O modelo energético global está caracterizado pelo uso intenso de combustíveis fosseis como o petróleo, o que tem influenciado diretamente no incremento de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, causando problemas ambientais eventualmente irreversíveis como o aquecimento global, o mais proeminente fenômeno associável às mudanças climáticas. Com a finalidade de reduzir o consumo destes recursos energéticos não renováveis e minimizar potenciais externalidades socioambientais negativas, iniciou-se, globalmente, uma transição em prol de maior uso de energias alternativas, as quais aproveitam fontes renováveis, em princípio e em geral, indutoras de menores impactos ambientais como a energia eólica; estabelecendo-se, assim, um novo paradigma tecnológico focado num modelo mais sustentável. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos analisar os impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais ocasionados pelo desenvolvimento de projetos eólicos no Istmo de Tehuantepec, no Sudoeste do México e, concomitantemente, avaliar, de modo sinérgico, a energia eólica como uma opção efetivamente viável para a matriz energética mexicana mapeando-se e analisando-se as externalidades socioambientais e econômicas. O desenvolvimento destes parques representa, nesta região do país, um modelo bem sucedido de redução de emissão de GEE, porém existem controvérsias como o deslocamento de terras e falta de desenvolvimento local, o que têm gerado conflitos socioambientais que permanecem vigentes até hoje. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada alicerçou-se em revisão sistêmica de literatura, assim como na aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em pesquisa de campo in situ e na análise dos resultados com o uso de um software de código aberto (Iramuteq), foi possível ampliar a compressão a respeito do seguinte paradoxo: os parques eólicos implementados no Istmo, de fato, contribuem no sentido de mitigar as emissões de GEE, no entanto, ao que apontam os resultados desta dissertação, este benefício ambiental não carreou, às comunidades locais, qualquer melhoria em suas vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas. Conclui-se, portanto, que os preceitos basilares do desenvolvimento sustentável não foram atingidos no âmbito dos projetos eólicos do Istmo de Tehuantepec / The global energy model is characterized by the intensive use of fossil fuels such as oil, which has directly influenced on the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, causing irreversible environmental problems such as global warming, the most prominent phenomenon associated with climate changes. In order to reduce the consumption of these non-renewable energy resources and to minimize potential negative socio-environmental externalities, a transition towards a greater use of alternative energies has started globally, which employs renewable sources, principle and in general, inducing lower environmental impacts such as wind energy; therefore establishing a new technological paradigm focused on a more sustainable model. In this context, the present job aims to analyze the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the development of wind projects in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Southwest MÉXICO and, concurrently, synergistically evaluate wind energy as an effective and viable option for the Mexican energy matrix by mapping and analyzing socio-environmental and economic externalities. The development of these parks represents a successful model of GHG emission reduction in this region of the country, but there are controversies such as the displacement of land and lack of local development, which have generated socio-environmental conflicts that remain until today. To that end, the methodology adopted was based on a systemic literature review, as well as the application of semi-structured interviews conducted in situ f research and the analysis of results using a open source software (Iramuteq), it was possible to increase the compression However, to what the results of this dissertation aim to, is that this environmental benefit did not bring any improvement to the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of those local communities. It is concluded, therefore, that the basic precepts of sustainable development were not reached within the scope of the Tehuantepec Isthmus wind projects

Este trabalho apresenta a análise dos resultados obtidos, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, sobre o uso dos recursos hídricos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Guarapiranga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, cujo uso prioritário é o Abastecimento Público. Identifica os impactos decorrentes tanto pela ocupação desordenada, quanto pela sobreposição de outros usos incompatíveis com a manutenção de sua qualidade e quantidade, existentes em diagnósticos realizados, no intuito de avaliar as distorções na valoração econômica dos danos ambientais. Para valoração desses impactos foi adotada a metodologia da produtividade marginal, onde o papel do recurso ambiental no processo produtivo é representado por uma função dose-resposta, que relaciona o nível de provisão do recurso ambiental (água bruta) ao de produção respectiva do produto no mercado (água tratada). A aplicação desta função permite a mensuração do impacto no sistema produtivo, dada uma variação marginal na provisão do bem ou serviço ambiental, e a partir desta variação, pode - se