Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-12T18:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Rosana Lucia Machado Sampaio.pdf: 737471 bytes, checksum: e3a49aefd1c0126fb93d6b6266c3ac61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T18:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Rosana Lucia Machado Sampaio.pdf: 737471 bytes, checksum: e3a49aefd1c0126fb93d6b6266c3ac61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CAPES / There is a project in the state of S?o Paulo for the implementation of agroforestry systems (AFS), as well as for the management of ju?ara palm on the north coast. The activities are being promoted as an alternative agriculture with less impact to the environment and reclamation. Therefore it became necessary research regarding the action of such practices on communities and the environment by noted this theme, mostly, is not explored in a joint, separating themselves from the social environment. It is known that the direct interaction between the two can be characterized as a state co-evolutionary and allowed to maintain them so far, despite the pressures on the Atlantic over time. The results obtained with indicators of environmental quality note that an agricultural system with greater complexity may present the greatest number of individuals, as well as richness and diversity, but this result is subject to the stage where it is the system. All samples collected to assess environmental conditions (soil fauna, soil chemistry and FMAS) and social, following the introduction of new agricultural practices was conducted through a participatory monitoring with community quilombo Farm, located in Ubatuba, Brazil . The samples were collected within the area of the maroons and the Institute of Permaculture and Ecovillage Atlantic Forest (IPEMA), an ONG responsible for coordinating the project. The presented results demonstrate the dependence of the factor indicators soil management. Until the current condition of the community itself, restricting their space and planting technique used by it (slash), is on the structuring and execution of an effective management plan that guarantees the primary rescue this activity as well as others that are part of the daily life of the population. As a way to minimize conflicts between park and community generated this process, it becomes necessary for effective participation of those involved in a perspective socioenvironmentalist for answers to problems. / Existe um projeto no estado de S?o Paulo para a implanta??o de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs), como tamb?m para o manejo da palmeira ju?ara no litoral norte. As atividades est?o sendo incentivadas como alternativa agr?cola de menor impacto ao ambiente e de recupera??o de ?reas degradadas. Sendo assim, tornou-se necess?ria a investiga??o quanto ? a??o de tais pr?ticas sobre as comunidades e o meio ambiente por se notar que este tema, em sua maioria, n?o ? explorado de forma conjunta, separando-se o ambiental do social. Sabe-se que a intera??o direta entre ambos pode ser caracterizada como um estado co-evolutivo e que permitiu a manuten??o dos mesmos at? o momento, apesar das press?es exercidas sobre a Mata Atl?ntica ao longo do tempo. Pelos resultados obtidos com os indicadores de qualidade ambiental, nota-se que um sistema agr?cola com maior complexidade pode apresentar o maior n?mero de indiv?duos, como tamb?m riqueza e diversidade, mas este resultado est? sujeito ao est?gio em que se encontra o sistema. Todas as coletas realizadas para avaliar as condi??es ambientais (fauna do solo, FMAS e qu?mica do solo) e sociais, ap?s a introdu??o da nova pr?tica agr?cola foram realizadas atrav?s de um monitoramento participativo com a comunidade do quilombo da Fazenda, situada em Ubatuba, SP. As amostras foram coletadas dentro da ?rea do quilombo e no Instituto de Permacultura e Ecovilas da Mata Atl?ntica (IPEMA), ONG respons?vel pela coordena??o do projeto. Os resultados apresentados demonstraram a depend?ncia dos indicadores ao fator manejo do solo. At? a pr?pria condi??o atual da comunidade, a restri??o de seu espa?o de plantio e a t?cnica por ela utilizada (coivara), est? ligada ? estrutura??o e efetiva realiza??o de um plano de manejo que lhe garanta o resgate dessa atividade primordial, como tamb?m de outras que fazem parte do cotidiano da popula??o. Como maneira de minimizar os conflitos entre Parque e comunidade gerados desse processo, torna-se necess?ria a efetiva participa??o dos envolvidos dentro de uma perspectiva socioambientalista em busca de respostas aos problemas.