The climate change mitigation targets to maintain a relatively stable climate may not be met. Even if targets are met, substantial climate change could occur. In a changing climate, how can social science facilitate composed decision making? One way is through studying emotional reactions to a changing climate. Therefore, this thesis examined how engagement with climate catastrophe scenarios influenced various emotions. Relative to other conditions, “negative” emotions (e.g., fear) were predicted to increase in scenarios related to climate change, and “positive” emotions (e.g., serenity) were predicted to decrease in the same scenarios. Participants engaged with one of five conditions, four of which reflected environmental effects (e.g., local harmful effect from climate change). Before and after condition engagement, participants took a questionnaire of specific emotions. Conditions that described environmental harm were associated with large decreases in “positive” emotions (e.g., serenity) compared to other primes. However, they were not consistently associated with “negative” emotions (e.g., fear). Conversely, qualitative responses frequently mentioned increases in feelings of “fear” or “sadness”; however, decreases in emotions like “calmness” were rarely mentioned. Error played some role in emotional measurement. Nonetheless, psychological research about climate change may include a blind spot: focusing on emotions that are provoked by climate change while ignoring emotions that are depleted by it. A decrease in a “positive” emotion (e.g., calmness) may be conceptually distinct from an increase in an assumed “negative” counterpart (e.g., fear). What are the implications of this distinction? Does avoidance of climate change stem from fear of the subject, or more from its perception as a “buzzkill”? Overall, research of emotional reactions to climate change could facilitate engagement, mitigative behavior, contingency planning, and a more composed transition in a changing climate. / Graduate

This thesis describes the environmental damages legislation. Relevant parts of the work focus on the international legislation including special liability regimes, then it focuses on the European Union legislation, especially on the Directive 2004/35/EC, also it describes British legislation in this area and the legislation in the Czech Republic, namely the differences between environmental damages and environmental loss, it mentions also the old contaminations. Lastly the text tries to compare the British and Czech legislation in liability for environmental damage.

No description available.

This thesis first describes and analyzes the key concepts and rationalities that are dominant in the content of the Environmental Enforcement Act (EEA). The research project concludes that despite legislative shifts towards increased punishment and deterrence, key concepts and rationalities such as the importance of economic globalization, the continuation of risk-management and anthropocentric values, and the dominance of staples development can be observed in the content of the EEA. The EEA also reflects growing concerns towards managing known structural economic problems such as Canada’s staples development and economic globalization. Secondly, this thesis critically evaluates whether the EEA is likely to contribute towards the effectiveness of Canadian environmental governance strategies. The EEA is likely to be ineffective based on observations of structural challenges in environmental governance and the Canadian political economic context. Neoliberalism, economic globalization, risk management, anthropocentrism, and staples based economic development characterize the problems identified in existing research that the content of the EEA does not adequately address.

This thesis first describes and analyzes the key concepts and rationalities that are dominant in the content of the Environmental Enforcement Act (EEA). The research project concludes that despite legislative shifts towards increased punishment and deterrence, key concepts and rationalities such as the importance of economic globalization, the continuation of risk-management and anthropocentric values, and the dominance of staples development can be observed in the content of the EEA. The EEA also reflects growing concerns towards managing known structural economic problems such as Canada’s staples development and economic globalization. Secondly, this thesis critically evaluates whether the EEA is likely to contribute towards the effectiveness of Canadian environmental governance strategies. The EEA is likely to be ineffective based on observations of structural challenges in environmental governance and the Canadian political economic context. Neoliberalism, economic globalization, risk management, anthropocentrism, and staples based economic development characterize the problems identified in existing research that the content of the EEA does not adequately address.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T18:36:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo.pdf: 1105834 bytes, checksum: eb270a665e8c0bb1552cc45d13fddabd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T18:12:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo.pdf: 1105834 bytes, checksum: eb270a665e8c0bb1552cc45d13fddabd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T18:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo.pdf: 1105834 bytes, checksum: eb270a665e8c0bb1552cc45d13fddabd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a viabilidade da utilização da arbitragem na prestação da tutela ressarcitória do dano ambiental. Em uma primeira aproximação destaca-se as vantagens da utilização da arbitragem frente às características do dano ambiental. A celeridade se relaciona com a irreversibilidade do dano ambiental; a especialização com o caráter sinérgico; a ausência de vinculação a uma jurisdição específica com as particularidades do dano transfronteiriço. Em seguida faz-se uma imersão no conteúdo do direito ambiental no intuito de identificar os bens ambientais protegidos por Lei. O macrobem o microbem e os bens ambientais conexos passam a ser objeto de análise. A seguir busca-se precisar o sistema de arbitrabilidade a partir de uma análise crítica dos critérios de acesso à arbitragem espalhados nas mais diversas legislações do mundo. Faz-se uma incursão específica na legislação alemã e na legislação do direito societário na Itália. Ainda nessa linha investiga-se como saíram da sombra da inarbitrabilidade as matérias trabalhista tributária concorrencial propriedade intelectual e administrativa. Finalmente relaciona-se o conteúdo do direito ambiental identificado com os critérios de arbitrabilidade vigentes na legislação brasileira concluindo-se quais conflitos ambientais podem ser levados à apreciação dos tribunais arbitrais. / Salvador

