Thermal environment control of chilled food manufacturing facilities plays a critical role in maintaining the required food product temperature during processing to ensure food quality and maximise shelf life. The provision of cooling to maintain the required temperatures in the processing halls, which should be in the range between 4 °C and 12°C also impacts on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Chilled food manufacturing facilities normally have high ceilings to provide flexibility in their use and accommodate different height equipment. In these facilities cooling is commonly provided by fan coil units installed at ceiling level that recirculate air in the space through the cooling coils with high velocities. Small amounts of fresh air can also be provided to the space through a separate fresh air system. The low temperatures and high velocity of air circulating in the space lead to uncomfortable environments for the workers and high energy consumption. Refrigeration systems in chilled food manufacturing facilities account for more than 60% of the energy consumption in the plant so identifying ways of improving the thermal environment in these facilities and reducing energy consumption can lead to increased productivity and profitability of chilled food operations. This thesis makes a contribution to this challenge by investigating alternative air distribution approaches for both existing and new facilities. A primary consideration was to identify solutions that could be easily retrofitted to existing cooling systems in the space at low cost and minimum disruption to the production. The research involved the investigation of two chilled food manufacturing spaces with different cooling system arrangements to establish their performance characteristics and ability to provide the required conditions of temperature and velocities at low level in the space to minimise thermal discomfort. Learnings from these investigations were used to develop in the laboratory a test facility that could reproduce chilled food manufacturing environments at a smaller scale and enable the investigation of different cooling systems and air distribution arrangements. CFD models were also developed and validated against temperature and air velocity data from the chilled food spaces in the factories and the test facility. The models were then used to evaluate different chilled air distribution designs prior to them being manufactured and installed for evaluation in the test facility. The main objective was to achieve temperature stratification and low air velocities at low levels in the space. Key findings and contribution to knowledge for science and technology of cold processing areas are the follow: i) The monitoring of the two case studies provided evidence of the air-temperature distribution issues in existing chilled food facilities such as high velocities, poor temperature distribution, cooling of the whole space and increased energy consumption. ii) Numerical and experimental results of this research provided guidelines of how air distribution solutions in existing chilled food facilities can be improved regarding their air temperature efficacy and energy efficiency. For example, supplying air from evaporator coils at medium level with circular or semi-circular fabric ducts as air distribution solutions, could achieve temperature stratification in the space with lower temperatures at low level covering the manufacturing area and higher temperatures towards the ceiling; In addition, medium level air supply with fabric duct was shown to provide in the region of 9% reduction in energy consumption compared to high level supply with the same duct; Furthermore, medium level air supply with a fabric duct provided 23% energy savings compared to air supply with an un-ducted fan-coil system which is the most common air distribution method in chilled food factories; iii) Numerical and experimental results derived guidelines of which air distribution systems should be avoided in new chilled food facilities. Tests and CFD modelling comparing air distribution with circular fabric duct and metal duct with linear diffusers showed that the circular fabric duct provided a better thermal environment in terms of temperature uniformity and low air velocities; Furthermore, comparing the air flow velocities obtained from the air distribution system via non-ducted coil and fabric ducts as air distribution solutions, it can be highlighted that the fabric duct provided much lower air flow velocities. This is beneficial to achieve some temperature stratification in the space and reduce the discomfort of the workers produced by high velocities as seen in the case of the non-ducted coil. iv) A simulation tool developed that couples refrigeration system and CFD modelling has been shown to be able to simulate the dynamics of air distribution and refrigeration system energy consumption in chilled food spaces. The tool can be used to optimise the design of air distribution systems from both thermal environment and energy consumption perspectives.

Various techniques are used in the process of software development. The requirements of the system being designed and the constraints dictate the selection of a particular method to be used. This thesis attempts to explain the various types of development techniques available to software designers and programmers. It places specific emphasis on the Object Oriented style of design that is presently widely used in all areas of industry. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) involves a number of new concepts that make software design and development more modular. The actual problem is broken down into a number of smaller components and the functionality of each component is coded separately. These pieces of code are then integrated to form the final application. All the concepts that make this type of programming possible are explained. The thesis presents a detailed account of the development process of a system used to make measurements on polyurethane pads that are used in the Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process. The setup uses a combination of a number of instruments to provide excitation to the pad and measure its response. A computer controls all these instruments using a single application. Microsoft Visual C++ was used to develop this application. It makes extensive use of a Graphic User Interface (GUI), Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) and driver libraries from instrument manufacturers in order to present a user-friendly interface to the operator. System Integration, which is the technique used to make the instruments involved interact with the software is explained. The application involves the use of a number of C++ classes and dialog boxes. Each of these is explained along with the underlying algorithms.