estimar o valor econômico de uso do recurso ambiental. / This paper presents the analysis of the results obtained by means of bibliographic research on the use of water resources in the Guarapiranga River Basin in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, whose use is the priority Utilities. It identifies the impacts caused by the occupation both disorderly, as the overlapping of the other uses incompatible with the maintenance of their quality and quantity, existing in diagnoses made, in order to assess the distortions in the economic valuation of environmental damage. For valuation of these impacts was adopted the methodology of marginal productivity, where the role of the environmental resource in the production process is represented by a dose-response function, which relates the level of provision of the environmental resource (water gross) to the production of their product on the market (treated water). The application of this function allows the measurement of impact on the production system, given a marginal variation in the provision of environmental goods or services, and from this change, one can estimate the economic value of resource usage environment.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-04-13T18:11:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos Bomfim.pdf: 2133400 bytes, checksum: b39eee24a27828fb5434e0813b11beb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T18:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos Bomfim.pdf: 2133400 bytes, checksum: b39eee24a27828fb5434e0813b11beb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / This study discusses the interference of the port activities, specifically the transportation and solid bulk cargo storage vegetable origin, which has caused serious threats to the environment and quality of life of the local population to Porto. The city of Santos, home to the largest national port, which is also considered the largest port in extension and ability to export and storage of cargo in Latin America, has been feeling the environmental impacts of the activities a few years ago; the movement of dry bulk made in terminals installed in Ponta da Praia _ neighborhood region is largely responsible for the emission and dispersion of particulate matter in the atmosphere, causing bad smell and cardiorespiratory problems in the population. The particles dispersed in the atmosphere eventually being deposited on the ground, destroying public property and private due to corrosive chemical composition. According to studies by Cetesb, the picture is worrying in view have already been found exceeded the maximum levels of air quality standards. Given this situation, action was filed by the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil in the face of the Mayor of the city of Santos, which enacted a law prohibiting the installation of bulk terminals in the Ponta da Praia region. In the present work, said the question of the triple responsibility of polluters and the importance of preserving the environment for present and future generations, highlighting the importance of the good inherent in human life, which can not be relegated to the background in face of economic interests. / O presente trabalho discorre sobre a interferência das atividades portuárias, especificamente as de transporte e armazenagem de carga a granel sólido de origem vegetal, que tem causado graves ameaças ao meio ambiente e à qualidade de vida da população lindeira ao Porto. A cidade de Santos, sede do maior porto nacional, o qual também é considerado o maior porto em extensão e capacidade de exportação e armazenagem de carga da América Latina, vem sentindo os impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades há alguns anos; a movimentação dos granéis sólidos efetuada nos terminais instalados na região do bairro da Ponta da Praia é o grande responsável pela emissão e dispersão de material particulado na atmosfera, causando mau cheiro e problemas cardiorrespiratórios na população. As partículas dispersas na atmosfera acabam por se depositar no solo, destruindo o patrimônio público e particular devido à sua composição química corrosiva. Segundo estudos da Cetesb, o quadro é preocupante, tendo em vista já terem sido constatadas ultrapassagens dos índices máximos dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Diante desse quadro, foi ajuizada ação pela União contra o Município de Santos, o qual editou lei proibindo a instalação dos terminais graneleiros na região da Ponta da Praia. Assim, no presente trabalho, frisou-se a questão da tríplice responsabilidade dos poluidores e a relevância da preservação do meio ambiente para as presentes e futuras gerações, ressaltando a importância desse bem inerente à vida humana, que não pode ser relegado a segundo plano em face de interesses econômicos.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T14:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana Salete Rigon.pdf: 1000027 bytes, checksum: 7a0c57d2dbcf4626bf0eb89a991c00fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T14:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana Salete Rigon.pdf: 1000027 bytes, checksum: 7a0c57d2dbcf4626bf0eb89a991c00fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-25 / RIGON - Engenharia e Gestão / O setor da construção civil contribui largamente com as interferências humanas na natureza, sendo a indústria considerada como um dos principais setores que consomem recursos naturais e interferem mudando a paisagem e dispondo de resíduos e efluentes na natureza. Como ações mitigatórias desses impactos realizadas, cita-se a resolução CONAMA 307/2002 que estabelece diretrizes para a gestão de resíduos de construção, e o estabelecimento de algumas centrais de reciclagem de resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os principais aspectos e impactos ambientais, recursos consumidos e resíduos gerados nas atividades de produção. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso e teve como objeto de estudo resíduos gerados, em todas as atividades da fase de produção, de um condomínio residencial executado por uma empresa construtora. Foram avaliados os quatroze processos produtivos existentes na obra, os quais geraram 174 aspectos, 280 impactos potenciais, sendo que, destes, 189 impactos considerados significativos. Verificou-se que os quatro processos principais geradores de impactos significativos foram a 1) alvenaria estrutural e convencional, 2) a laje de teto com forma convencional e concreto bombeado, 3) as vigas de baldrame e contrapiso e 4) a pintura interna e externa, respondendo por 44% dos impactos significativos da obra. Os resultados obtidos com a realização do trabalho indicam que as quatorze atividades estudadas geraram algum tipo de aspecto e impacto ambiental, sendo muitos dos impactos avaliados como significativos. Além de resíduos sólidos, principal "saída" em cada atividade, foi constatada a geração de poeira, efluentes e odores. Contudo, ainda sobre os resíduos sólidos, embora a classificação da resolução CONAMA 307/2002, principal regulamentadora dos resíduos de construção, aponte uma grande parte dos resíduos como inerte (Classe A), o trabalho indica uma grande utilização de produtos químicos, como aditivos, colas adesivas e tintas, que podem contaminar esses resíduos. Isso foi percebido em resíduos de madeira e revestimentos cerâmicos. Outrossim, 21% dos impactos significativos observados no estudo enquadraram-se no uso de recursos naturais não renováveis ou escassos, e outros 21 % na ocupação de aterros. / The construction sector contributes largely to the human interference in nature, being the industry regarded as one of the main sectors that consume natural resources and interfere with the landscape changes and disposal of waste and effluents in nature. There are some actions for the reduction of these impacts, such as CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 establishing guidelines for the management of construction waste, and the establishment of some recycling plants for construction and demolition waste. The aim of this work is to analyze the main environmental aspects and impacts, consumed resources and generated waste during production activities. The method used was the case study and had as its object of study waste generated in all activities of the production phase of a residential condominium by a construction company. It was evaluated fourteen processes existing in the work site, which generated 174 aspects, 280 potential impacts, and of these, 189 were considered as significant impacts. It was found that the four major processes that generate significant impacts were masonry and conventional slab roof with a conventional and pumped concrete, beams and subfloor baldrame and internal and external painting, representing 44 % of the significant impacts at the residencial work. The results obtained with the implementation of the study indicate that the fourteen activities studied have generated some sort of appearance and environmental impacts, with many of the impacts evaluated as significant. In addition to solid waste, the main "output" in each activity was detected dust, effluents and odors. However, while the solid waste based on the Resolution CONAMA 307/2002, page regulatory construction waste, are mostly considered as inert (Class A), this work indicates a large use of chemicals such as additives, glues, paints and adhesives, which can contaminate the waste. This was observed on waste wood and ceramic tiles. Furthermore, 21% of the significant impacts were observed in the study on the use of non-renewable resources or limited, and another 21% in the occupation of landfields.

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais dos setores têxtil e confeccionista, sendo importante produtor de fibras, fios, tecidos planos e de malha. Apesar destes setores serem altamente lucrativos, a cadeia produtiva têxtil gera impactos consideráveis ao meio ambiente. Particularmente a porção final da cadeia é problemática: toneladas de resíduos têxteis são descartadas diariamente nos grandes polos têxtil e confeccionista do país. Esse acúmulo de resíduos é grande problema para agências governamentais e particulares que gerenciam o lixo urbano. Uma maneira de mitigar essa situação é a reciclagem têxtil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar o estado da arte das informações e publicações sobre reciclagem têxtil, bem como analisar e comparar quantitativamente os impactos ambientais das matérias-primas constituintes das fibras têxteis mais utilizadas no Brasil. Para isto, foram realizadas: i) análise crítica da literatura e ii) coleta de informações com fabricantes de maquinários, empresas e indústrias nacionais que realizam reciclagem têxtil. Também foi avaliado o impacto ambiental das fibras poliéster e poliamida por meio do programa SolidWorks® Sustainability. A partir do levantamento bibliográfico e das informações obtidas em visitas técnicas, constatou-se que o campo