This thesis first describes and analyzes the key concepts and rationalities that are dominant in the content of the Environmental Enforcement Act (EEA). The research project concludes that despite legislative shifts towards increased punishment and deterrence, key concepts and rationalities such as the importance of economic globalization, the continuation of risk-management and anthropocentric values, and the dominance of staples development can be observed in the content of the EEA. The EEA also reflects growing concerns towards managing known structural economic problems such as Canada’s staples development and economic globalization. Secondly, this thesis critically evaluates whether the EEA is likely to contribute towards the effectiveness of Canadian environmental governance strategies. The EEA is likely to be ineffective based on observations of structural challenges in environmental governance and the Canadian political economic context. Neoliberalism, economic globalization, risk management, anthropocentrism, and staples based economic development characterize the problems identified in existing research that the content of the EEA does not adequately address.

Ce mémoire propose d’analyser sur les crimes environnementaux et la réparation des victimes des dommages environnementaux. Il commence par un survol des perspectives principales autour desquelles différentes définitions du « crime environnemental » sont développées ainsi qu’avec une brève analyse du lien entre les dommages environnementaux et les crimes en général. Ensuite, ce texte constate les trois types de justice—la justice environnementale, la justice écologique et la justice des espèces—dont chacune focalise sur un groupe de victimes des dommages environnementaux différents. Finalement, les mécanismes juridiques nationaux sont examinés par lesquels les victimes des dommages environnementaux peuvent obtenir réparation. Dans le cadre national, il existe trois branches de justice soit pénal, civil et administratif auxquels les victimes peuvent s’adresser afin de se faire réparer. Il s’avère que pour optimiser les intérêts des victimes, un État devra combiner les trois branches du système juridique et adapter chacun de ces branches aux crimes environnementaux. Bien que les régimes juridiques et les conditions nationales varient d’un État à l’autre, les mesures prises et les approches utilisées par les différents États dans le but de réparer les victimes environnementales peuvent se complémenter. / This work proposes to analyze on environmental crimes and the reparation of victims of environmental damage. It begins with an overview of the main perspectives around which different definitions of "environmental crime" are developed as well as a brief analysis of the link between environmental damage and crime in general. The work then examines the three types of justice — environmental justice, ecological justice, and species justice — each of which focuses on a different group of victims of environmental damage. Finally, we examine the national legal mechanism through which victims of environmental damage can obtain redress. Within the national framework, there are three branches of justice (criminal, civil and administrative) to which victims can apply for redress. It turns out that in order to optimize the interests of victims, a state will have to combine the three branches of the legal system and adapt each of these branches to environmental crimes. Although legal regimes and national conditions vary from state to state, the measures taken and approaches used by different states to redress environmental victims may complement each other.