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-04T15:08:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 desenvolvimento_proposta.pdf: 985497 bytes, checksum: 5bb352aaf9236ce08aef0fdaaa332efd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T15:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 desenvolvimento_proposta.pdf: 985497 bytes, checksum: 5bb352aaf9236ce08aef0fdaaa332efd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de indicadores para a avaliação do desempenho ambiental dos processos produtivos industriais, tendo como parâmetros os dez Princípios dos Sistemas Naturais Maduros, Sistemas do Tipo III, descritos pela Biomimética: (1) usam resíduos como recursos; (2) diversificam-se e cooperam para o uso completo do habitat; (3) assimilam e usam energia eficientemente; (4) aperfeiçoam em vez de explorar ao máximo; (5) usam materiais parcimoniosamente; (6) não sujam sua morada; (7) não esgotam recursos; (8) mantêm-se em equilíbrio com a biosfera; (9) operam com base em informações; e (10) consomem recursos do próprio habitat. A Biomimética estuda os modelos de funcionamento da natureza e os imita ou inspira-se neles para compreender e propor rotas e soluções para os problemas humanos. Portanto, para esta nova abordagem, os processos de fabricação das indústrias deveriam incorporar princípios que são empregados pelos animais e pelas plantas, como por exemplo, usar a luz do sol e compostos simples para produzir fibras, plásticos e produtos químicos totalmente biodegradáveis. Paralelamente, foram estudados os conceitos dos métodos de gestão ambiental na indústria: a Eco-Eficiência, a Produção mais Limpa, a Produção Limpa, as Normas ISO, a Ecologia Industrial e a Metodologia Zeri. Posteriormente, foram levantados os métodos de avaliação do desempenho ambiental industrial, modelos para construção de sistemas de indicadores e analisados os indicadores de avaliação ambiental desenvolvidos por diferentes entidades para o setor industrial. É sugerido para cada Princípio um indicador, exceto para os Princípios 3 e 4. Para estes, identificou-se a importância da utilização do indicador de pressão e outro de resposta, considerando a atual impossibilidade de alterações estruturais na matriz energética mundial e no uso de materiais. Isso levou a determinação de doze indicadores que representam o comportamento dos aspectos industriais alinhado aos Princípios dos Sistemas Naturais Maduros. Assim, analisa-se o desempenho dos aspectos da atividade industrial sob a ótica de um padrão de eficiência que contempla uma estratégia diferenciada contida nos Princípios dos Sistemas Naturais Maduros, base de todo este trabalho. Certamente, essa concepção poderá contribuir, de uma forma eficaz, para o desenvolvimento da dimensão ambiental da sustentabilidade a partir da atividade industrial. / This work presents the development of a proposal of indicators for assessing the environmental performance of industrial processes, taking as parameters the ten Principles of Mature Natural Systems, described by Biomimetics: (1) use waste as a resource, (2) diversifying, cooperate to the full use of habitat, (3) assimilate and use energy efficiently, (4) enhance rather than exploit to the maximum (5) use materials sparingly, (6) does not mess your address, (7) do not deplete resources, (8) remain in equilibrium with the biosphere, (9) operate on the basis of information (10) consume resources of their own habitat. The Biomimicry studies models of nature and then imitates or draws them to understand and propose solutions to human problems. So for this new approach, manufacturing processes of industries should incorporate principles which are used by animals and plants, for example, use sunlight and simple compounds to produce fibers, plastics and chemicals completely biodegradable. Parallel studies on the concepts of methods of environmental management in industry: Eco-Efficiency, Cleaner Production, ISO, Industrial Ecology and Zeri Methodology. The methods of industrial environmental performance assessment, models for building systems of indicators and analysis of environmental assessment indicators were subsequently raised developed by different parties to the industrial sector. For each Principle is suggested one indicator, except for the 3 and 4 Principles, which identified the importance of using a pressure gauge and another response, considering the current lack of structural changes in global energy production and use of materials. This led to determination of twelve indicators that represent the behavior of industrial aspects aligned to the Principles of Natural Systems. It is analyze the performance of industrial aspects activity from the viewpoint of an efficiency standard that includes a differentiated strategy contained in the Principles of Natural Systems Mature, base of this work. Certainly this concept can contribute effectively to the development of environmental sustainability from the industrial activity.

