Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de nitrato de cálcio (NC) na alimentação de ruminantes com vistas à mitigação da emissão de metano. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas de cada subespécie, Bos taurus taurus (Holandês) e vBos taurus indicus (Nelore), com peso médio inicial de 909,0 kg ± 72,0 e 387,0 kg ± 25,5, respectivamente, alimentadas com diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio na dieta (0%, 1%, 2% e 3%), sendo utilizado delineamento quadrado latino 4X4 replicado. O experimento teve duração de 4 períodos de 28 dias cada. Foram avaliados, a ingestão, excreção e digestibilidade de nutrientes, por meio de marcador externo dióxido de titânio, o comportamento ingestivo, com monitoramento visual por 24 horas, parâmetros sanguíneos, dinâmica ruminal, com esvaziamento total do rumen, contagem de protozoários, fermentação ruminal, pela técnica ex-situ, parâmetros urinários e balanço de nitrogênio, com coleta manual de urina tipo spot, e a biodigestão dos dejetos, por biodigestores do tipo batelada. Os taurinos apresentaram valores superiores para CMS, ingestão e digestibilidade de nutrientes e excreção de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, N, MO e EB, e inferiores para CMS em relação ao PV e PM. Os zebuínos apresentaram maiores taxas de ingestão, ruminação e mastigação de MS e FDN em min/kg, tendo valores inferiores para as mesmas taxas em kg/min. A genética e a dose de nitrato influenciaram as variáveis séricas, porém sem valores fora da normalidade. Quanto à dinâmica ruminal, os taurinos apresentaram valores absolutos superiores, e valores em relação ao PV e PM inferiores. Os zebuínos apresentaram maiores pH médio e mínimo e menos tempo de pH abaixo de 6,2, e maior contagem de protozoários. As concentrações de N-NH3, volume e produção de CH4 foram maiores para os zebuínos. Os taurinos apresentaram valores mais elevados para N microbiano (g/dia) e balanço de N retido (g/kg N ingerido), e menores valores para balanço de N nas fezes (g/kgN ingerido) e N microbiano (mg/kgPM.d-1). O aumento no nível de NC na dieta aumentou a digestibilidade de EE e ENN, tempo médio ruminando e taxa de mastigação de MS e FDN (min/kg), e diminuiu o CMS em relação ao PV e PM e excreção de MS, EE, ENN, MO e EB. A taxa de ingestão de MS e FDN (kg/min), a concentração de creatinina na urina (mg/kgPV), o tempo total comendo e balanço de nitrogênio amoniacal o rúmen sofreram efeito quadrático com a adição de NC na dieta. A porcentagem de FDN, PB e EE nos afluentes dos bidigestores sofreram influência da dose de nitrato na alimentação das vacas. Os biodigestores contendo os dejetos de taurinos tiveram os afluentes com maiores valores de FDN e FDA e menor teor de sólidos totais (ST), com menor volume de biogás e CH4 e menor relação de CH4/quantidade de fezes. Os taurinos apresentaram melhor aproveitamento do alimento, produzindo menos CH4, com menor rendimento verdadeiro de produção de metano nos biodigestores. A adição de NC afetou o consumo, digestibilidade e utilização do nitrogênio porém, sem afetar a produção de CH4 nem a eficiencia dos biodigestores. / The aim of the present study was evaluate the use of calcium nitrate in the feeding of ruminants to mitigate of methane. Four females cattle from each subspecies of cattle, Bos taurus taurus (Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Nellore), with initial average weight of 909,0 kg ± 72,0 e 387,0 kg ± 25,5, respectively, were used, and they were fed with distinct levels of calcium nitrate in the diet (0%, 1%, 2% e 3%) at four periods of 28 days each. Experimental design was composed by a replicated Latin square 4X4. Were avaluated: ingestion, excretion and digestibility of nutrients, by means of external marker titanium dioxide; the observation of behavior parameters during 24 hours; serum analysis; rumen content collection, aiming assessment of fermentation; protozoa count; ruminal fermentation by the ex-situ technique; manual urine collection for measurement of urinary compounds and nitrogen balance; and the anaerobic digestion of feces using batch digesters. Holsteins presented higher values for the DMI, ingestion and digestibility of the nutrients and excretion of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, N, OM e GE, and lower values for DMI at body weight (BW) and metabolic weight (MW) basis. Nellore cattle showed higher rates of ingestion, rumination and chewing of DM e NDF min/kg, having lower values for the same rates in kg/min. Serum variables were influenced by genetics and nitrate levels, but without values beyond normality. As rumen dynamics, Holsteins presented superior absolute values and inferior values when these parameters were calculated in BW and MW basis. The zebu cattle presented medium and minimum pH larger and less time pH below 6.2, having larger count for protozoa count. Nellore had higher concentrations for NH3, CH4 and production of CH4. Holstein presented higher values for microbial N (g/day) and N retained balance (g/kg N ingested) and lower values for N balance in feces (g/kgN ingested) and microbial N (mg/kgMW.d-1). The increase in the level of CN in the diet increased linearly the digestibility of EE and NNE, average time ruminating, chewing rate for DM and NDF (min/kg), and decreased the DMI in BW and MW basis and the excretion of DM, EE, NNE, OM and GE. The intake rate of DM and NDF kg/min, creatinine in urine (mg/kgBW), the total time eating and NH3 balance showed quadratic effect by increasing the addition of CN in the diet. The levels of nitrate on animal feed influenced the percentage of NDF, CP and EE in the batch digesters afluents. The biodigestors containing the taurine feces presented the highest values of NDF/ ADF affluent and lowest values for total solids (TS), lower volume of biogas and CH4 and lower ratio of CH4/amount of feces. Taurines presented better use of the feed, producing lesser CH4, and lower ultimate methane yield at batch digesters. The CN levels affected the intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism, however without affecting the production of CH4 or the batch digester efficiency.

