Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ansanelli_StelaLuizadeMattos_D.pdf: 1598579 bytes, checksum: 6087fd04d98f2581fb30d12e417b9729 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as influências das exigências ambientais européias para equipamentos eletroeletrônicos sobre o Brasil. Essas exigências, que tratam da eliminação de substâncias perigosas (RoHS) e da gestão dos produtos pós-consumo (WEEE), têm afetado as empresas do setor eletrônico e da indústria de bens e serviços ambientais em países desenvolvidos (dentro e fora da Europa) e em países de industrialização recente. O complexo eletrônico no Brasil também tem sido afetado, pois a maior parte das empresas no Brasil está se adequando à RoHS; isso tem gerado inovações tecnológicas incrementais de processo. Contudo, as empresas estrangeiras estão mais avançadas do que as nacionais pelo apoio que recebem da matriz. A indústria de bens e serviços ambientais possui um potencial de mercado, caso seja implementada uma diretiva do tipo WEEE. Diante desses novos desafios competitivos, da falta de legislação pertinente e de infra-estrutura de gestão de resíduos, os caminhos políticos devem pautar-se pela discussão entre os agentes e fortalecimento da capacitação técnica e institucional e de gestão de resíduos do país / Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of european environmental requirements for electrical and electronic equipment on Brasil. These requirements, that deal with hazardous substances phasing out (RoHS) and post-consume management (WEEE), have afected the firms of electronic sector and environmental goods and services industry in developed countries (in and out Europe) and in developing countries. The brasilian electronical sector has also been afected because most firms are complying with RoHS; it has caused process incremental tecnological innovation. However, foreign firms are more advanced than national ones due to the headquarter support. The environmental goods and services industry has market potential in case a WEEE-like directive be established in Brasil. Due to these new competitive challenges and to the lack of concerning legislation and waste management infrastructure, political paths should be driven by issues between agents and technical and institutional capacity and waste management strenghtening in Brasil / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

A existência de instrumentos de política e gestão ambiental não garantem, por si, a compatibilização do crescimento econômico com a manutenção da qualidade ambiental objetivos estabelecidos pela Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Lei 6.938/81). Uma das razões para essa constatação é a desarticulação entre os instrumentos implementados, bem como a simples não implementação de alguns. Levando-se em consideração a estruturação do Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA) dada pela política nacional, a atuação das instituições competentes é também um fator importante nesse processo, uma vez que estão vinculadas diretamente com as conseqüências práticas do processo decisório. Nesse sentido, a análise dos mecanismos que se relacionam com a inserção da variável ambiental no processo decisório em âmbito municipal, articulada entre as diferentes instituições que o integram, é importante para verificar os aspectos positivos e negativos relacionados à consecução dos objetivos mencionados. Nesse contexto se insere a presente dissertação, realizada com o objetivo de investigar as diferentes práticas que têm envolvido a atuação da sociedade no processo decisório, a partir do estudo dois diferentes canais de participação que se apresentam para a gestão ambiental municipal em São Carlos - SP - o Conselho Municipal do Meio Ambiente de São Carlos (COMDEMA - SC) e o Ministério Público Estadual (MP). Utilizando como referência as distinções de níveis de participação descritos pela literatura, visitas aos órgãos e levantamento documental foram sistematizados os dados a respeito da participação da sociedade ao longo de todo o período de atuação dos agentes investigados, sendo os resultados discutidos à luz da teoria, apontando as dificuldades e oportunidades para o aperfeiçoamento da prática participativa na questão ambiental municipal. / The existence of instruments of environmental policy and management do not ensure, by itself, to reconcile economic growth with the maintenance of environmental quality - goals set by the National Environment Policy of Brazil (Lei 6.938/81). One reason for this finding is the disconnection between the tools implemented, and the simple lack of some. Taking into account the structure of the National Environmental System (SISNAMA) given by national policy, the role of relevant institutions is also an important factor in this process, since they are linked directly with the practical consequences of the decision making process. In this sense, the analysis of the mechanisms that relate to the inclusion of the environmental variable in decision making at the municipal level, articulated between the different institutions that comprise it, it is important to check the positive and negative aspects related to the achievement of the goals mentioned. In this context we present the dissertation, conducted in order to investigate the different practices that have involved the role of society in decision-making, from the study of two different agents that promote participation and are disponible to municipal environmental management in São Carlos - SP - the City Council\'s Environment of São Carlos (COMDEMA - SC) and State Public Prosecutor (MP). Using as reference the distinctions of levels of participation described in the literature, visits to organs and documentary survey were systematized data about the participation of society throughout the period of performance of the agents investigated and those resuoltados discussed in the light of the theory, pointing out the difficulties and opportunities for the improvement of participatory practice in local environmental questions.