The Saltville Waste Disposal Site is a National Priority List site used during the 77- year operation (1895–1972) of an electrolytic chlorine and caustic soda plant. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine disease prevalence among Saltville Medical Center (SMC) patients. Diseases associated with chronic exposures to mercury, arsenic, and lead were reviewed in patient records and these data were analyzed. Ratios of illness observed at the SMC were compared to health studies of similar environmental exposures and disease prevalence among residents of neighboring communities. Prevalence ratios were calculated for residents and non-residents of Saltville who were SMC patients. Saltville residence accounted for a higher risk of developing the targeted diseases (odds ratio=1.68, 95% confidence interval (1.54, 1.82)). Increased risk was among patients aged 31-45 years; with a history of smoking; and family history of the same disease.

Coastal indigenous communities in Keta, Ghana, are experiencing resettlement as a result of slow-onset, climate-induced flooding and erosion. Previous researchers have documented the risk of relocation from rapid-onset events, but little is known about the effectiveness of policies developed in response to slow-onset changes. This phenomenological study investigated the ongoing lived experiences of adult household members in Keta who were relocated by the government. Jun's critical theory provided a constructionist interpretive framework to determine whether Ghana's national policy on climate change resettlement adequately meets Rawls's criteria for distributive social justice. Policy documents and transcriptions of interviews with a purposeful sample of 17 family members were thematically coded and categorized into essence descriptions. Results revealed aligned perceptions of an absence of justice or fairness in the allocation of resources to households relocated by the government. Negative experiences characterized all families' resettlement processes. The government's commitment to ensuring basic community welfare was perceived to be poor. Findings highlight the need for social justice to be the primary policy consideration for future allocation of benefits to resettled households. To avoid reaching a tipping point at which prompt governmental intervention will be either compelled or impossible, quantitative studies are needed to guide policymakers in considering the real costs of relocation and the cumulative effects on families and communities. This study provides evidence for public consideration of the severe consequences of injustice in relocation and the need to prevent human rights abuse in the formulation of social, economic, and cultural policies associated with climate-induced resettlement.

Tourism in cold and cool-climate regions is largely characterized by recreational and sightseeing activities at water-based natural attractions such as beaches, coastal cliffs, and waterfalls. While the economic benefits of the tourism industry can contribute to a sustainable future for these regions, the environmental implications of a hastilydeveloped industry cannot be ignored given that cold-climate and cool-climate landscapes are at risk of rapid environmental change from a warming climate and other environmental concerns. This study consisted of the development of the Tourism Impact Index for Water-Based Natural Sites, the first of its kind, and its application and refinement in the field at various water-based natural tourism sites in Iceland and the Washington Olympic Peninsula. As no direct precedent for the index exists, the creation of the initial index draft was informed by other environmental indices available from the literature in related disciplines. The index contains 44 visually-assessed indicators, each scored on a scale of zero to three regarding potential severity of environmental impact. As the index was applied throughout the two study regions, improvements were incorporated into the design so as to create a well-validated product that may be shared with tourism managers and developers and with researchers to aid in the continued expansion of literature on tourism-environment interactions.

The intent of this research was to create and evaluate a karst tourism management index (KTMI). This index is intended to be a new management tool designed to quantify environmental disturbances caused specifically by tourism activities in karst regions, particularly show caves and springs. In an effort to assess the effectiveness of the index as a management tool in karst terrains, after development, the index was applied to six case study sites. A review of the management policies at each study site was conducted with the use of standard policy critique methods and semistructured interviews with managers at the study sites. After interviews were completed, the newly created index was applied to the study areas with the aid of park land managers. Including land managers in the application process allowed for active land managers to provide more meaningful feedback on potential improvements to the KTMI to ensure the most universally applicable and thoroughly field-tested index tool was created. Upon application and continual refinement of the index to the six study sites, a new data-driven management tool to measure disturbances to karst terrains by tourism was developed. The KTMI consist of an Overall Score category that is broken down into the two main categories of Management and Tourism. The KTMI contains 168 indicators that all need to be scored individually to obtain results, with Management containing 100 of the indicators and Tourism containing the other 68 indicators.