Conventional production of meat products from ruminant animals in the United States requires inputs including the cultivation and nitrogen fertilization of annual grains such as corn and barley, and transportation of cattle and grain to feedlots. Consumers have concerns about the impact of feedlot conditions on animal health, and about the implications of pharmaceutical inputs such as growth hormones and antibiotics on the environment and human health. These concerns have led to a growing interest in pasturefinished meat production by consumers. Such smaller-scale livestock production systems can be healthier and lower-stress for animals, are integrated into local food systems and are more transparent to consumers, and have higher potential profitability for producers than traditional ruminant production methods. There is a strong market for pasture-finished beef products, and prices for naturally or organically raised beef have remained well above feedlot-produced product prices. There is also concern about the impact of ruminant production on the environment, including air and water pollution from feedlot production and greenhouse gasses that are emitted from ruminant animals during feed digestion. This thesis project explored the potential of a beef production system based on perennial legumes, including the non-bloating legume birdsfoot trefoil (BFT; Lotus corniculatus L.) for producing meat products from cattle while reducing concentrate feeding and methane production. The condensed tannins that are produced by BFT bind proteins in the rumen but allow them to be digested in the abomasum and intestines, which in turn leads to better utilization of forage nutrients during the finishing period and higher gains or milk production. The higher digestibility of legumes compared with grasses reduces methane emissions in cattle both through higher digestibility of the forage and through direct impacts on methanogens operating in the rumen. As reported in this thesis, steers finished on BFT gained significantly more weight per day than steers fed another perennial forage legume, cicer milkvetch, but did not gain as rapidly as feedlot-fed steers. At the end of summer grazing, the blood plasma of pasture-fed steers was lower in saturated and omega-6 fatty acids and higher in transvaccenic and omega-3 fatty acids than the blood plasma of feedlot-fed steers. When beef cows grazed grass and legume pastures, enteric methane emissions were lower on the legume pastures than the grass pasture. These results demonstrate that, compared with other feed sources, perennial legume pastures used for cattle production can improve cattle gains and reduce environmental impacts.

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de nitrato de cálcio (NC) na alimentação de ruminantes com vistas à mitigação da emissão de metano. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas de cada subespécie, Bos taurus taurus (Holandês) e vBos taurus indicus (Nelore), com peso médio inicial de 909,0 kg ± 72,0 e 387,0 kg ± 25,5, respectivamente, alimentadas com diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio na dieta (0%, 1%, 2% e 3%), sendo utilizado delineamento quadrado latino 4X4 replicado. O experimento teve duração de 4 períodos de 28 dias cada. Foram avaliados, a ingestão, excreção e digestibilidade de nutrientes, por meio de marcador externo dióxido de titânio, o comportamento ingestivo, com monitoramento visual por 24 horas, parâmetros sanguíneos, dinâmica ruminal, com esvaziamento total do rumen, contagem de protozoários, fermentação ruminal, pela técnica ex-situ, parâmetros urinários e balanço de nitrogênio, com coleta manual de urina tipo spot, e a biodigestão dos dejetos, por biodigestores do tipo batelada. Os taurinos apresentaram valores superiores para CMS, ingestão e digestibilidade de nutrientes e excreção de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, N, MO e EB, e inferiores para CMS em relação ao PV e PM. Os zebuínos apresentaram maiores taxas de ingestão, ruminação e mastigação de MS e FDN em min/kg, tendo valores inferiores para as mesmas taxas em kg/min. A genética e a dose de nitrato influenciaram as variáveis séricas, porém sem valores fora da normalidade. Quanto à dinâmica ruminal, os taurinos apresentaram valores absolutos superiores, e valores em relação ao PV e PM inferiores. Os zebuínos apresentaram maiores pH médio e mínimo e menos tempo de pH abaixo de 6,2, e maior contagem de protozoários. As concentrações de N-NH3, volume e produção de CH4 foram maiores para os zebuínos. Os taurinos apresentaram valores mais elevados para N microbiano (g/dia) e balanço de N retido (g/kg N ingerido), e menores valores para balanço de N nas fezes (g/kgN ingerido) e N microbiano (mg/kgPM.d-1). O aumento no nível de NC na dieta aumentou a digestibilidade de EE e ENN, tempo médio ruminando e taxa de mastigação de MS e FDN (min/kg), e diminuiu o CMS em relação ao PV e PM e excreção de MS, EE, ENN, MO e EB. A taxa de ingestão de MS e FDN (kg/min), a concentração de creatinina na urina (mg/kgPV), o tempo total comendo e balanço de nitrogênio amoniacal o rúmen sofreram efeito quadrático com a adição de NC na dieta. A porcentagem de FDN, PB e EE nos afluentes dos bidigestores sofreram influência da dose de nitrato na alimentação das vacas. Os biodigestores contendo os dejetos de taurinos tiveram os afluentes com maiores valores de FDN e FDA e menor teor de sólidos totais (ST), com menor volume de biogás e CH4 e menor relação de CH4/quantidade de fezes. Os taurinos apresentaram melhor aproveitamento do alimento, produzindo menos CH4, com menor rendimento verdadeiro de produção de metano nos biodigestores. A adição de NC afetou o consumo, digestibilidade e utilização do nitrogênio porém, sem afetar a produção de CH4 nem a eficiencia dos biodigestores. / The aim of the present study was evaluate the use of calcium nitrate in the feeding of ruminants to mitigate of methane. Four females cattle from each subspecies of cattle, Bos taurus taurus (Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Nellore), with initial average weight of 909,0 kg ± 72,0 e 387,0 kg ± 25,5, respectively, were used, and they were fed with distinct levels of calcium nitrate in the diet (0%, 1%, 2% e 3%) at four periods of 28 days each. Experimental design was composed by a replicated Latin square 4X4. Were avaluated: ingestion, excretion and digestibility of nutrients, by means of external marker titanium dioxide; the observation of behavior parameters during 24 hours; serum analysis; rumen content collection, aiming assessment of fermentation; protozoa count; ruminal fermentation by the ex-situ technique; manual urine collection for measurement of urinary compounds and nitrogen balance; and the anaerobic digestion of feces using batch digesters. Holsteins presented higher values for the DMI, ingestion and digestibility of the nutrients and excretion of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, N, OM e GE, and lower values for DMI at body weight (BW) and metabolic weight (MW) basis. Nellore cattle showed higher rates of ingestion, rumination and chewing of DM e NDF min/kg, having lower values for the same rates in kg/min. Serum variables were influenced by genetics and nitrate levels, but without values beyond normality. As rumen dynamics, Holsteins presented superior absolute values and inferior values when these parameters were calculated in BW and MW basis. The zebu cattle presented medium and minimum pH larger and less time pH below 6.2, having larger count for protozoa count. Nellore had higher concentrations for NH3, CH4 and production of CH4. Holstein presented higher values for microbial N (g/day) and N retained balance (g/kg N ingested) and lower values for N balance in feces (g/kgN ingested) and microbial N (mg/kgMW.d-1). The increase in the level of CN in the diet increased linearly the digestibility of EE and NNE, average time ruminating, chewing rate for DM and NDF (min/kg), and decreased the DMI in BW and MW basis and the excretion of DM, EE, NNE, OM and GE. The intake rate of DM and NDF kg/min, creatinine in urine (mg/kgBW), the total time eating and NH3 balance showed quadratic effect by increasing the addition of CN in the diet. The levels of nitrate on animal feed influenced the percentage of NDF, CP and EE in the batch digesters afluents. The biodigestors containing the taurine feces presented the highest values of NDF/ ADF affluent and lowest values for total solids (TS), lower volume of biogas and CH4 and lower ratio of CH4/amount of feces. Taurines presented better use of the feed, producing lesser CH4, and lower ultimate methane yield at batch digesters. The CN levels affected the intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism, however without affecting the production of CH4 or the batch digester efficiency.

