Orientador: Luci Hidalgo Nunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbin_NiciaBeatrizCruzBarduchi_D.pdf: 2240081 bytes, checksum: e1e20f161f34eb06cf71dc46735e745b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Lei nº 6.938/1981, que dispôs sobre a Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, em vigor há mais de trinta anos, foi fundamental para a formação do Direito Ambiental Brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar as influências dos dispositivos dessa lei na formação do Direito Ambiental e sua contribuição no tratamento que passou a ser dispensado às questões ambientais, tendo como foco principal o uso do solo, eis que nele é que ocorre a maioria dos impactos ambientais. Essa legislação trouxe ao sistema jurídico positivo nacional os ideais gravados na Declaração de Estocolmo de 1972, dentre os quais constava o planejamento racional, que passou a integrar a PNMA como princípio da racionalização do uso do solo. O uso e a ocupação do solo decorrem de conjunturas sociais e históricas que até recentemente não contemplavam o fator ambiental, o que tem resultado em certas situações colidentes com o rigor excessivo que, com frequência, se pretende na proteção ambiental, cuja solução, muitas vezes, depende da compreensão dos fundamentos do Direito, especialmente dos princípios. O princípio da racionalização do uso do solo, previsto na PNMA, servia à orientação das ações governamentais mas não auxiliava na solução desses conflitos. Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, que recepcionou a Lei nº 6.938/81, seus valores passaram a estruturar a construção do Direito Ambiental. Através da análise do sistema jurídico de proteção ambiental brasileiro compreendendo a PNMA, os Princípios Ambientais e demais normas relativas ao uso do solo, associada à metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica envolvendo a literatura publicada sobre o assunto, buscou-se a identificação do princípio da racionalização do uso do solo. Como resultado, verificou-se a coerência desse princípio com as normas constitucionais e sua capacidade de servir à compreensão, harmonização e integração do ordenamento jurídico. Procura-se, assim, contribuir cientificamente com esse estudo na construção e consolidação da proteção ambiental, de modo que possa haver harmonia entre o desenvolvimento e o uso do solo e nas relações sociais e jurídicas deles dependentes / Abstract: The Law nº 6.938/1981, which regulate the National Environmental Policy - PNMA, existing 30 years ago, was crucial for the development of the Brazilian Environmental Law.The objective of this work was to assess the influences of the terms of this law, in the development of Environmental Law and its contribution to the way the environmental issues started to be addressed, with its main focus on the land use, because the majority of the environmental impact happens on the soil.This legislation brought to the legal national juridical system the ideals registered in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, amongst which the rational planning was part, and it was included in the PNMA as the principle for the rationalization of the usage of the land.The use and occupation of the soil are a consequence of social and historical conjunctures that until recently didn¿t take into account the environmental aspect, which has resulted in some clashing situations with the excessive rigor which, frequently, is intended in the environmental protection, which solution, often times depend on the comprehension of the Law, specially the principles.The principle of the rationalization of the use of the soil, as predicted at PNMA, was used to guide the governmental actions but didn¿t support the resolution of these conflicts. With the promulgation of Federal Constitution of 1988, that has received the Law No. 6938/81, the respective values started to build the Environmental Law.Through the analysis of the Brazilian juridical system environmental protection including the PNMA, the Environmental Principles and the other relative norms regarding the use of the soil, associated with the bibliographic research methodology including the published literature regarding the subject, the identification of the principle of the rationalization of the use of the soil was aimed. As a result, the coherence of this principle with the constitutional rules and its ability to serve as the comprehension, harmonization and integration of the juridical commandment has been verified. This way, it's possible to offer a scientific contribution with this study in the development and consolidation of the environmental protection, in a way that will allow for harmony between the development and the use of the soil and in the social and juridical relationships which depend upon them / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutora em Ciências