Conventional Appalachian surface-mine reclamation techniques repress natural forest regeneration, and tree plantings are often necessary for reforestation. Reclaimed Appalachian surface mines harbor a suite of mammal herbivores that forage on recently planted seedlings. Anecdotal reports across Appalachia have implicated herbivory in the hindrance and failure of reforestation efforts, yet empirical evaluation of herbivory impacts on planted seedling vitality in this region remains relatively uninitiated. First growing-season survival, height growth, and mammal herbivory damage of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) are presented in response to varying intensities of herbivore exclusion. Seedling survival was generally high, and height growth was positive for all species. The highest herbivory incidence of all tree species was observed in treatments offering no herbivore exclusion. While seedling protectors lowered herbivory incidence compared with no exclusion, full exclusion treatments resulted in the greatest reduction of herbivore damage. Although herbivory from rabbits, small mammals, and domestic animals was observed, cervids (deer and elk) were responsible for 95.8% of all damaged seedlings. This study indicates that cervids forage heavily on planted seedlings during the first growing-season, but exclusion and tree species selection is effective at reducing herbivory.

Environmental impacts of mining at Calico, California, are poorly understood in comparison to the details of its history of silver production. Human health risks associated with arsenic from the lode rock, as well as mercury from the silver milling process, include central nervous system damage, organ failure, and death. To quantify the potential human health risk and manage remediation of this site, tailings from the Garfield Mill site were digitally mapped and chemically analyzed by portable x-ray fluorescence, which permitted volumetric estimates of total mill tailings and the arsenic and mercury budget, as well as identification of anomalies in the distribution of these elements within the tailings deposit. Final products include a high-resolution digital orthomosaic map showing the extent of the tailings deposit, giving contours of arsenic and mercury distribution and identifying areas of high concern for future remediation. The information gathered during this study will be of immense use to the city of Barstow, providing a basis for future public health studies and assessments of human health risks in the area.

A proposta metodológica teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana da bacia hidrográfica da grota criminosa, Marabá-PA, de forma objetiva, propondo elaborar carta de uso do solo urbano e as cartas dos indicadores ambientais como abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, coleta de lixo, pavimentação de vias, densidade demográfica, ocupação e inundação, utilizando os fatores ambientais da contaminação de água superficial, subterrânea, casos de dengue e da leishmaniose visceral canina, analisando e discutindo os impactos ambientais ocasionado pela urbanização, com intuito de propor melhorias para essa qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. Constatou-se no uso do solo urbano da bacia tem predominância de áreas residenciais e alguns setores com áreas comerciais, institucionais nas quais boas partes dessas regiões possuem abastecimento de água precário e inexistência de esgotamento sanitário. A coleta de lixo teve avanço em relação às rotas dos caminhões nos setores, a pavimentação das vias avançou em algumas áreas como, por exemplo, no bairro Km 7 e nas folhas 22 e 23. Devido à carência de esgotamento sanitário e da precariedade do abastecimento de água, as águas superficiais e subterrâneas têm contaminação de coliformes fecais e totais, o número de casos de dengue entre os anos 2015, 2016 e 2017 teve alternância, porém, com número de casos altos, a leishmaniose visceral canina no ano de 2017 teve o número de casos positivo muito alto, isso ocorre pela precariedade do esgotamento sanitário na bacia. Na produção das cartas da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana, estabeleceu-se os pesos atribuídos pelos técnicos dos órgãos municipais (secretaria de meio ambiente, secretaria de planejamento urbano, superintendência de desenvolvimento urbano, Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Laboratório de Qualidade de Água e Companhia de Abastecimento do Pará), que nesse caso houve diferença em algumas cartas de qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana, porém, os indicadores ambientais do abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário tiveram pesos com maiores importância, mostrando a realidade dos setores, pois grande parte das quadras ficou entre as classes péssima, ruim e intermediária. Desta forma, para o aumento