A preocupação com a segurança alimentar e o aquecimento global pressiona a cadeia de produção de ruminantes a buscar alternativas para incremento na produtividade e redução nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, uma vez que essa atividade é responsável por grande parte das emissões de metano (CH4) entérico. O desenvolvimento de produtos enzimáticos para uso na nutrição de ruminantes torna-se de grande valia para contribuir com a demanda alimentar e reduzir os impactos ambientais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de um extrato de enzimas fibrolíticas (EEF), composto por endoglucanases, exoglucanases e xilanases, produzido pelo fungo Trichoderma reesei utilizando como substrato resíduos da indústria canavieira, sobre a digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal e desempenho de ovinos em crescimento, conduzidos através de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foi avaliado a adição de doses crescentes (0, 10, 100, 1000 e 10000 µL g-1 de substrato) do EEF sobre a produção total de gases e CH4, degradabilidade e fermentação ruminal de três forrageiras tropicais (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum e Cenchrus ciliares L.) em um ensaio in vitro, com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de uso do EEF na dieta de ruminantes sem prejudicar os parâmetros fermentativos. Verificou-se que os resultados foram dependentes da dose e do substrato utilizados. Contudo, foi verificado aumento na produção total de gases e CH4 e na degradabilidade de todas as forrageiras utilizadas com a dose mais alta do EEF. Conclui-se que o EEF pode ser utilizado na dieta de ruminantes como alternativa para incremento na degradabilidade de forrageiras tropicais. O experimento 2 foi dividido em duas fases conduzidas com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do EEF sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, desempenho animal e produção de CH4 entérico de 19 ovinos em crescimento divididos em dois grupos experimentais, controle (CTL) e enzima (ENZ), recebendo dieta composta de 70% de feno de Tifton-85 e 30% de mistura concentrada. O EEF foi aplicado diretamente no feno 24 horas antes do fornecimento da refeição. Na Fase I, avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes (0, 20, 40 e 80 µL) do EEF sobre a hidrólise da fibra e posteriormente a dose com melhor resposta foi utilizada nos estudos de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e fermentação ruminal. A dose de 40 µL foi selecionada para ser utilizada no ensaio in vivo, pois apresentou melhores respostas sobre a redução nas frações fibrosas. Os animais suplementados com o EEF apresentaram maior digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e maior produção de valerato. Na Fase II, foi avaliado o efeito do EEF sobre o desempenho, saúde e produção de CH4 entérico de ovinos em crescimento. Os procedimentos utilizados foram os mesmos descritos na Fase I. A suplementação do EEF proporcionou maior percentual médio de ganho de peso e menor produção de CH4 entérico por kg de matéria seca ingerida. As análises sanguíneas demonstraram que o EEF não prejudicou a saúde dos animais. Conclui-se que o EEF pode ser utilizado na dieta animal sem trazer riscos à saúde, além de ser uma estratégia para aumento na produtividade animal e contribuir com a mitigação de CH4 entérico de ovinos em crescimento / Concern about food security and global warming is pressing the ruminant production chain to seek alternatives to increase productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as this activity accounts for most of the enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The development of enzyme products for use in ruminant nutrition is of great value in order to contribute to food demand and reduce environmental impacts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of a fibrolytic enzyme extract (FEE), produced by the fungus Trichoderma reesei using as substrate residues from the sugar cane industry, on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of growing sheep, conducted through two experiments. In the experiment 1, the addition of increasing doses (0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 ?L g-1) of the FEE on the total gas and CH4 production, degradability and ruminal fermentation of three tropical forages (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliares L.) in an in vitro assay, with the objective of verifying the possibility of use of the FEE in the diet of ruminants without harming the fermentative parameters and, consequently, animal health. The results were found to be dose and substrate dependent. However, there was an increase in total gas and CH4 production and in the degradability of all forages used with the highest dose of FEE. It is concluded that the EPS can be used in the diet of ruminants as an alternative to increase the degradability of tropical forages. The experiment 2 was divided in two phases, with the objective of evaluating the effect of the FEE on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, animal performance and enteric CH4 production of 19 growing sheep divided in two experimental groups, control (CTL) and enzyme (ENZ), receiving a diet composed of 70% of Tifton-85 hay and 30% of concentrated mixture. The FEE was applied directly to the hay 24 hours before the meal. In Phase I, the effect of increasing doses (0, 20, 40 and 80 ?L) of the FEE on fiber hydrolysis was evaluated and the dose with the best response was then used in the studies of apparent digestibility of nutrients and ruminal fermentation. The 40 ?L dose was selected to be used in the in vivo assay because it presented better responses on the reduction in fibrous fractions. The animals supplemented with FEE showed higher acid digestible fiber digestibility and higher valerate production. The other parameters were not influenced by the addition of FEE. In Phase II, the effect of FEE was evaluated on the performance, health and production of Enteric CH4 of growing sheep. The procedures used were the same as described in Phase I. The supplementation of the FEE provided a higher percentage of weight gain and lower enteric CH4 production per kg of ingested dry matter. Blood tests showed that FEE did not affect animal health. It is concluded that FEE can be used in the animal diet without presenting health risks, besides being a strategy to increase animal productivity and contribute to the mitigation of enteric CH4 of growing sheep