O zoneamento ambiental, instrumento de planejamento e ordenamento territorial estabelecido pela Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente em 1981, sem ser imediatamente regulamentado resultou em práticas diversificadas quanto aos recortes territoriais adotados, métodos utilizados, objetivos específicos e caráter de implementação: ora indicativo, ora restritivo. Em 2002, por meio do Decreto n° 4.297/02, tal instrumento foi regulamentado sob a denominação de Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), devendo estabelecer padrões de proteção ambiental a serem seguidos pelos agentes públicos e privados na tomada de decisão em relação a planos, projetos e programas que envolvam o uso de recursos naturais. Mesmo após esta regulamentação, pode-se observar a continuidade na utilização de métodos de trabalho e produtos finais que não seguem um padrão único, levando a questionamentos quanto à utilização ou mesmo à identidade deste instrumento. No entanto, apesar da diversidade verificada em estudos dessa natureza, pode-se afirmar que sua principal função é inserir a variável ambiental no ordenamento do território. Diante destas questões, o presente trabalho buscou propor critérios que sirvam de referência para a análise de zoneamentos ambientais enquanto instrumentos de planejamento e ordenamento territorial, bem como, de sua utilização, cumprindo ou não os objetivos específicos aos quais se propõem e colaborando para o atendimento dos objetivos da PNMA. A proposta destes critérios e de seus cenários ótimos, representando o que se entende neste trabalho como situação ideal para cada um deles, foi realizada com base em revisão bibliográfica e documental, passando pela consulta a pesquisadores e especialistas em planejamento, buscando validar a proposta feita. Por fim, foi realizada a aplicação teste destes critérios, nos casos do Zoneamento Ambiental de Brotas, do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Litoral Norte de São Paulo e do Zoneamento Agroambiental para o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista. A partir desta aplicação teste, pôde-se observar que nem todos os zoneamentos considerados têm atingido seus objetivos específicos, ao mesmo tempo em que vêm sendo utilizados como uma base de informações sistematizada sobre o meio, além de colaborarem para o alcance dos objetivos colocados pela PNMA, em conjunto com outros de seus instrumentos. Foi possível também identificar pontos positivos e negativos nos casos analisados, com destaque para a participação pública, bastante diferenciada em cada caso. Ainda que dependente de conhecimentos prévios sobre o tema tratado por parte de seus usuários, os critérios sugeridos cumprem seu papel na colaboração para a discussão sobre o zoneamento ambiental enquanto instrumento de planejamento e ordenamento territorial. / The environmental zoning, a planning and territorial order instrument established by the Environmental National Policy in 1981, without being immediately regulated, resulted in diverse practices, regarding territorial clipping adopted, used methods, specific goals, and implementation characteristic: sometimes indicative, sometimes restrictive. In 2002, through Decree n° 4.297/02, this instrument was regulated under the name of Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ), establishing standards for environmental protection to be followed in decision making by public and private stakeholders in relation to plans, projects and programs involving the use of natural resources. Even after this regulation, we can observe the continuous use of working methods and end products that do not follow a single pattern, leading to questions about the use or even the identity of this instrument. However, despite the diversity observed in studies of this nature, it can be said that its main function is to insert the environmental variable into planning. Faced with these issues, this work aims to propose several criteria to serve as references for the analysis of environmental zoning as an instrument of environmental planning and territorial order, and their use as well, fulfilling or not the specific goals that they propose and collaborating to meet the goals of the ENP. The proposal of these criteria and their best scenario, representing what is meant in this work as the ideal situation for each of them, was based on bibliographical and documental review, going through consultation with researchers and experts in planning, seeking to validate the proposal made. Finally, it was performed a test application of these criteria, to the Environmental Zoning of Brotas, the Ecological-Economic Zoning of the North Coast of São Paulo and Zoning Agro-Environmental for sugar and ethanol sector in São Paulo. From this test application, it was observed that not all the considered zonings have achieved their specific goals, at the same time they are being utilized as a data source about the environment, and also collaborating to achieve the goals of the ENP, together with others of its instruments. It was also possible to identify strengths and weaknesses in the cases analyzed, with emphasis on very different public participation in each case. Although dependent on prior knowledge on the subject by their users, the criteria suggested fulfill their role in the collaboration for the discussion about the environmental zoning as an instrument of planning and territorial order.