Analizuojamos esamo gyvenamojo kvartalo, nutolusio nuo pagrindinės gyvenvietės aprūpinimo šilumine energija galimybės Širvintų mieste. Įvertinama esama gyvenamojo kvartalo geografinė padėtis bei specifika. Analizuojami kvartalo aprūpinimo šilumine energija būdai. Vertinama esamų trasų renovacija, bei dujomis arba malkomis kūrenamos katilinės šalia analizuojamo kvartalo įrengimas. Pateikiamas išlaidų, susijusių su trasų renovavimu bei katilinių įrengimu, vertinimas bei palyginimas. Pateikiamas katilinių poveikio aplinkai skaičiavimas. / In the final master work I have analyzed the supplying thermal energy to the existing residential quarter in Sirvintai city which is moved away from the main city. Also there is evaluated the existing geographical situacion and specific features of this residential quarter. The means of the suppling thermal energy to the residential quarter also is analyzing in this work. The revovation of existing tracks and the mounting the boiler-houses where the gas or wood is used and which are close to the residential quarter are evaluated in this paper work too. The expenses which is retaled to the renovation of heating tracks and boiler-houses mounting are estimated and compared. The calculation of the boiler-houses influence to the environment is also presented in this work.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2005. / Also available online.

Udržovaní vnitřních klimatických podmínek tak, aby byly v souladu s tepelným komfortem lidí, je klíčovou otázkou pro řízení systémů vytápění, větrání a klimatizace (HVAC systémy). Počítačové modelování nabízí virtuální prostředí pro simulaci vnitřních i vnějších podmínek a s jeho pomocí je možné navrhnout řešení pro řízení technických zařízení budov. Tento proces vyžaduje pochopení těchto prostředí z fyzikálního a matematického hlediska tak, aby bylo možné fyzikální procesy daných prostředí prezentovat pomocí vztahů a rovnic odrážejících jejích různé parametry. Simulační proces dále nabízí možnost popsat interakci mezi těmito modely a jejich chování v čase, dává výchozí reprezentace těchto prostředí, a umožňuje pochopení jejich chování před přenosem těchto modelů do reálných aplikací. Simulace umožnuje respektovat, a ovlivňovat jejích chování přes kontrolu navržených modelů. MATLAB/SIMULINK software má pokročilé schopnosti pro simulace systémů HVAC, a to vytvořením širokého pracovního prostředí pro designéry v závislosti na vývoji matematických modelů a jejích simulace pomocí SIMULINK, aby výsledky mohly být slučitelné s požadovanými výstupy. Tato dizertační práce se zaměřuje na proces modelování vnitřního prostředí v budovách, aby bylo možné pochopit chování klíčových parametrů, které mají vliv na tepelnou pohodu obyvatel či uživatelů, matematické modely vnitřního prostředí posluchárny byly navržené speciálně pro tři základní parametry: koncentrace oxidu uhličitého, teplota vzduchu a relativní vlhkost. Změny chování těchto parametrů v průběhu času jsou simulovány a poté strategie kontroly návrhu těchto parametrů může je udržet ve vhodných rozmezích komfortních pro obyvatele či uživatele, i když změny venkovního klimatu, tepelné a hmotnostní zatíží interiér. Pomocí matematických metod, některé optimalizační metody byly navrženy za účelem snížení spotřeby energie bez vlivu na mezní hodnoty těchto parametrů. Proces validace modelu se provádí porovnáním výsledků s reálnými výstupy monitoringu Honeywell Enterprise Buildings Integrator systémem (EBI) nainstalován v areálu univerzity.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-06-01T11:56:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VINÍCIUS RODRIGUES DA COSTA.pdf: 2969481 bytes, checksum: 255a93f0a6fcbb8df353b59711ab6bf8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T11:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VINÍCIUS RODRIGUES DA COSTA.pdf: 2969481 bytes, checksum: 255a93f0a6fcbb8df353b59711ab6bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / The present dissertation has the aim to do an explanation of the theme sustainability, forward to a chain of the production of fish in the State of Goiás. In the first moment was done a registration of fish farm of Goiás, that during the year of 2006, done a solicitation to “Agência Ambiental” and obtained success according to a legal authorization to the practice of the activity. After that, was verified if there was to the part of undertakers the observation of rules that is in the Plano de Controle Ambiental (Environment Control Plan) – PCA, and as it has been implanted Código de Conduta Sustentável ( Sustainable Conduct Code ) and responsible to Brazilian fish farm in the states in Goiás. The research was developed with a critical approach, showing the discrepancy that there is between the actual model of development of the country propriety in what recommend the legislation. From the observation in documents according to “Agência Ambiental” was observed that into 63 requisition of license in 2006, only 18, undertakers in distinct cities of Goiás, obtained the legal authorization to the production of fish. It was clear that besides the activity in the state finds positive points to the development to the production (as clime, for example), the same comes developing in a simple way, for bureaucracy reasons or for no-interest of some predictors’ in adequate his/her production to the legal legislation. It can be conclude, that even though huge access to information from the predictor’s and noncountable legislation and penalties to the practice of the activity, the undertakers, even though is not completed involved with the sustainability development of production, causing so many problems and some times irreparable as to environment as to social mean, been to the absence of an intense inspection or a continued environment education. / A presente dissertação tem como primícias fazer uma explanação do tema sustentabilidade voltado à cadeia de produção de peixes no Estado de Goiás. Em primeiro momento fez-se o cadastro das pisciculturas goianas que durante o ano de 2006 fizeram solicitação junto a Agência Ambiental e obtiveram êxito quanto à autorização legal para a prática da atividade. Posteriormente verificou-se se houve por parte dos empreendedores, a observação das normas que constam no Plano de Controle Ambiental (PCA) e como vem sendo implementado o Código de Conduta Sustentável e Responsável para a Piscicultura Brasileira no estado de Goiás. O estudo foi desenvolvido com vistas a uma abordagem crítica, enfocando as discrepâncias existentes entre o atual modelo de desenvolvimento das propriedades rurais com o que preconiza a legislação. A partir do levantamento em documentos junto a Agencia Ambiental, identificou-se que dentre os 63 pedidos de solicitação de licença em 2006, apenas 18 empreendedores, em municípios distintos do estado, obtiveram autorização legal para a produção de peixe. Ficou evidenciado que apesar da atividade no estado encontrar fatores positivos para o desenvolvimento da produção (como o clima por exemplo), a mesma vem se desenvolvendo de forma modesta, por motivos burocráticos ou por desinteresse de alguns produtores em adequar sua produção ao que rege a legislação legal. Conclui-se que, mesmo com o amplo acesso às informações pelos produtores e inúmeras legislações e penalidade pertinentes às práticas da atividade, o empreendedor ainda não se vê comprometido com o desenvolvimento sustentado da produção, causando transtornos muitas vezes irreparáveis tanto ao meio ambiente quanto ao meio social, seja pela falta de uma fiscalização mais intensa ou uma educação ambiental continuada.

Com o crescimento urbano ao redor das minerações surgiram novos problemas como o desconforto dos vizinhos com vibrações, que podem provocar danos nas estruturas das casas, a poeira, os ultralançamento, a sobrepressão atmosférica, entre outros. Atualmente no Brasil as restrições ambientais são cada vez mais rígidas e são exigidos mais monitoramentos sismográficos como medida de controle ambiental. A Geosonic Inc. foi a primeira a usar o sistema de mapa de iso-velocidades, mas seu uso não é prática corrente no Brasil devido ao elevado custo de instrumentação e de operação no campo. Iramina (2002) desenvolveu um método com equações de carga-distância simulando um mapa de iso-velocidades. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a metodologia proposta por Iramina (2002), que construiu mapas de iso-velocidades usando oito monitoramentos unidirecionais para oito detonações diferentes e sequenciais numa mesma bancada e analisar alternativas para a construção dos mapas de iso-velocidade. Neste trabalho foram monitoradas quatro detonações e em cada uma delas, quatro direções diferentes foram selecionadas utilizando um total de 20 sismógrafos. As detonações avaliadas foram todas na mesma bancada e com características similares. Para cada direção foram estimados os parâmetros da equação carga-distância e foram construídos e comparados diferentes mapas de iso-velocidade. Conclui-se que a disposição dos geofones deve-se adequar aos objetivos do monitoramento. Oito a quinze geofones alinhados são adequados para uma curva carga-distância. Sessenta e quatro ou mais geofones, bem distribuídos espacialmente, podem gerar um mapa de iso-velocidades referente a uma única detonação. A alta variabilidade das características dos maciços rochosos parece não permitir bons resultados quando os sismógrafos não são bem distribuídos ao redor da detonação. / The urban growth around the open pit mines causes some problems hard to solve due to possible damage to structures built as result of unwanted ground vibration propagation, blast overpressure, flyrocks, water contamination and also particulate matter dispersion. Currently in Brazil, the environmental constraints are increasingly rigid and it is required seismographic monitoring as a measure of environmental control. Geosonic Inc. was the first to use the iso-seismic maps, but this technique is not commonly used in Brazil due to the high cost of instrumentation and field operation. Iramina (2002) developed a model of vibration predictor equations that simulates an iso-seismic map. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify the methodology developed by Iramina (2002), who implemented an iso-seismic map from eight unidirectional measurements in eight different and sequential detonations in the same bench and analyze alternatives for the construction of iso-seismic maps. Herein were monitored four detonations with four directions in each and 20 seismographs at most. All detonations were monitored in the same bench and with similar characteristics. For each direction were estimated the parameters of the vibration predictor equations and from these equations were obtained and compared different iso-seismic maps. Then, it is concluded that the arrangement of geophones should suit to the objectives of monitoring. In this sense, eight to fifteen aligned geophones are suitable for a good load-distance curve, sixty-four geophones or more spatially well distributed, must generate a iso-seismic map corresponding to a single detonation. The high variability of the characteristics of the rock mass does not seem to allow good results when the seismograph are not well distributed around the detonation.

Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerijos Vilniaus ir Kauno regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentų aplinkos kontrolės ir kokybės valdymo efektyvumo palyginimas: atmosferos oro taršos, vandenų kokybės ir atliekų tvarkymo sektoriuose Šio darbo tikslas buvo palyginti Vilniaus ir Kauno regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentų veiklą, įtakojant aplinkos kokybę, aplinkos oro taršos, vandenų kokybės bei atliekų tvarkymo srityse. Pats darbas yra padalintas į dvi pagrindines dalis. Pirmojoje dalyje pateikiama Vilniaus ir Kauno regionų bendra apžvalga, aplinkos apsaugos sampratos ir sąvokos aiškinimas bei gilinamasi į regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentų misiją, uždavinius, struktūrą, teisinį veiklos reglamentavimą. Antroje dalyje atliekama pagrindinių aplinkos būklę nusakančių rodiklių aplinkos oro taršos, vandenų kokybės bei atliekų tvarkymo srityse analizė už 2006-2008 metų laikotarpį. Atliekų tvarkymo srityje analizuojami duomenys už 2005-2006 metus. Analizės metu gautos rodiklių reikšmės aiškinamos, gilinamasi į Vilniaus ir Kauno regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentų veiklos ypatumus, galėjusius nulemti analizuojamų rodiklių pokyčius. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados bei rekomendacijos regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentams ateičiai. Darbo išvados iš dalies paneigia darbo pradžioje iškeltą hipotezę, kuri teigia, kad Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerijai pavaldžių regionų aplinkos apsaugos departamentų, konkrečiai Vilniaus ir Kauno regionų aplinkos apsaugos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this study was to compare the activity of Vilnius and Kaunas regional environmental protection departments, which affects further environmental quality sectors, namely the environmetal air pollution, water quality and waste management sectors. The study is divided into two main parts. The first part contains a general Vilnius and Kaunas regional survey, environmental protection concept and its interpretation/meaning, also a mission, objectives, structure, legal (business) regulations review of the of the regional environmental protection departments. The second part of the study contains analysis of the main environmental state indicators for the period of the year 2006-2008 in the environmental air pollution, water quality and waste management sectors. Data from the waste management sector is analysed for the period of the year 2005-2006. The meanings of the indicators are explained, regional environmental protection departments' of Vilnius and Kaunas operational characteristics, which could have affected the meanings of the analysed indicators, are explored. The end of the study is comprised of the conclusions and recommendations for the future work of regional environmental protection departments. The conclusions of the study partly disprove the initial hypothesis, which states that the quality control effectiveness of the regional Environmental Protection departaments of Vilnius and Kaunas under the Lithuanian Ministry of Environmental Protection is... [to full text]

Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe autorė analizuoja nevyriausybines organizacijas, kaip vieną iš institucijų įtakojančių atliekų tvarkymo sistemą. Šio darbo tikslas yra atskleisti nevyriausybinių aplinkosauginių organizacijų vaidmenį atliekų tvarkyme. Tyrimas pradedamas atliekų tvarkymo sistemos analize, kuri atskleidžia atliekų tvarkymo principus, atskirų atliekų srautų tvarkymo ypatumus bei atliekų tvarkymo kontrolės aspektus. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjamas nevyriausybinių organizacijų sektorius. Atskleidžiama nevyriausybinių organizacijų apibrėžimo problematika, analizuojama nevyriausybinių organizacijų veikla išskiriant veiklos apribojimų ir lengvatų aspektus bei aptariami nevyriausybinių organizacijų veiklą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai. Trečias šio magistro baigiamojo darbo skyrius yra skirtas nevyriausybinių aplinkosauginių organizacijų analizei: atskleidžiama nevyriausybinių aplinkosauginių organizacijų sisteminės duomenų bazės nebuvimo problema, įvertinama nevyriausybinių aplinkosauginių organizacijų veikla atliekų tvarkymo srityje, pateikiami veiklos pavyzdžiai, analizuojamos visuomenės turimos žinios apie nevyriausybines aplinkosaugines organizacijas ir jų atliekamą veiklą. Apibendrinant išnagrinėtą teorinę medžiagą ir gautus tyrimo rezultatus pateikiamos išvados bei rekomendacijos ir pasiūlymai. / In this final MA work author analyzes non-governmental organizations as one of these institutions that have influence on the waste treatment system. The aim of this work is to reveal the role of non-governmental environment control organizations in waste treatment. The research starts with analysis of waste treatment system which discloses the principles of waste treatment, peculiarities of separate waste flow treatment, and aspects of waste treatment control. The second part of the work analyzes sectors of non-governmental organizations. Problematic aspects of defining non-governmental organizations are presented, practice of non-governmental organizations is analyzed by singling out aspects of practice limitations and concessions, and legal acts that specify the practice of non-governmental organizations. The third part of this work focuses on the analysis of non-governmental environment control organizations: this part reveals the problem of lack of systemic non-governmental environment control organizations data base, evaluates the practice of non-governmental environment control organizations in the area of waste treatment, presents examples of the practice, analyzes the community's knowledge about non-governmental environment control organizations and their activities. Having analyzed theoretical material and results of the survey, certain conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions are presented.

Com o crescimento urbano ao redor das minerações surgiram novos problemas como o desconforto dos vizinhos com vibrações, que podem provocar danos nas estruturas das casas, a poeira, os ultralançamento, a sobrepressão atmosférica, entre outros. Atualmente no Brasil as restrições ambientais são cada vez mais rígidas e são exigidos mais monitoramentos sismográficos como medida de controle ambiental. A Geosonic Inc. foi a primeira a usar o sistema de mapa de iso-velocidades, mas seu uso não é prática corrente no Brasil devido ao elevado custo de instrumentação e de operação no campo. Iramina (2002) desenvolveu um método com equações de carga-distância simulando um mapa de iso-velocidades. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a metodologia proposta por Iramina (2002), que construiu mapas de iso-velocidades usando oito monitoramentos unidirecionais para oito detonações diferentes e sequenciais numa mesma bancada e analisar alternativas para a construção dos mapas de iso-velocidade. Neste trabalho foram monitoradas quatro detonações e em cada uma delas, quatro direções diferentes foram selecionadas utilizando um total de 20 sismógrafos. As detonações avaliadas foram todas na mesma bancada e com características similares. Para cada direção foram estimados os parâmetros da equação carga-distância e foram construídos e comparados diferentes mapas de iso-velocidade. Conclui-se que a disposição dos geofones deve-se adequar aos objetivos do monitoramento. Oito a quinze geofones alinhados são adequados para uma curva carga-distância. Sessenta e quatro ou mais geofones, bem distribuídos espacialmente, podem gerar um mapa de iso-velocidades referente a uma única detonação. A alta variabilidade das características dos maciços rochosos parece não permitir bons resultados quando os sismógrafos não são bem distribuídos ao redor da detonação. / The urban growth around the open pit mines causes some problems hard to solve due to possible damage to structures built as result of unwanted ground vibration propagation, blast overpressure, flyrocks, water contamination and also particulate matter dispersion. Currently in Brazil, the environmental constraints are increasingly rigid and it is required seismographic monitoring as a measure of environmental control. Geosonic Inc. was the first to use the iso-seismic maps, but this technique is not commonly used in Brazil due to the high cost of instrumentation and field operation. Iramina (2002) developed a model of vibration predictor equations that simulates an iso-seismic map. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify the methodology developed by Iramina (2002), who implemented an iso-seismic map from eight unidirectional measurements in eight different and sequential detonations in the same bench and analyze alternatives for the construction of iso-seismic maps. Herein were monitored four detonations with four directions in each and 20 seismographs at most. All detonations were monitored in the same bench and with similar characteristics. For each direction were estimated the parameters of the vibration predictor equations and from these equations were obtained and compared different iso-seismic maps. Then, it is concluded that the arrangement of geophones should suit to the objectives of monitoring. In this sense, eight to fifteen aligned geophones are suitable for a good load-distance curve, sixty-four geophones or more spatially well distributed, must generate a iso-seismic map corresponding to a single detonation. The high variability of the characteristics of the rock mass does not seem to allow good results when the seismograph are not well distributed around the detonation.