A preocupação com a segurança alimentar e o aquecimento global pressiona a cadeia de produção de ruminantes a buscar alternativas para incremento na produtividade e redução nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, uma vez que essa atividade é responsável por grande parte das emissões de metano (CH4) entérico. O desenvolvimento de produtos enzimáticos para uso na nutrição de ruminantes torna-se de grande valia para contribuir com a demanda alimentar e reduzir os impactos ambientais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de um extrato de enzimas fibrolíticas (EEF), composto por endoglucanases, exoglucanases e xilanases, produzido pelo fungo Trichoderma reesei utilizando como substrato resíduos da indústria canavieira, sobre a digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal e desempenho de ovinos em crescimento, conduzidos através de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, foi avaliado a adição de doses crescentes (0, 10, 100, 1000 e 10000 µL g-1 de substrato) do EEF sobre a produção total de gases e CH4, degradabilidade e fermentação ruminal de três forrageiras tropicais (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum e Cenchrus ciliares L.) em um ensaio in vitro, com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de uso do EEF na dieta de ruminantes sem prejudicar os parâmetros fermentativos. Verificou-se que os resultados foram dependentes da dose e do substrato utilizados. Contudo, foi verificado aumento na produção total de gases e CH4 e na degradabilidade de todas as forrageiras utilizadas com a dose mais alta do EEF. Conclui-se que o EEF pode ser utilizado na dieta de ruminantes como alternativa para incremento na degradabilidade de forrageiras tropicais. O experimento 2 foi dividido em duas fases conduzidas com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do EEF sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, desempenho animal e produção de CH4 entérico de 19 ovinos em crescimento divididos em dois grupos experimentais, controle (CTL) e enzima (ENZ), recebendo dieta composta de 70% de feno de Tifton-85 e 30% de mistura concentrada. O EEF foi aplicado diretamente no feno 24 horas antes do fornecimento da refeição. Na Fase I, avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes (0, 20, 40 e 80 µL) do EEF sobre a hidrólise da fibra e posteriormente a dose com melhor resposta foi utilizada nos estudos de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e fermentação ruminal. A dose de 40 µL foi selecionada para ser utilizada no ensaio in vivo, pois apresentou melhores respostas sobre a redução nas frações fibrosas. Os animais suplementados com o EEF apresentaram maior digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e maior produção de valerato. Na Fase II, foi avaliado o efeito do EEF sobre o desempenho, saúde e produção de CH4 entérico de ovinos em crescimento. Os procedimentos utilizados foram os mesmos descritos na Fase I. A suplementação do EEF proporcionou maior percentual médio de ganho de peso e menor produção de CH4 entérico por kg de matéria seca ingerida. As análises sanguíneas demonstraram que o EEF não prejudicou a saúde dos animais. Conclui-se que o EEF pode ser utilizado na dieta animal sem trazer riscos à saúde, além de ser uma estratégia para aumento na produtividade animal e contribuir com a mitigação de CH4 entérico de ovinos em crescimento / Concern about food security and global warming is pressing the ruminant production chain to seek alternatives to increase productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as this activity accounts for most of the enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The development of enzyme products for use in ruminant nutrition is of great value in order to contribute to food demand and reduce environmental impacts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of a fibrolytic enzyme extract (FEE), produced by the fungus Trichoderma reesei using as substrate residues from the sugar cane industry, on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of growing sheep, conducted through two experiments. In the experiment 1, the addition of increasing doses (0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 ?L g-1) of the FEE on the total gas and CH4 production, degradability and ruminal fermentation of three tropical forages (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliares L.) in an in vitro assay, with the objective of verifying the possibility of use of the FEE in the diet of ruminants without harming the fermentative parameters and, consequently, animal health. The results were found to be dose and substrate dependent. However, there was an increase in total gas and CH4 production and in the degradability of all forages used with the highest dose of FEE. It is concluded that the EPS can be used in the diet of ruminants as an alternative to increase the degradability of tropical forages. The experiment 2 was divided in two phases, with the objective of evaluating the effect of the FEE on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, animal performance and enteric CH4 production of 19 growing sheep divided in two experimental groups, control (CTL) and enzyme (ENZ), receiving a diet composed of 70% of Tifton-85 hay and 30% of concentrated mixture. The FEE was applied directly to the hay 24 hours before the meal. In Phase I, the effect of increasing doses (0, 20, 40 and 80 ?L) of the FEE on fiber hydrolysis was evaluated and the dose with the best response was then used in the studies of apparent digestibility of nutrients and ruminal fermentation. The 40 ?L dose was selected to be used in the in vivo assay because it presented better responses on the reduction in fibrous fractions. The animals supplemented with FEE showed higher acid digestible fiber digestibility and higher valerate production. The other parameters were not influenced by the addition of FEE. In Phase II, the effect of FEE was evaluated on the performance, health and production of Enteric CH4 of growing sheep. The procedures used were the same as described in Phase I. The supplementation of the FEE provided a higher percentage of weight gain and lower enteric CH4 production per kg of ingested dry matter. Blood tests showed that FEE did not affect animal health. It is concluded that FEE can be used in the animal diet without presenting health risks, besides being a strategy to increase animal productivity and contribute to the mitigation of enteric CH4 of growing sheep