A definição e o estabelecimento da matriz de transportes de um país são desafios que acarretam implicações ambientais além das sociais e econômicas. No contexto brasileiro existem previsões de incorporar a dimensão ambiental no processo de tomada de decisão no Plano Nacional de Logística e Transporte em consonância com os pressupostos do desenvolvimento sustentável. A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um instrumento utilizado internacionalmente para propiciar essa inserção e facilitar a tomada de decisão mais estratégica. Assim, o objetivo da dissertação foi discutir e estabelecer critérios conceituais de boas práticas de AAE, as possíveis contribuições da aplicação de uma AAE nos Planos de Transporte e aplicar no caso brasileiro Plano Nacional de Logística e Transporte (PNLT). Para a consecução do objetivo proposto, o presente trabalho estabeleceu critérios e formulou uma diretriz teórica de boas práticas de AAE a partir da Diretiva Européia 42 de 2001, que trata da implantação e procedimentos de AAE, e de experiências de países como a Escócia, País de Gales e Inglaterra. Esse quadro conceitual foi aplicado no caso brasileiro do Plano Nacional de Logística e Transporte. Os resultados obtidos mostram um fraco compromisso do Plano Brasileiro com um efetivo envolvimento da dimensão ambiental no processo de tomada de decisão, evidenciando um descompasso entre o que é preconizado e a prática. A principal conclusão é que o Plano Nacional está direcionado para o crescimento econômico sem a devida inserção da dimensão ambiental. / The definition and the establishment of transport matrix of a country challenges that cause environmental implications as well as social and economic. In the Brazilian context, there are predictions of incorporating environmental considerations into decision-making in the National Plan of Logistics and Transport in line with the assumptions of the sustainable development process. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool used internationally to provide this integration and facilitate more strategic decision making. The aim of the thesis was to discuss and establish conceptual criteria of good practice SEA, the possible contributions of applying SEA in Transport Plans and apply the Brazilian case - National Plan of Logistics and Transport (NPLT). To achieve the proposed objective, this paper established criteria and formulated a theoretical guideline of best practices from the European SEA Directive 42 of 2001 that deals with the establishment and SEA procedures, and experience of countries such as Scotland, Country Wales and England. This conceptual framework was applied in the case of Brazil\'s National Plan of Logistics and Transport. The results show a weak commitment of the Brazilian Plan with an effective involvement of the environmental dimension in the decision-making process, showing a gap between what is recommended and practice. The main conclusion is that the National Plan is directed to economic growth without proper integration of the environmental dimension.