Malgré ce que l’on a pu croire, le régime commun pourrait présenter un grand intérêt pour le droit international de l’environnement sous réserve de la prise en compte de certaines considérations environnementales. Il s’agit d’une part, du déclenchement de la responsabilité et, d’autre part, de la réparation. Si, en raison de certaines insuffisances normatives environnementales, l’engagement de la responsabilité pourrait soulever des difficultés, le fondement du régime commun, à savoir le fait illicite, facilite la prévention des dommages environnementaux. Quant à l’invocation de la responsabilité, une évolution concernant les droits des États agissant pour un intérêt collectif pourrait empêcher que de nombreux espaces et espèces échappent à la sphère de la responsabilité des États. Concernant les modalités de la réparation, l’importance d’une réparation en nature ou par équivalent en nature impose une adaptation à l’appréciation ou à la mise en œuvre de la restitution et de l’indemnisation. En revanche, la présente thèse propose une nouvelle forme de satisfaction : la compensation écologique. / Despite some authors’ scepticism, the international environmental law can find certain solutions in the law of state responsibility. However, the success of finding such solutions depends on the introduction of a number of environmental considerations to as conditions of state responsibility, its invocation and reparation. Regarding the first, although the state responsibility, which is based on breach of obligations, may lack normative environmental aspect, its preventive role vis-a-vis the environmental harm should not be underestimated. As to the invocation, the positive law has to acknowledge the right of an injured state acting for the collective interest in order to include spaces and species beyond the state’s sovereignty to the law of state responsibility. Regarding the forms of reparation, restitution and compensation must be adapted taking into consideration the importance of environmental restoration towards baseline conditions. However, satisfaction needs to transform into a multiform and flexible form of reparation. For this purpose the present study suggests the biodiversity offset mechanism as a form of satisfaction.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Banca: Élcio Trujillo / Resumo: O estudo busca apresentar o regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental, destacando as três diferentes espécies de responsabilidades derivadas de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente (civil, administrativa e penal), conforme a previsão do art. 225, §3º, da Constituição Federal, e defendendo, em especial, o acolhimento, no direito pátrio, do novel instituto da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica. Delineando o direito constitucional ambiental, com ênfase aos seus princípios e garantias, o estudo demonstra a ênfase dada à proteção do meio ambiente pelo ordenamento, destacando-se sua condição de bem jurídico relevante, constitucionalmente protegido. São demonstrados, também, os critérios gerais de diferenciação dos conceitos jurídicos de obrigação, de responsabilidade e de dano, com a devida referência ao direito ambiental, passando-se, então, ao cerne do estudo, com a análise do regime geral da responsabilidade ambiental (civil, administrativa e penal) gerada pela prática de condutas ou atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente. É analisada, ainda, a Lei n. 9.605/98, que prevê e disciplina a responsabilidade ambiental em nível infraconstitucional, concluindo-se, então, pela necessidade de efetivação da ampla proteção já outorgada pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ao meio ambiente, propugnando-se pelo respeito ao direito posto e pela superação das controvérsias doutrinárias que geram insegurança e incerteza. / Abstract: This study aims to present general regime of the environmental responsibility derivative of harmful conducts or activities to the environment, dividing it in three most relevant aspects (civil, penal, administrative), according to the prevision of the Federal Constitution, art. 225, §3rd, focusing especially on the acceptance, in the Brazilian law, of the penal liability of the legal entity. It outlines the environmental constitutional law, with emphasis on its principles and guarantees, highlighting, evidently, the election done by the constituent in relation to the environment, leading it to the condition of a relevant constitutionally protected judicial asset. The study also shows general criteria to the differentiation of judicial concepts of obligation, responsibility and harm, also taking them to the environmental law. The crucial part of this work is then reached, with the analysis of the general regimes of the civil, penal and administrative responsibilities yielded by the practice of harmful conducts or activities to the environment. It analyzes, too, the act n. 9.605/98, which disciplines the environmental responsibility in a infra-constitutional level, coming to the conclusion of the need of effectiveness of the wide protection already granted by the Brazilian law to the environment, standing up for the respect to the law in effect and for the overcoming of the doctrinal controversies which generate judicial insecurity and uncertainty. / Mestre