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-18T12:35:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiana Pires Pereira.pdf: 2546753 bytes, checksum: c1673b0ae2c6812a3f60faa79b5fae75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T12:35:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiana Pires Pereira.pdf: 2546753 bytes, checksum: c1673b0ae2c6812a3f60faa79b5fae75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / This work was divided in four chapters, in which the first was performed with the goal of quantifying the condensed tannin (CT) content by the Stiasny?s reaction and to determine the classes of secondary metabolites present by the phytochemical prospection technique and magnetic resonance in the tropical forage legumes Cajanus cajan (guandu - GUA), Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia - GLI), Flemingia macrophylla (flemingia - FLE), Cratylia arg?ntea (cratilia - CRA), Mimosa caesalpineafolia (sabi?) (this legume divided into bark and leaf fraction ? SABc and SABf) among the treatments. The extracts obtained were divided into: total extract, number of Stiasny (NS), CT and non-tannins. The FLE, CRA, GUA,GLI, SABf and SABc had obtained the following values for total extract: 13.20; 13.06; 8.28; 14.73; 15.67 and 6.22%, respectively. The reactivity by NS, in the same order of legumes, was 11.25; 4.54; 7.37; 6.70; 23.06 and 71.62%, whereas the CT presented the following values: 1.52; 0.59; 0.61; 0.96; 3.6 and 4.43%, and non-tannin was 11.68; 12.46; 7.67; 13.75; 12.07 and 1.76%, respectively. The following classes of secondary metabolites were identified with greater evidence: saccharides, carbohydrates, non-protein amino acids and glicos?deos cardioativos. For the CT, the intensity was low for most of the legumes, with greater content in CRA, GUA and SABf. The wain compound in the extracts was methyl-inositol (sugar). The second chapter had the objective of assaying in the legumes mentioned above and one more specie, Stylosanthes spp. (estilosantes-EST), condensed tannin (CT) constituents, with the use of organic solvents, soluble CT (ECT), CT adhered to protein (PBCT), CT adhered to fiber (FBCT), and total CT (TCT), CT structural pro-pelargonidin (PP); prodelfinidin (PD) and procyanidin (PC), molecular weight (polymerization degree (DP), molecular distance distributed of the polymer (PDI); average weight of molecular mass (Mw), and average number of molecular mass (Mn), and the biological activity through precipitated proteins by phenols (PPP). The variables ECT, PBCT, and TCT presented were influenced by different species (P?0.05). The FBCT fraction was not found in the legumes. Molecular weights (DP, PDI, Mw e Mn) were affected by the different species (P?0.05), ranging from 737 to 1168 da. The structural characteristics (PP, PD, PC and PD:PC) varied among the species. In the third chapter I evaluated methanogenesis (total methane (CH4total)), incubated (CH4inc) and fermented (CH4ferm) and ruminal fermentation parameters total gas production (PGT), pH, ammonium (N-NH3), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) as they related to CT present in the legumes and Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu hay as control (CTL). The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the leaf fraction of sabi? was tested as well, which had a CT content of 15.97%. No alteration in the pH (P?0.05) for the treatments evaluated. However, a decrease of total gas and methane production for all the treatments with presence of CT (P?0.05). When PEG was added, there was a 27.01 (8% PEG) and 35.01 (16% PEG) increase in total gas production and 3.59 (8% PEG) and 4.15 (16% PEG) of methane production. GUA, FLE, SABc and SABf were capable of modifying (P?0.05) the content of NH3-N (mg/dL), along with the CTL, which also presented lower values compared to legumes with no or only traces of CT (ETL, CRA and GLI). There was significant difference (P?0.05) for IVOMD between the legumes and control, it was observed lower disappearance (P?0.05) for FLE, GUA and SABf in relation to CTL, while SABc did disappear. The SABf IVOMD was affected by the addiction of PEG. There was lower digestibility for FLE, GUA and SABf in relation to the CTL, while the bark fraction of SAB did not disappear at all. On the SCFA profile, there was difference (P?0.05) among the treatments evaluated, with lower values for the legumes with presence of CT. In the fourth chapter I tested the effect of CT from the legumes in study (FLE, CRA, GUA, GLI, EST, SABf and SABc) on larval migration inhibition (LMI) in vitro, on the infective larvae L3 of the nematode Haemonchus contortus (HC), compared with Ivermectin and a negative control (rumen fluid and buffer). Among the legumes studied, SABf and GUA did not differ (P?0.05), with the greater (P?0.05) LMI percentage (34.75% and 34.33%) than the other entries. The legumes GUA, FLE and SABc did not differ (P?0.05), presenting moderate values of LMI (30.25%, 30.0% and 29.75%, respectively). Among the legumes studied, the lowest LMI percentage was CRA (18.46%), GLI (23.75%) and negative control (rumen fluid and buffer), with values near (P?0.05) from to Ivermectin (22.0%). / Este trabalho foi dividido em quatro cap?tulos. O primeiro realizou-se com o objetivo de quantificar o teor de tanino condensado (TC) atrav?s da Rea??o de Stiasny e conhecer as classes de metab?litos secund?rios presentes pela t?cnica de prospec??o fitoqu?mica e resson?ncia magn?tica nas leguminosas forrageiras tropicais Cajanus cajan (guandu-GUA), Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia-GLI), Flemingia macrophylla (flemingia-FLE), Cratylia arg?ntea (cratilia-CRA), Mimosa caesalpineafolia (sabi?) sendo que essa leguminosa tinha a fra??o casca e folha (SABc e SABf) entre os tratamentos. Os extratos obtidos foram divididos em: extrato total, n?mero de Stiasny (NS), TC e n?o taninos. A FLE, CRA, GUA, GLI, SABf e SABc apresentaram os valores para o extrato total 13,20; 13,06; 8,28; 14,73; 15,67 e 6,22%, respectivamente. A reatividade pelo NS, na mesma ordem das leguminosas, foi de 11,25; 4,54; 7,37; 6,70; 23,06 e 71,62%, j? o TC apresentou os seguintes valores 1,52; 0,59; 0,61; 0,96; 3,6 e 4,43% e o n?o tanino foi de 11,68; 12,46; 7,67; 13,75; 12,07 e 1,76%, respectivamente. Foram identificadas as seguintes classes de compostos secund?rios em maiores evid?ncias: os sacar?deos, carboidratos, amino?cidos n?o prot?icos e os glicos?deos cardioativos. J? para o TC, a intensidade foi baixa para grande parte das leguminosas, prevalecendo maior teor para CRA, GUA e SABf. Foi constatado como componente principal nos extratos o metil-inositol (a??car). O segundo cap?tulo teve como objetivo avaliar nas leguminosas citadas acima e mais uma esp?cie, o Stylosanthes spp (estilosantes-EST), analisar os constituintes do TC com uso de solvente org?nico, tanino sol?vel (TCE), tanino aderido ? prote?na (TCPB), tanino aderido ? fibra (TCFB) e taninos condensados totais (TCT), caracter?sticas estruturais tais como: propelargonidina (PP); prodelfinidina (PD) e procianidina (PC); peso molecular (grau de polimeriza??o?