQ identities, which are represented as strongly dichotomic and based on the sexual role, and with the physical spaces in which Caribbean LGBTQ subjects are represented. These are not only marginal but they function as heterotopies. Finally, the thesis analyses the survival strategies that allow Caribbean LGBTQ subjects to negotiate with biopower, such as disidentification, (in)visibility, and migration. / Esta tesis se interesa en la inscripción de los sujetos LGBTQ en los discursos dominantes y en sus dispositivos del biopoder en la reciente producción cultural caribeña: Antes que anochezca de Reinaldo Arenas, El Rey de La Habana de Pedro Juan Gutiérrez y Masi de Gay Victor; la colección de cuentos Mundo cruel de Luis Negrón; el cuento “¡Jum!” de Luis Rafael Sánchez; los poemas “Young Faggot” y “Surrender” de Faizal (Deen) Forrester; el documental Des hommes et des dieux de Anne Lescot et de Laurence Magloire. El punto de partida teórico de esta tesis es el concepto de (bio)poder desarrollado por Foucault, es decir una red de relaciones de poder omnipresente que enmarca, determina, crea, define y limita a los sujetos gracias a discursos (tales como la ideología o la religión) y a dispositivos (como el género y la sexualidad). Inicialmente la tesis analizará la representación del cuerpo LGBTQ en el discurso de la norma sexual y de género, la nación y la religión (cristianismo y religiones sincréticas afrocaribeñas). Marginalizados por la norma, los cuerpos de los sujetos LGBTQ también son definidos como problemáticos por los discursos nacionales y religiosos. A continuación, la tesis analiza la construcción de las identidades LGBTQ caribeñas, que son representadas como fuertemente dicotómicas y basadas en el rol sexual, y los espacios físicos en los que son representados los sujetos LGBTQ. Estos son marginales y funcionan como heterotopías. Finalmente, la tesis deslinda las estrategias de supervivencia que permiten que los sujetos LGBTQ caribeños negocien con el biopoder: la desidentificación, la invisibilidad contextual y la migración.