da reciclagem têxtil, além de ser relativamente recente no Brasil, é estratégico para empresas no que cerne a competitividade, uma vez que o reprocessamento de matérias-primas descartadas diminui os custos processuais na manufatura de novos produtos. Além disso, o reuso e/ou a logística reversa de resíduos sólidos contribui sensivelmente para diminuir os danos ambientais. Com relação ao impacto ambiental das fibras, constatou-se que a produção da matéria-prima poliamida apresenta maior impacto em todos os quesitos analisados: emissão de CO2 (140 KgCO2eq), gasto energético na sua produção (2.300 MJ), acidificação do ar (0,208 KgSO2eq), eutrofização da água (0,036 KgPO4eq) e custo financeiro (US$ 58,50 em 2015). Já a produção da matéria-prima do poliéster apresentou emissão de 46 KgCO2eq, gasto energético de 1.000 MJ, acidificação do ar de 0,089 KgSO2eq, eutrofização da água de 0,012 KgPO4eq e custo financeiro de US$ 26,50 em 2015. O algodão, por sua vez, é a fibra com maior impacto relacionado à saúde humana, à qualidade do ecossistema e dos recursos naturais por utilizar fertilizantes, inseticidas, herbicidas e outros químicos para controle de doenças em sua produção / Brazil is one of the largest producers of textiles and clothing manufacturer sectors, with major producer of fibers, yarns, woven fabrics and knitted. Although these sectors are highly profitable, the textile production chain generates considerable environmental impacts. Particularly the final portion of the chain is problematic: tons of textile waste are discarded every day in the major textile and clothing manufacturer poles of the country. This accumulation of waste is big problem for government and private agencies that manage urban waste. One way to mitigate this situation is the textile recycling. This study aimed to carry out the state of the art information and publications on textile recycling, and analyze and quantitatively compare the environmental impacts of raw material constituents of textile fibers most used in Brazil. To this were done: i) analysis of literature and ii) collecting information with machinery manufacturers, enterprises and national industries that perform textile recycling. The environmental impact of polyester and polyamide fibers through SolidWorks® Sustainability software was also evaluated. From the literature and information obtained in technical visits, there was the field of textile recycling, in addition to being relatively recent in Brazil is strategic for companies with core competitiveness, since the reprocessing of discarded materials reduces process costs in the manufacture of new products. Also, the reuse and/or reverse logistics waste contributes significantly to reducing environmental impacts. With regard to the environmental impact of the fiber, it was found that the production of raw polyamide has greater impact in all aspects analyzed: CO2 (140 KgCO2eq), energy expenditure in production (2.300 MJ), acidification of air (0.208 KgSO2eq), water eutrophication (0.036 KgPO4eq) and financial cost (US$ 58.50 in 2015). The production of the raw material of polyester presented emission of 46 KgCO2eq, energy expenditure of 1,000 MJ, acidification of air of 0.089 KgSO2eq, water eutrophication of 0.012 KgPO4eq and financial cost of US$ 26.50 in 2015. Cotton is the fiber with greater impact related to human health, ecosystem quality and natural resources by using fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and other chemicals for disease control in production

<p>This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.</p>

This paper reports on environmental impacts and health hazards as a result from inadequate management of organic household waste in developing countries. It gives details of water and soil contamination, air pollution and spread of diseases through expanding breeding grounds for pathogens, vectors and rodents. To manage this waste flow sustainably, decentralised composting and anaerobic digestions technologies have been studied to give an overall picture of existing appropriate technologies, including: windrow, box/bin/barrel, THM, aerated static pile, in-vessel, vermi, ARTI compact biogas digester and BARC’S NISARG-RUNA. Comparing different technologies showed that it is crucial to consider local conditions and markets when choosing which method to implement. However, the manual composting methods: windrow/box/bin/barrel, THM and vermi, are more likely to be appropriate in regard to current conditions in developing countries. A comparison between the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion and composting did not result in a clear indication of which technology is most favourable. However, in the literature studied, biogas production showed an overall better energy balance, and composting a better result regarding nutrient recycling and xenobiotic compounds. In terms of the mitigation effect on global warming, the results varied essentially depending on the technology used and its loss of methane during the biogas production process. Finally, this paper investigates common constraints for implementation of the above-mentioned technologies, as well as recommendations for future projects. The study of general constraints revealed the need for directing attention to education, key consequences and benefits, co-operation, exchange of knowledge and bottom-up driving forces, for sustainable and successful implementation of organic household waste management practices in developing countries.

This thesis will investigate the possibility of leasing as a 'greener' form of business transaction. With leasing, the customer pays for the service obtained form the product, but does not own the physical asset; ownership remains with the lessor. This has been claimed to increase resource productivity and close material loops. Numerous complications exist, however, such as tax regulations limiting operating leases to terms of 75% of the total product's life. In addition, no clear pattern has emerged in leasing practices, and in most cases manufacturers approach leasing on an ad hoc basis. Research has found that usage-phase impacts play a major role in determining the advantages realized by leasing. Products such as vehicles or refrigerators that continually consume energy negatively impact the environment much more during their use than during manufacturing or transportation. Because most lease agreements contain maintenance contracts, the opportunity to upgrade and increase product efficiency during this use-phase is paramount to reducing negative impacts. Remanufacturing also shows potential to further reduce resource requirements. However, if product efficiency is not improving significantly, remanufacturing alone does not make a significant impact. In some cases, such as carpets, remanufacturing is not practical, but recycling can be utilized. However, tax regulations require leased terms to be less than that of a product's designed life, hastening replacement. This has the potential to offset any advantages seen with a lease agreement. Academic work in this area remains very limited and product-specific. Case study analyses performed in this thesis found that increased product turnover can actually be environmentally beneficial when product technology is improving. These gains can be further improved with remanufacturing and optimized product replacement moderated by lease agreements. If usage energy is significantly less than manufacturing energy, leasing has little value for reducing impacts. Also leasing may motivate closed material loops, without improving product efficiencies there is no advantage to optimizing life cycles with lease contracts.

Many studies have investigated the impacts of marine cage fish farming on seabed sediments. Most of these studies have focused on organic loading or toxic chemicals used for the treatment of disease, normally for a single or a small number of sites over short time periods. Only very rarely has there been the opportunity to use large data sets consisting of a large number of fish farm sites over a long time scale. In Scotland, localised nutrient impacts have been well documented for marine cage salmon farms, but mixed effects of nutrient and chemicals such as SLICE (the active ingredient of which is emamectin benzoate) have not been investigated in the long term. The aim of this project was to investigate the ecological impacts on sediments from farming activities using very large spatial and temporal data to investigate the long term effects of nutrient and chemical waste. This was achieved using a metadata set collected from 403 sampling stations at 31 fish farms on the west coast of Scotland over a 9 year period. Data consisted of sediment macrofauna, carbon and nitrogen levels, redox potential, particle size for sediment characterisation and sediment concentrations of SLICE. The data was analysed for trends using statistical and multivariate analysis to look for changes in sediment community and related conditions, and the relationships between these parameters were investigated. At sampling stations that were less than 50 metres from the sea cages, 72% of the macrofauna communities were correlated with regard to their species composition and abundance. A significant relationship between the concentration of SLICE and sediment characteristics was represented as: SLICE= 0.000644*(median size particle size) + 0.0311*(C %) – 0.00213*(redox potential) + 1.453. Annelids were the most sensitive to the presence of emamectin benzoate, with the sipunculid Phascolion strombi, the echinoderm Ophiura affinis, and the custaceans Iphinoe, Diastylis and Iphimedia also showing sensitivity. During the data period, there was a clear change in species composition associated with improved seabed conditions. This correlated with biomass changes at the relevant sites, where there was a consequent decrease in nutrient input and SLICE usage. The statistical comparison of the AMBI and ITI indices indicated a 68.9% correlation, but they differed in their ability to indicate levels of organic disturbance. AMBI was shown to correlate more closely with conditions and thus a more reliable index when working with large databases. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that a combination of abundance (N), Shannon Wiener (H’) and AMBI, as biological indices for describing the status of the ecological level associated with the carbon percentage and redox potential of sediments gave the most reliable representation of environmental change over a series of sampling stations. In conclusion, the overall results suggest that, in the long-term, sampling stations which contained significant levels of SLICE had a higher impact status than those affected only by nutrient inputs. The accuracy of multiple regression models were increased by adding biotic and abiotic parameters, though fish biomass at the sites were not considered be as important factor for the prediction of impacts. However, this model could be sensitive to natural environmental conditions and variations. In light of these results and conclusions, recommendations can be made both for updating the existed environmental regulation of marine fish farms and in the development of meaningful models to relate sediment conditions to accurate estimations of overall environmental impacts.

No description available.