(DP); dist?ncia do peso molecular distribu?do do pol?mero (PDI); peso m?dio da massa molecular (Mw); n?mero m?dio da massa molecular (Mn); al?m de determinar a atividade biol?gica, atrav?s da t?cnica de prote?nas precipit?veis por fen?is (PPP). As vari?veis TCE, TCPB e TCT apresentadas foram influenciadas pelas diferentes esp?cies (P?0,05). A fra??o TCFB n?o foi constatada nas leguminosas. Os pesos moleculares (Mw) foram influenciados pelas diferentes esp?cies (P?0,05), variando de 737 a 1168 Da. As caracter?sticas estruturais (PP, PD, PC e PD:PC) tiveram varia??o entre as esp?cies estudadas. Objetivou-se com o terceiro cap?tulo avaliar a metanog?nese (metano total (CH4-total), incubado (CH4 inc.) e fermentado (CH4 ferm.) e os par?metros de fermenta??o ruminal (produ??o de g?s total (PGT), pH, am?nia (N-NH3), ?cidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e digestibilidade in vitro da mat?ria org?nica (DIVMO) frente aos TC presentes nas leguminosas e feno de Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu como controle (CTL). Foi testado tamb?m o efeito do polietileno glicol (PEG) sobre a fra??o folha do sabi?, que teve conte?do de TC de 15,97%. N?o foi observado altera??o no pH (P?0,05) para os tratamentos avaliados. No entanto, foram observadas diminui??o da produ??o total de g?s e produ??o de metano para todos os tratamentos com presen?a de TC (P?0,05). Para o tratamento com PEG houve aumento de 27,01 (8% PEG) e 35,01 (16% PEG) na produ??o total de g?s e 3,59 (8% PEG) e 4,15 (16% PEG) na produ??o de metano. GUA, FLE, SABc e SABf foram capazes de modificar (P?0,05) a concentra??o de N-NH3 (mg/dL) juntamente com o CTL, que tamb?m apresentou valores inferiores comparado as leguminosas com tra?os e aus?ncia do TC (ETL, CRA e GLI). Houve diferen?a (P?0,05) para DIVMO entre as leguminosas e o controle, observou-se menor digestibilidade (P?0,05) para FLE, GUA e SABf, em rela??o ao CTL, n?o sendo digest?vel o SABc. A DIVMO foi afetada pela adi??o de PEG na dieta do SABf. No perfil dos AGCC houve diferen?a (P?0,05) para os tratamentos avaliados, com menor valor para as leguminosas com presen?a de TC. O quarto cap?tulo teve como objetivo testar o efeito da t?cnica de inibi??o da migra??o larval (IML) in vitro do TC proveniente das leguminosas em estudo (FLE, CRA, GUA, GLI, EST, SABf e SABc) sobre as larvas infectantes L3 do nemat?de o Haemonchus contortus (HC) comparando com Ivermectina e controle negativo (l?quido ruminal e tamp?o). Entre as leguminosas estudadas o SABf e GUA n?o diferiram entre si (P?0,05), com as maiores porcentagens IML (34,75% e 34,33%). As leguminosas GUA, FLE e SABc n?o diferiram entre si (P?0,05), apresentando moderados valores de IML (30,25%, 30,0% e 29,75%, respectivamente). Entre as leguminosas estudadas a menor porcentagem de IML foi para CRA (18,46%), GLI (23,75%) e controle negativo (l?quido de r?men e tamp?o) valores pr?ximos do controle positivo com Ivermectina (22,0%).

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a utilização do farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) detoxicado (FPMD) na dieta de suínos em terminação. Inicialmente foi realizado um ensaio biológico com ratos Wistar. Não foram observados (P>0,05) efeitos da adição do FPMD sobre o desempenho, pesos relativos do fígado, rins, coração, intestino grosso, comprimento do intestino delgado, bem como nas análises sanguíneas dos animais. No entanto, foi observada redução significativa (P<0,05) na digestibilidade das dietas em resposta à adição do FPMD, além do aumento linear (P<0,05: P<0,001) no peso relativo do Intestino (Intestino Grosso + Intestino Delgado) e do Intestino Delgado. Em um segundo ensaio, foram avaliados os conteúdos de ésteres de forbol (EF), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC), saponinas (SPN), perfil de aminoácidos, a digestibilidade aparente do FPMD para suínos na fase de terminação, além do biogás e do metano gerado pelos dejetos dos suínos alimentados com a dieta basal e com a dieta basal acrescida de 8% de FPMD. Os conteúdos de EF, FT, TT, TC e SPN observados, foram, respectivamente, 0,06 mg/g, 26,08 e 10,43 equivalente grama de ácido tânico, 0,05 equivalente grama de leucocianidina e 0,005%. Foram obtidos valores de 83,8% de matéria seca digestível aparente, 3,5 kcal/kg de energia digestível aparente, 13,5% de proteína digestível aparente, 1,5% de fibra digestível aparente e 2,3 % de extrato etéreo digestível aparente. A utilização do FPMD não afetou significativamente (P>0,05) a geração de biogás e metano pelos dejetos dos suínos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de níveis (2, 4, 6, 8%) de FPMD na dieta de suínos na fase de terminação sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade da carne e toxicidade. A inclusão do FPMD apresentou resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,001) no peso final, ganho diário de peso e consumo diário de ração. No entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) quando comparados os resultados do tratamento controle e a inclusão de 2% de FPMD, havendo apenas redução (P<0,05) no consumo diário de ração. Nas características de carcaça, a inclusão de FPMD apresentou respostas lineares negativas (P<0,05) para o rendimento de carcaça quente e espessura média de toicinho, além de resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,05) no comprimento de carcaça, não havendo diferença significativa (P>0,05) quando comparados o tratamento controle e a inclusão de 2% de FPMD. Em relação à qualidade da carne, não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) sobre as variáveis. Nas enzimas transaminases hepáticas, a alanina aminotransferase não foi alterada (P>0,05), no entanto, a inclusão deste co-produto ocasionou resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,05) nos valores de aspartato aminotransferase. Finalizando, foi avaliada a emissão de metano entérico de suínos na fase de terminação, alimentados com dietas com a inclusão de 2% de FPMD. A inclusão do FPMD reduziu significativamente (P>0,05) a emissão de metano entérico pelos suínos. Com os resultados, conclui-se que, embora a inclusão do FPMD tenha