da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana da bacia hidrográfica da grota criminosa, deve ocorrer investimento no abastecimento de água e no esgotamento sanitário e concomitantemente na regularização das áreas de ocupação existente na bacia. / The objective of the methodological proposal was to analyze the environmental and urban life quality of the river basin grota criminosa, in Marabá-PA, in an objective manner, proposing to elaborate the urban land use charts and the environmental indicators charts such as water supply, sanitary sewage , collection of garbage, paving of roads, population density, occupation and flood, using the environmental factors of contamination of surface water, groundwater, dengue cases and canine visceral leishmaniasis, analyzing and discussing the environmental impacts caused by urbanization in order to improvements to this environmental quality and urban life. It was found that urban land use in the basin has a predominance of residential areas and some sectors with commercial and institutional areas in which good parts of these regions have poor water supply and lack of sanitary sewage. The collection of garbage has advanced in relation to the routes of the trucks in the sectors, the pavement of the roads advanced in some areas as, for example, in the district Km 7 and in the leaves 22 and 23. Due to the lack of sanitary sewage and the precariousness of the supply of water, surface and groundwater have contamination of fecal and total coliforms, the number of dengue cases between the years 2015, 2016 and 2017 had alternation, however, with a high number of cases, canine visceral leishmaniasis in 2017 had the number of positive cases is very high, this is due to the precariousness of the sanitary sewage in the basin. In the production of letters of environmental quality and urban life, he established the weights assigned by the technicians of the municipal agencies (secretariat of environment, secretariat of urban planning, superintendence of urban development, Zoonoses Control Center, Laboratory of Water Quality and Company in this case, there was a difference in some environmental quality and urban life charts, however, the environmental indicators of water supply and sanitary sewage had weights of greater importance, showing the reality of the sectors, since a large part of the blocks was between the classes bad, bad and intermediate. Thus, in order to increase the environmental quality and urban life of the water parting of the criminal grotto, there must be investment in water supply and sanitary sewage and concurrently in the regularization of the occupation areas in the basin.

Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires states to assess and list all streams that do not meet water quality criteria for their designated use classes. In Tennessee, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) uses macroinvertebrate surveys to assess the condition of streams designated for “fish and aquatic life” and the progress of targeted waterbodies toward meeting established standards for sediment. As of yet, no substrate metric has been established to monitor water quality or to document progress toward water quality improvement with respect to fish and aquatic life in Tennessee. A substrate metric that could be efficiently measured and would represent the needs of aquatic species would be valuable for monitoring streams with known sediment impairment to detect water quality improvement. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the relationships between riffle substrates and benthic macroinvertebrate data, provided by TDEC; (2) assess the potential use of substrate metrics as a monitoring tool for benthic habitat status; and (3) examine variation in riffle substrates over time in the Ridge and Valley Ecoregion of Tennessee. Bed and interstitial sediment were characterized at sites corresponding with TDEC macroinvertebrate sampling stations. Bed sediment characteristics were significantly correlated with benthic macroinvertebrate data; however, interstitial fines yielded no significant correlations with benthic macroinvertebrate data. Substrate metrics did not differ significantly between varying levels of impairment; however, they did differ significantly when all impaired sites were combined into a single impairment group. The lack of significant differences between varying classes of reach impairment suggests that substrate metrics may not be able to distinguish impairment at the level necessary for monitoring impairment. However, substrate metrics may be of potential use in monitoring sites where impairment is less ambiguous. To investigate change in riffle substrate over time, three sites were monitored over the course of a year. Preliminary observations showed little change in riffle substrate during the study period, suggesting that seasonal restrictions on substrate surveys are unneccessary.