We analyse the effects of the Priority Municipalities List, that indicates the primary targets of environmental police monitoring, on deforestation of municipalities in the neighbourhood of the listed. We argue that being a neighbour to a priority municipality causes an exogenous variation in environmental authorities\' presence, and use a difference-in-differences estimator to determine the impact of such presence on deforestation. As an innovative feature, we introduce a spatial version of this estimator to correct spatial dependence. Our results show that the net effect of treatment is a decrease in deforestation of 19% to 23%. Estimates also indicate that effects get weaker the greater the distance to the priority municipality / Este trabalho avalia os efeitos da Lista de Municípios Prioritários, que indica os principais alvos de fiscalização da autoridade ambiental, sobre o desmatamento dos municípios na vizinhança dos listados. Argumenta-se que ter um vizinho listado causa uma variação exógena na presença das autoridades ambientais, e um estimador de diferença-em-diferenças é usado para determinar o impacto dessa presença sobre o desmatamento. Uma contribuição deste trabalho é acrescentar uma versão espacial do estimador para corrigir a dependência espacial na variável dependente. Nossos resultados mostram que o efeito líquido do tratamento é reduzir o desmatamento entre 19% e 23%, e que esse efeito enfraquece à medida que a distância até o município prioritário aumenta.

Este trabalho levanta discussão de um tema que importa à comunidade acadêmica e à sociedade em geral frente à conjuntura mundial como se encontra a questão ambiental e, consequentemente, a situação social. O presente estudo realizou-se, em estrito senso, na concepção da geografia cultural, analisando a paisagem e interpretando a relação homem natureza no espaço geográfico. Empenhou-se em contextualizar e defender o conceito de Área de Influência Real de Empreendimentos Hidroelétricos do ponto de vista da Geografia (Airehg). Os critérios definidos a partir das características do espaço físico e do impacto socioambiental passaram a consolidar o contexto do tema em epígrafe através de suas descrições e argumentações. Comparando o Rio São Francisco ao Nilo, sobretudo, os seus baixos cursos como o caso examinado, foram reveladas variáveis semelhantes e comuns aos rios, consistentes aos critérios elencados para sustentarem o assunto proposto à pesquisa. Ao confrontar Estudos de Impactos Ambientais Relatórios de Impactos Ambientais (EIA/Rima(s)) com a Lei de Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Lpnma) e a concepção da Geografia a respeito da área de influência de empreendimentos hidroelétricos com potencial acima de 10 MW, denotou-se que há um problema de ajuste na supracitada lei. Observou-se também que ao considerar a Airehg, após regulamentação legal, o EIA/Rima pode, assim, estar a caminho de solucionar o referido problema. Toda a abordagem consolidou-se em defesa da tese e de que o documento elaborado pelos empreendedores hidroelétricos precisa reconhecer e adotar como área de influência a representada no tema em epígrafe e, antes de tudo, passe a ser uma das exigências da Lpnma; o que é crucial para manter o Brasil adiantado nestes termos, no cenário internacional, certo de que em qualquer parte do globo terrestre tal contexto ainda não está sendo aplicado, segundo a consulta da bibliografia constante. / This paper brings the discussion of a subject that matters to the academic community and society at large by world conjuncture as seen in the environmental issue, and consequently, the social one. This study was carried out, in strict sense, in the conception of the cultural geography and analyzing the scenery and interpreting the relation between man and nature in geographic space. It endeavored to contextualize and defend the concept of Real Influence Area of Hydroelectric Enterprises from the point of view of Geography (Riaheg). The criteria set from the characteristics of the physical space and of the social and environmental impact began to consolidate the context of the above theme through their descriptions and arguments. Comparing the San Francisco River to the Nile, especially its lower courses such as the case examined, proved to be similar and shared common variables to the rivers, consistent to the criteria listed for sustaining the proposed subject to the research. Confronting Environmental Impact Assignments Environmental Impact Report (EIA/EIR) with the National Environmental Policy Act (Nepa) and the design of Geography concerning the area of influence of hydroelectric projects with potential above 10 MW, it denoted that there is a problem of adjustment in the aforementioned law. It was also observed that, in considering the Riaheg, after legal regulations, the EIA/EIR can thus be on the way to solve that problem. The whole approach was consolidated in defense of the thesis and that the document prepared by the hydroelectric entrepreneurs needs to recognize and adopt as an area of influence represented in the subject title and, above all, continue to be one of the requirements of Nepa, that is crucial to keeping Brazil ahead in these terms, on the international scene, certain that in any part of the globe such context is not yet being applied, according to the constant bibliography.