acarretado alguns aspectos deletérios, de modo geral, o farelo de pinhão manso detoxicado pode ser incluído em até 2% nas dietas de suínos em terminação / The pourpose of this study was assess the inclusion of detoxicated Jatropha meal (Jatropha curcas L.) in the diet of finishing pigs. Initially it was used in a biological assay with Wistar rats. The analysis of variance did not detect (P>0.05) effect of the addition of DJCM over the performance variables, being, however, observed a significant reduction (P<0.05) on digestibility of diets in response to the addition of the DJCM. The relative weights of liver, kidneys, heart, intestine and length of the small intestine of the animals fed with the different treatments did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with the inclusion of DJCM. For the relative weight of the total gut (intestines plus small intestine) and the small intestine it self, a linear increase was observed (P<0.05) due to the increased level of inclusion of DJCM in the diet. The analysis of variance also did not detect (P>0.05) effect of the addition of DJCM on blood variables, as well as in the hepatic enzymes. In a second trial, there were investigated the contents of forbol esters (FE), total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT), condensed tannins (CT) saponins (SPN), amino acid profile, and apparent digestibility of DJCM for finishing pigs, as well as the biogas and methane generated by the waste of pigs fed the basal diet (BD) and BD plus 8% of DJCM (DB8). The contents of FE, TP, TT, CT and SPN observed were, respectively, 0.06 mg/g, 26.08 and 10.43 gram equivalent of tannic acid, 0.05 gram equivalent of leucocianidin and 0.005%. As for the apparent digestibility results obtained, it was found values of 83.8%, 3.5 kcal/kg, 13.5%, 1.5% and 2.3% respectively for apparent digestible of dry matter, energy, protein, fiber and ethereal extract. In relation to the production of biogas and methane generated by the waste products from pigs, it can be concluded that the use of DJCM did not affect significantly (P > 0.05) the production of these gases in experimental. Subsequently, it was then evaluated the effects of levels (2, 4, 6, 8%) of DJCM at the diet of finishing pigs upon the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, meat quality and toxicity of DJCM. The inclusion of DJCM presented negative quadratic responses (P < 0.001) for the final weight; daily weight gain and daily consumption of ration. Although there has been a reduction in performance depending on the inclusion of DJCM, it is important to note that when comparing treatment outcomes of control (0%) and the addition of 2% of DJCM, it was not observed significant difference (P > 0.05) for the variables final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and only significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the daily ration consumption. The inclusion of DJCM showed negative linear responses (P < 0.05) for warm carcass yield, average thickness of fat and loin eye area. It was found negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05) for the length of the carcass. After the specific contrast analysis comparing the control treatment (0%) and the addition of 2% of DJCM in diet, not significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) between treatments. In relation to the quality of the meat, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05). For the liver enzymes evaluation, ALT has not changed (P > 0.05) with the inclusion of DJCM, however, for AST, the inclusion of co- product caused negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05). For concluding the work, it was evaluated the enteric methane emission by finishing pigs fed with diets with the addition of 2% of DJCM. The inclusion of this co-product reduced significantly (P > 0.05) the enteric methane emissions by pigs. With the results obtained in this work, it can be concluded that, although the inclusion of DJCM may promote some deleterious aspects, in general, the DJCM may be included up to 2% in finishing pig diets.

Mathematical modeling in animal agriculture can be applied at various levels including at the tissue, organ, animal, farm, regional and global levels. The purposes of this research were i) to evaluate models used to estimate volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane (CH4) production and assess their impact on regional enteric CH4 inventory, and ii) to develop a process-based, whole-farm model to estimate net farm GHG emissions. In the first study, four VFA stoichiometric models were evaluated for their prediction accuracy of rumen VFA and enteric CH4 production. Comparison of measured and model predicted values demonstrated that predictive capacity of the VFA models varied with respect to the type of VFA in rumen fluid which impacted estimated enteric CH4 production. Moving to a larger scale assessment, we examined the enteric CH4 inventory from Manitoba beef cattle (from 1990 to 2008) using two mechanistic rumen models that incorporate VFA stoichiometric models: COWPOLL and MOLLY, and two empirical models: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 and a nonlinear equation (Ellis). The estimated absolute enteric CH4 production varied among models (7 to 63%) indicating that estimates of GHG inventory depend on model selection. This is an important consideration if the values are to be used for management and/or policy-related decisions. Development of models at the individual farm component level (animal, soil, crop) does not accurately reflect net GHG emissions generated from the whole production system. We developed a process-based, whole-farm model (Integrated Components Model, ICM), using the existing farm component models COWPOLL, manure-DNDC and some aspects of IPCC to integrate farm components and their associated GHG emissions. Estimates of total farm GHG emissions and their relative contribution using the ICM were comparable to estimates using two other whole-farm models (Integrated Farm System Model and Holos model). Variation was observed among models both in estimating whole-farm GHG emissions and the relative contribution of the different sources in the production system. Overall, whole-farm models are required to explore management options that will mitigate GHG emissions and promote best management practices. However, for full assessment of the production system, other benefits of the system (e.g., carbon sequestration, ecosystem services), which are not part of current whole-farm models, must be considered.