O zoneamento ambiental, instrumento de planejamento e ordenamento territorial estabelecido pela Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente em 1981, sem ser imediatamente regulamentado resultou em práticas diversificadas quanto aos recortes territoriais adotados, métodos utilizados, objetivos específicos e caráter de implementação: ora indicativo, ora restritivo. Em 2002, por meio do Decreto n° 4.297/02, tal instrumento foi regulamentado sob a denominação de Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), devendo estabelecer padrões de proteção ambiental a serem seguidos pelos agentes públicos e privados na tomada de decisão em relação a planos, projetos e programas que envolvam o uso de recursos naturais. Mesmo após esta regulamentação, pode-se observar a continuidade na utilização de métodos de trabalho e produtos finais que não seguem um padrão único, levando a questionamentos quanto à utilização ou mesmo à identidade deste instrumento. No entanto, apesar da diversidade verificada em estudos dessa natureza, pode-se afirmar que sua principal função é inserir a variável ambiental no ordenamento do território. Diante destas questões, o presente trabalho buscou propor critérios que sirvam de referência para a análise de zoneamentos ambientais enquanto instrumentos de planejamento e ordenamento territorial, bem como, de sua utilização, cumprindo ou não os objetivos específicos aos quais se propõem e colaborando para o atendimento dos objetivos da PNMA. A proposta destes critérios e de seus cenários ótimos, representando o que se entende neste trabalho como situação ideal para cada um deles, foi realizada com base em revisão bibliográfica e documental, passando pela consulta a pesquisadores e especialistas em planejamento, buscando validar a proposta feita. Por fim, foi realizada a aplicação teste destes critérios, nos casos do Zoneamento Ambiental de Brotas, do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Litoral Norte de São Paulo e do Zoneamento Agroambiental para o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista. A partir desta aplicação teste, pôde-se observar que nem todos os zoneamentos considerados têm atingido seus objetivos específicos, ao mesmo tempo em que vêm sendo utilizados como uma base de informações sistematizada sobre o meio, além de colaborarem para o alcance dos objetivos colocados pela PNMA, em conjunto com outros de seus instrumentos. Foi possível também identificar pontos positivos e negativos nos casos analisados, com destaque para a participação pública, bastante diferenciada em cada caso. Ainda que dependente de conhecimentos prévios sobre o tema tratado por parte de seus usuários, os critérios sugeridos cumprem seu papel na colaboração para a discussão sobre o zoneamento ambiental enquanto instrumento de planejamento e ordenamento territorial. / The environmental zoning, a planning and territorial order instrument established by the Environmental National Policy in 1981, without being immediately regulated, resulted in diverse practices, regarding territorial clipping adopted, used methods, specific goals, and implementation characteristic: sometimes indicative, sometimes restrictive. In 2002, through Decree n° 4.297/02, this instrument was regulated under the name of Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ), establishing standards for environmental protection to be followed in decision making by public and private stakeholders in relation to plans, projects and programs involving the use of natural resources. Even after this regulation, we can observe the continuous use of working methods and end products that do not follow a single pattern, leading to questions about the use or even the identity of this instrument. However, despite the diversity observed in studies of this nature, it can be said that its main function is to insert the environmental variable into planning. Faced with these issues, this work aims to propose several criteria to serve as references for the analysis of environmental zoning as an instrument of environmental planning and territorial order, and their use as well, fulfilling or not the specific goals that they propose and collaborating to meet the goals of the ENP. The proposal of these criteria and their best scenario, representing what is meant in this work as the ideal situation for each of them, was based on bibliographical and documental review, going through consultation with researchers and experts in planning, seeking to validate the proposal made. Finally, it was performed a test application of these criteria, to the Environmental Zoning of Brotas, the Ecological-Economic Zoning of the North Coast of São Paulo and Zoning Agro-Environmental for sugar and ethanol sector in São Paulo. From this test application, it was observed that not all the considered zonings have achieved their specific goals, at the same time they are being utilized as a data source about the environment, and also collaborating to achieve the goals of the ENP, together with others of its instruments. It was also possible to identify strengths and weaknesses in the cases analyzed, with emphasis on very different public participation in each case. Although dependent on prior knowledge on the subject by their users, the criteria suggested fulfill their role in the collaboration for the discussion about the environmental zoning as an instrument of planning and territorial order.

This thesis explores barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles and proposes possible policy solutions. It analyzes main barriers including awareness, upfront cost, and range anxiety, as well as existing policy solutions, and a detailed case study examining policy differences in high adopting versus low adopting states. Awareness and eduction surrounding electric vehicles and their capabilities, financial incentives and market mechanisms for reducing costs, and charging infrastructure and efficiency improvements are examined. Conclusions were formed through interviews with various experts as a method of data collection. It was found that many existing state and local level policies could be scaled to a national level to facilitate rapid reductions in transportation emissions through electrification of the transportation sector.