É possível identificar os benefícios socioeconômicos promovidos pela conservação da biodiversidade através dos serviços ambientais que uma Unidade de Conservação pode prover. É exequível traduzi-los em valores econômicos e assim demonstrar, quantitativamente, o papel significativo dessas áreas naturais protegidas. A literatura especializada em Economia do Meio Ambiente aponta a contribuição da valoração econômica ambiental para a formulação de políticas públicas responsivas à essas áreas naturais protegidas, quando os atores envolvidos em um processo decisório detêm informações sobre os bens e serviços ambientais que essas áreas oferecem à sociedade. Neste âmbito, as Unidades de Conservação podem ser consideradas peças-chaves para promover os estudos de valoração econômica ambiental, tais estudos podem contribuir com aportes a uma percepção social sobre a prioridade de criar medidas relacionadas à conservação dos benefícios ambientais contidos nessas áreas. Desse modo, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar um panorama das iniciativas voltadas para a valoração econômica ambiental em Unidades de Conservação no contexto brasileiro, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo. A fim de alcançar este objetivo foram analisadas: i) a inserção da valoração econômica ambiental na agenda de pesquisa sobre as Unidades de Conservação brasileiras e ii) a inserção da valoração econômica ambiental nos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação estaduais de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento das publicações acadêmicas brasileiras sobre a temática, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática e da análise qualitativa documental, com base na consulta dos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação estaduais de São Paulo, assim como, entrevistas com atores e instituições responsáveis pela gerência dessas áreas. O resultado permite traçar um panorama geral sobre a agenda de pesquisa, assim como, a inserção desta temática nos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação paulistas. Foi possível identificar a incipiência das iniciativas voltadas para a valoração econômica ambiental em Unidades de Conservação em ambos contextos. Em relação à agenda de pesquisa brasileira foi possível revelar a preferência da adoção metodológica de valoração advinda do mainstream neoclássico, assim como a disparidade dos estudos entre as categorias de manejo das Unidades de Conservação e entre os biomas brasileiros, prevalecendo aqueles considerados hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade. No planejamento das Unidades de Conservação paulistas, verificou-se um número ínfimo de Planos de Manejo que fazem menção à valoração econômica ambiental, além disso, não foi identificada nenhuma proposta metodológica para a implementação de programas ou projetos relacionados ao tema nessas áreas naturais protegidas. Ademais, não foi identificada uma ascensão da temática ao longo dos períodos analisados, tanto na agenda de pesquisa brasileira quanto nos Planos de Manejo das UCs estaduais de São Paulo. / The benefits of biodiversity conservation can be identified through the ecosystem services that a protected area may provide. It is feasible to translate such benefits into economic values and thus, demonstrate quantitatively the significant role of these protected natural areas. Economics of the Environment\'s literature points out the economic valuation of the environmental contribution to the formulation of responsive public policies for these protected natural areas when the involved actors in a decision-making process hold information about the environmental goods and services that these areas provide to the society. In this context, the protected areas can be considered key pieces to promote the studies of environmental economic valuation, which may contribute to a social perception about the priority of creating measures related to the conservation of the environmental benefits contained in these areas. Hence, this study aimed to present an overview of initiatives focused on environmental economic valuation of protected areas in the Brazilian\'s context with emphasis on the State of São Paulo. In order to achieve this goal these items were analyzed: i) the incorporation of environmental economic valuation on the research agenda on Brazilian protected areas and ii) the inclusion of environmental economic valuation in state management plans of protected areas of São Paulo. For the sake of this objective, we conducted a survey of Brazilian academic publications on the subject relying on a systematic literature review and documentary qualitative analysis, counting on the consultation of management plans of protected São Paulo\'s state areas, as well as interviews with actors and institutions responsible for the management of these areas. The result allows us to draw an overview of the research agenda as well as the inclusion of this issue in the Management Plans of Sao Paulo protected areas. It was possible to identify the incipient initiatives focused on environmental economic valuation of protected areas in both contexts. Regarding the Brazilian research agenda was possible to reveal the preference of adoption of methodological arising valuation of the neoclassical mainstream, as well as the gap between studies of the categories of management of protected areas, among biomes, prevailing those considered the world\'s biodiversity hotspots. In the of Sao Paulo protected areas, there was a very small number of Management Plans that make mention of environmental economic valuation, moreover, did not identify any methodological proposal for the implementation of programs or projects related to the theme in these protected natural areas. Moreover, it has no obvious rise of the theme over the period analyzed, both on the Brazilian research agenda and in the Management Plans of the state of São Paulo UCs.

Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Puga_BrunoPeregrina_M.pdf: 3988546 bytes, checksum: 2ec6a540deb81e0516715d97535c75cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A política ambiental brasileira tradicionalmente utiliza instrumentos de comando e controle para o atingimento de suas metas e objetivos. Mais recentemente tem lançado mão de instrumentos econômicos para incentivar os agentes a tomarem decisões ambientalmente desejadas pelos órgãos ambientais. Dentre estes instrumentos, encontra-se o mecanismo de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) que objetiva remunerar proprietários de terra pelos serviços ambientais prestados pela vegetação natural em suas propriedades. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender qual tem sido o papel deste instrumento para a governança ambiental da região do Sistema Cantareira, que compreende 12 cidades (em Minas Gerais e São Paulo), sendo responsável pelo abastecimento de grande parte da água consumida na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou-se do referencial institucional e econômico ecológico para analisar as iniciativas de PSA nesta região. A partir disso, o objetivo central é saber qual a possibilidade de expansão desta iniciativa para toda a região, como forma de incentivo ao reflorestamento e adequação ambiental por parte dos proprietários de terra, bem como os possíveis gargalos e desafios / Abstract: Brazilian environmental policy traditionally rely on command and control instruments for the achievement of its goals and objectives. More recently has resorted to economic instruments to encourage agents to take desirable environmentally decisions by environmental agencies. Among these instruments is the mechanism of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) which aims to compensate landowners for environmental services provided by natural vegetation on their properties. Thus, the objective of this work is to understand what has been the role of this instrument for environmental governance in the region Cantareira System , which comprises 12 cities (in Minas Gerais and São Paulo State) , and is responsible for most of the water consumed in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . For this, we used the institutional and ecological economic framework for analyzing PES initiatives in this region. From this, the main objective is to ascertain the possibility of expanding this initiative to the entire region, as a way to encourage reforestation and environmental compliance by the owners of land and its potential difficulties and challenges / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Emilia Wanda Rutkowski / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:43:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fiore_FabianaAlves_D.pdf: 1796194 bytes, checksum: 6ca313762f3b56c5c13887af086c0a65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Em países onde as discussões sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável ainda passam pela necessidade de garantir o acesso universal aos recursos, a gestão dos resíduos sólidos mostra se precária. No contexto de ampliação do controle sobre os resíduos sólidos gerados e dispostos no território, o Brasil regulamentou sua Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) para minimizar sua geração, garantir o tratamento dos resíduos reversos e a adequada disposição final dos rejeitos, com diretrizes de produção mais limpa e eco eficiência. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido visando subsidiar os municípios na implantação de seus sistemas de gestão para atender a essa nova regulamentação. Estruturada a partir do ciclo PDCA, a proposta de gestão municipal de resíduos sólidos foi construída sob a ótica das redes técnicas territoriais de modo a se atenderem as diretrizes, os princípios e os objetivos da PNRS. Além de propor um modelo aberto de sistema de gestão, o trabalho discute os conceitos fundamentais relativos ao tema, permite compreender o atual cenário de geração de resíduos sólidos no território nacional e conhecer os acordos sociais estabelecidos para cada uma das classes de resíduos sólidos / Abstract: In countries where discussion on sustainable development still touches on the need of warranting universal access on resources, waste management proves precarious. In the context of broadening control on solid waste generated and disposed on the territory, Brazil has regulated its National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) in order to minimize its production, ensure treatment of reverse waste and proper final disposal of refuse, with guidelines for cleaner production and ecoefficiency. This project was developed with the goal of subsidizing municipalities on the implementation of their management systems complying with this new regulation. Structured from the PDCA cycle, the municipal solid waste management proposal was built under the notion of territorial technical networks so as to comply with the guidelines, principals and goals of the PNRS. Apart from proposing an open management system model, the research discusses fundamental concepts regarding the subject, allows the comprehension of the current setting of solid waste generation on national territory and the knowledge of social agreements established for each of the solid waste classes / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

Research into the European Union (EU) increasingly focuses on the policy-making processes which take place within the EU, as distinct from trying to explain or predict the broad phenomenon of European integration. This thesis adopts a similar focus on EU policy-making. Policy-making in the EU is examined using a policy network approach. The main aim of the thesis is to assess how useful the policy network approach is as a means of explaining EU policy processes and policy outputs. The policy network approach is therefore applied not simply as a mechanism for describing patterns of interest intermediation but, rather, as a tool for explaining a new form of network governance in the EU. The thesis therefore aims to test the claims of the policy network literature that it can better account for policy-making in the EU than can more traditional approaches derived either from international relations (IR) or comparative politics (CP). The thesis applies a policy network approach to the study of EU environmental policy-making. Three case studies - on air quality, landfill and drinking water legislation - are examined, in order to assess whether a policy network approach can help explain the development of EU policy in these areas. Overall the thesis finds a useful role for policy network analysis in helping to explain EU policymaking and policy outputs. At the same time, however, the thesis confirms the limitations of the policy network approach at EU-level. Policy network analysis must therefore be combined with both IR and CP approaches in order to gain a fuller understanding of how EU policy is made.