Mathematical modeling in animal agriculture can be applied at various levels including at the tissue, organ, animal, farm, regional and global levels. The purposes of this research were i) to evaluate models used to estimate volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane (CH4) production and assess their impact on regional enteric CH4 inventory, and ii) to develop a process-based, whole-farm model to estimate net farm GHG emissions. In the first study, four VFA stoichiometric models were evaluated for their prediction accuracy of rumen VFA and enteric CH4 production. Comparison of measured and model predicted values demonstrated that predictive capacity of the VFA models varied with respect to the type of VFA in rumen fluid which impacted estimated enteric CH4 production. Moving to a larger scale assessment, we examined the enteric CH4 inventory from Manitoba beef cattle (from 1990 to 2008) using two mechanistic rumen models that incorporate VFA stoichiometric models: COWPOLL and MOLLY, and two empirical models: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 and a nonlinear equation (Ellis). The estimated absolute enteric CH4 production varied among models (7 to 63%) indicating that estimates of GHG inventory depend on model selection. This is an important consideration if the values are to be used for management and/or policy-related decisions. Development of models at the individual farm component level (animal, soil, crop) does not accurately reflect net GHG emissions generated from the whole production system. We developed a process-based, whole-farm model (Integrated Components Model, ICM), using the existing farm component models COWPOLL, manure-DNDC and some aspects of IPCC to integrate farm components and their associated GHG emissions. Estimates of total farm GHG emissions and their relative contribution using the ICM were comparable to estimates using two other whole-farm models (Integrated Farm System Model and Holos model). Variation was observed among models both in estimating whole-farm GHG emissions and the relative contribution of the different sources in the production system. Overall, whole-farm models are required to explore management options that will mitigate GHG emissions and promote best management practices. However, for full assessment of the production system, other benefits of the system (e.g., carbon sequestration, ecosystem services), which are not part of current whole-farm models, must be considered.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a utilização do farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) detoxicado (FPMD) na dieta de suínos em terminação. Inicialmente foi realizado um ensaio biológico com ratos Wistar. Não foram observados (P>0,05) efeitos da adição do FPMD sobre o desempenho, pesos relativos do fígado, rins, coração, intestino grosso, comprimento do intestino delgado, bem como nas análises sanguíneas dos animais. No entanto, foi observada redução significativa (P<0,05) na digestibilidade das dietas em resposta à adição do FPMD, além do aumento linear (P<0,05: P<0,001) no peso relativo do Intestino (Intestino Grosso + Intestino Delgado) e do Intestino Delgado. Em um segundo ensaio, foram avaliados os conteúdos de ésteres de forbol (EF), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC), saponinas (SPN), perfil de aminoácidos, a digestibilidade aparente do FPMD para suínos na fase de terminação, além do biogás e do metano gerado pelos dejetos dos suínos alimentados com a dieta basal e com a dieta basal acrescida de 8% de FPMD. Os conteúdos de EF, FT, TT, TC e SPN observados, foram, respectivamente, 0,06 mg/g, 26,08 e 10,43 equivalente grama de ácido tânico, 0,05 equivalente grama de leucocianidina e 0,005%. Foram obtidos valores de 83,8% de matéria seca digestível aparente, 3,5 kcal/kg de energia digestível aparente, 13,5% de proteína digestível aparente, 1,5% de fibra digestível aparente e 2,3 % de extrato etéreo digestível aparente. A utilização do FPMD não afetou significativamente (P>0,05) a geração de biogás e metano pelos dejetos dos suínos. Posteriormente, foram avaliados os efeitos da inclusão de níveis (2, 4, 6, 8%) de FPMD na dieta de suínos na fase de terminação sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade da carne e toxicidade. A inclusão do FPMD apresentou resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,001) no peso final, ganho diário de peso e consumo diário de ração. No entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) quando comparados os resultados do tratamento controle e a inclusão de 2% de FPMD, havendo apenas redução (P<0,05) no consumo diário de ração. Nas características de carcaça, a inclusão de FPMD apresentou respostas lineares negativas (P<0,05) para o rendimento de carcaça quente e espessura média de toicinho, além de resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,05) no comprimento de carcaça, não havendo diferença significativa (P>0,05) quando comparados o tratamento controle e a inclusão de 2% de FPMD. Em relação à qualidade da carne, não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) sobre as variáveis. Nas enzimas transaminases hepáticas, a alanina aminotransferase não foi alterada (P>0,05), no entanto, a inclusão deste co-produto ocasionou resposta quadrática negativa (P<0,05) nos valores de aspartato aminotransferase. Finalizando, foi avaliada a emissão de metano entérico de suínos na fase de terminação, alimentados com dietas com a inclusão de 2% de FPMD. A inclusão do FPMD reduziu significativamente (P>0,05) a emissão de metano entérico pelos suínos. Com os resultados, conclui-se que, embora a inclusão do FPMD tenha acarretado alguns aspectos deletérios, de modo geral, o farelo de pinhão manso detoxicado pode ser incluído em até 2% nas dietas de suínos em terminação / The pourpose of this study was assess the inclusion of detoxicated Jatropha meal (Jatropha curcas L.) in the diet of finishing pigs. Initially it was used in a biological assay with Wistar rats. The analysis of variance did not detect (P>0.05) effect of the addition of DJCM over the performance variables, being, however, observed a significant reduction (P<0.05) on digestibility of diets in response to the addition of the DJCM. The relative weights of liver, kidneys, heart, intestine and length of the small intestine of the animals fed with the different treatments did not differ significantly (P>0.05) with the inclusion of DJCM. For the relative weight of the total gut (intestines plus small intestine) and the small intestine it self, a linear increase was observed (P<0.05) due to the increased level of inclusion of DJCM in the diet. The analysis of variance also did not detect (P>0.05) effect of the addition of DJCM on blood variables, as well as in the hepatic enzymes. In a second trial, there were investigated the contents of forbol esters (FE), total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT), condensed tannins (CT) saponins (SPN), amino acid profile, and apparent digestibility of DJCM for finishing pigs, as well as the biogas and methane generated by the waste of pigs fed the basal diet (BD) and BD plus 8% of DJCM (DB8). The contents of FE, TP, TT, CT and SPN observed were, respectively, 0.06 mg/g, 26.08 and 10.43 gram equivalent of tannic acid, 0.05 gram equivalent of leucocianidin and 0.005%. As for the apparent digestibility results obtained, it was found values of 83.8%, 3.5 kcal/kg, 13.5%, 1.5% and 2.3% respectively for apparent digestible of dry matter, energy, protein, fiber and ethereal extract. In relation to the production of biogas and methane generated by the waste products from pigs, it can be concluded that the use of DJCM did not affect significantly (P > 0.05) the production of these gases in experimental. Subsequently, it was then evaluated the effects of levels (2, 4, 6, 8%) of DJCM at the diet of finishing pigs upon the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, meat quality and toxicity of DJCM. The inclusion of DJCM presented negative quadratic responses (P < 0.001) for the final weight; daily weight gain and daily consumption of ration. Although there has been a reduction in performance depending on the inclusion of DJCM, it is important to note that when comparing treatment outcomes of control (0%) and the addition of 2% of DJCM, it was not observed significant difference (P > 0.05) for the variables final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and only significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the daily ration consumption. The inclusion of DJCM showed negative linear responses (P < 0.05) for warm carcass yield, average thickness of fat and loin eye area. It was found negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05) for the length of the carcass. After the specific contrast analysis comparing the control treatment (0%) and the addition of 2% of DJCM in diet, not significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) between treatments. In relation to the quality of the meat, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05). For the liver enzymes evaluation, ALT has not changed (P > 0.05) with the inclusion of DJCM, however, for AST, the inclusion of co- product caused negative quadratic responses (P < 0.05). For concluding the work, it was evaluated the enteric methane emission by finishing pigs fed with diets with the addition of 2% of DJCM. The inclusion of this co-product reduced significantly (P > 0.05) the enteric methane emissions by pigs. With the results obtained in this work, it can be concluded that, although the inclusion of DJCM may promote some deleterious aspects, in general, the DJCM may be included up to 2% in finishing pig diets.