The communities of the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta in rural Southwest Alaska are living mosaics of the historical and sociological processes that have taken place since human populations first called this region home. These ongoing processes include integration of the cash economy, government-mandated assimilation, and the struggle to maintain infrastructure in an extreme climate and geographically isolated region of Alaska. In many aspects, the culture and people of this region are disadvantaged by the injustices of settler colonialism, perpetuated by state and federal policies. This thesis aims to describe social inequity in the YK Delta region through a comparison of solid waste management infrastructure and access to resources in the region’s hub city versus the surrounding villages. I will analyze the processes that allow predominantly Alaska Native villages to be exposed to environmental contamination—from policy to practice. Lastly, I will argue that State and Federal government is neglecting remote, Alaskan villages by failing to provide protective policy and access to adequate infrastructure. The devaluation of remote, Alaska Native communities creates an immense public health issue and case for environmental racism.

This dissertation extends the Grossman-Helpman models of endogenous trade policy formation to incorporate local and global production and consumption externalities, and to allow governments to choose domestic production or consumption policies together with trade interventions. The models presented are among the first to allow environmental quality and the structure of industry protection to be simultaneously evaluated in a political economy framework, when some industry groups lobby their governments for higher output prices. The equilibrium tax and subsidy policies are implicitly expressed as the sum of distinct political support, terms-of-trade, and local and global environmental effects. Whether these effects reinforce or counterbalance each other depends on whether an industry is organized, whether the good is imported or exported, whether the externality is caused by production or consumption, and, in the large-country models, on whether governments set policies noncooperatively or cooperatively. The model results imply a political economy version of Bhagwati's normative targeting principle: governments use the most efficient policy available to satisfy the lobbies, to address the externalities, and, in the noncooperative large-country model, to exploit international market power. All of the initial Grossman-Helpman results (for the small-country model and the noncooperative and cooperative large-country models) are shown to be special cases where governments have only trade policy available and there are no externalities. In the small-country model and the cooperative large-country model, when there are production externalities, the lobbying of a polluting industry usually leads to lower environmental quality than socially optimal, but with terms-of-trade effects or for particular preferences cases the equilibrium policies may induce environmental quality higher than socially optimal. When there are consumption externalities, and the government has consumption (or production) as well as trade policy available, environmental quality will be socially optimal (again, unless governments exploit market power). Thus, depending on the policies available, a local or global consumption externality will be fully internalized, even though polluting industries lobby and production may be distorted. This dissertation also shows that--in contrast to standard economic theory--the use of trade policy alone can lead to higher environmental quality than a more direct domestic policy alone. / Ph. D.

Climate change has been a topic of interest both in politics and academics during the last decades and it is only becoming more prominent. The relationship between energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions is of particular interest both in politics and in the world of business. With help from the STIRPAT model this paper examines the elasticity between energy production from renewable sources and carbon dioxide emissions and how it changes when introducing policies for increasing the use of renewable energy. Investigating OECD countries between 2007 and 2015, the paper hopes to add to the existing research of environmental policies on an international level by primarily focusing on the 2009/28/EC policy concerning the European Union and comparing it to some national strategies. Through IV-regressions based on the STIRPAT model this paper examines whether policies regarding renewable energy production increase the effect that renewable energy have on reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The results display a positive change in the elasticity between renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions when introducing the 2009/28/EC policy as an instrumental variable but is unable to identify significant change when using national policies.

The question of how to design efficient environmental policies has become one of the most important questions of our time, but finding the answer it is not easy. Simple models of environmental regulation do not take into account the complexity of real markets. One aspect that is sometimes ignored is the market structure of the regulated industry. This critical review of the literature shows that market structure can both influence and be influenced by environmental regulation and that determining the optimal environmental policy is complicated.

The thesis is focused on defining the quality and environmental management system and its applications, as it is required by ISO standards. Document management system for a specific Slovak corporation was elaborated according to current standards. In accordance with STN EN ISO 9001, the quality manual and politics were prepared. In accordance with STN EN ISO 14001, manual and politics of environmental management were elaborated.