South Africa together with the rest of the world have been caught up in a new policy wave of developing policies that support the move towards sustainable, low-carbon and climate resilient economies. However, like any other transition, the social and economic impact of the new policy initiative towards a low-carbon economy is not yet fully understood, both in short- and long-term. While it is clear that the low carbon agenda presents major opportunities in terms of job creation, improved standard of living levels, improved resource consumption patterns as well as economic benefits. It also presents challenges, given the level of education and lack of skills for the installation, construction and operation of many technologies during the process of retrofitting the existing plants as well as infrastructures associated with the new low carbon agenda. The primary objective of this research study is to explore implications of skills availability in order to gain better understanding into the nature, extent and severity of skills shortage impact on the transition to a low-carbon economic future. The research study has revealed that shortage of skills may have a negative impact on the progress of the envisaged South Africa’s transition to a low-carbon economic growth trajectory. However, to varied factors, the study could not clearly articulate the nature, extent and severity of the skills shortages impact on the transition to a low-carbon economic future. These factors may include but not limited to the following: The concept of low-carbon economy is still a new concept with no universally agreed on definition, thus; leading uncertainties with regards to what it entails as well as policy dilemmas; Low-carbon economy is cross-cutting and cannot be clearly defined as a sector. With no clear sectorial boundaries it is difficult to plan for low-carbon economy sector; Skills shortage is chronic and is persistent but due to the fragmented and non-coherent approach by South African government when dealing with skills development. There are a number of reports by different departments on skills shortages but these reports do not talk to each other making it difficult to articulate at national level the nature, extent and severity of the challenge, due to scattered research. This research study has recommended some initiatives that the government of South Africa can consider in order to deal with uncertainties surrounding the low-carbon economy as well as the nature, extent and severity of skills shortages in South Africa. The study also suggested some possible future research interests that need to be pursued in order to develop useful data for decision makers both in the low-carbon economy and skills shortage space.

This is a case study undertaken in White Rock, a postindustrial, oceanside town of 16,000 on Canada's southwest border. The participant-observation research was undertaken between 1989 and 1993 when the author was politically active in the community. Noting a challenge to an encrusted city council from a loosely affiliated group who soon became members or supporters of the "White Rock Residents' Association", the participant intervened to explore theories about the instability of post-industria1 society and the emancipatory power of new social movements. Believing that the environmentalist social movement could attract broad public appeal and was conducive to grassroots progressive politics, the participant utilized the power of environmental ideology by publically prioritizing environmental issues while seeking a council seat as a political newcomer in a town where local elections were often uncontested. Although unsuccessful and subject to countervailing gender politics, the author placed seventh on a ballot of 11 for six council positions, outperforming several long-term and influential residents of the community. Chapter One provides a brief, overview of the research project, with further methodological discussion in Appendix A. Chapter Two gives a comparative discussion of environmentalist and localist ideologies, suggesting how they pertain to the White Rock community. Chapter Three offers a profile of the community of White Rock as it undergoes certain changes while facing environmental problems. The final chapter considers changing political and power relations between local and senior governments as they respond to environmental regional problems. During the period of intervention, new political party provincial and federal governments were elected, and in White Rock a member of the White Rock Residents' Association became the city's provincial member of the legislative assembly, while an active Reform Party member became federal member of Parliament. As well, the Boundary Board of Health won a power battle with city council to eliminate swimming at White Rock's polluted west beach, demonstrating the newly won influence of the provincial government. In exploring and comparing environmentalist and localist politics, both the research and literature review indicate that environmentalist ideology and political practice can lead to a reformation of traditional localist politics, resulting in greater influence and prestige for environmental organizations. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate