Included in this file is a CD drive titled "Chapter Three: Supporting Information" with a 00:40 second long animation. For best quality, view in VLC, not Quicktime Player. / <p>Groundwater contamination by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs ), such as chlorinated solvents, continues to be a significant environmental problem. When released to the subsurface, either due to improper disposal or accidental release, DNAPLs can form complex source zones whose geometry is largely controlled by the geological heterogeneity of the subsurface. These source zones are composed of disconnected, immobile blobs or ganglia trapped by capillary forces (referred to as DNAPL residual) between high-saturation regions located at permeability interfaces (referred to as DNAPL pools). The slow dissolution of DNAPL pools can result in the contamination of groundwater for time periods on the order of decades to centuries.</p> <p>The common conceptual model used in the investigation of DNAPL-contaminated sites is based primarily on the mass transfer from DNAPL to the surrounding aqueous phase in the saturated zone. However, the presence of a discontinuous gas phase above a DNAPL pool can significantly affect the mass transfer from the pool through repeated, spontaneous expansion and mobilization of the gas phase. This mechanism has not been included in the common conceptual models.</p> <p>The goal of this research was to develop a quantitative understanding of discontinuous gas phase expansion and mobilization above a DNAPL pool. This goal was addressed using a combination of small-scale and intermediate-scale laboratory experiments. Small-scale, no-flow vial experiments were used to measure the expansion of single gas bubbles above DNAPL pools, and provide the basis for the development of an analytical model to assess the effect of expansion by multi-component partitioning on the mass transfer from DNAPL pools. Small-scale flow cell experiments were used to measure spontaneous expansion rates in porous media, and provide visual data concerning the distribution of the gas phase. Small-scale air injection experiments were used to characterize the gas flow. Finally, an intermediate-scale flow cell experiment was used to provide larger-scale data concerning the transient distribution of the gas phase, and measure the effect of spontaneous expansion and mobilization on the aqueous-phase DNAPL constituent concentrations.</p> <p>The combined results of these experiments established a detailed conceptual model for the spontaneous expansion and mobilization of a discontinuous gas phase above a DNAPL pool. In this conceptual model, spontaneous expansion of a discontinuous gas phase above a DNAPL pool occurs due to multi-component partitioning, and depends on the concentrations of both the volatile DNAPL and the other dissolved gases. This expansion is more likely to occur, and will be faster, in shallower systems (i.e. lower hydrostatic pressures) containing coarser media (i.e. lower capillary pressures), more volatile DNAPL, and higher concentrations of other dissolved gases (i.e. higher partial pressures). Mobilization of the expanding gas will occur as discontinuous gas flow in most sands, where the repeated trapping and coalescence of gas clusters can allow rapid, large-scale vertical transport of the gas phase. This discontinuous gas flow can produce macroscopic gas fingers composed of multiple, discrete gas clusters. These macroscopic fingers can reach substantial heights above the pool surface, but the growth occurs predominantly at the pool's leading edge due to the stripping of other dissolved gases. This expansion and mobilization can significantly affect the mass transfer from the DNAPL pool if the gas phase is in direct contact with the pool surface; or if the gas phase is close to the pool surface, covers a large fraction of the pool, and the groundwater flow is sufficiently slow. The partitioning of DNAPL constituent from the mobilized gas phase to the aqueous phase well above the pool surface can also change the spatial distribution of aqueous-phase DNAPL constituent concentrations, increasing them above those that are expected based on theoretical calculations for strictly DNAPL-water systems, even at elevations where the concentrations are expected to be zero. The increased concentrations well above the pool surface can appear as short-duration events in the presence of a sustained gas phase, due to the partitioning of DNAPL constituents from the gas to the aqueous phase during multi-component mass transfer. The results of this research provide the necessary basis to begin incorporating this fundamental mechanism into the conceptual and mathematical models used for DNAPL-related research, the investigation ofDNAPL-contaminated sites, and the design and application of DNAPL remediation technologies.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>In the international climate change negotiations it has been hard to find a sustainable agreement about how to address the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. This is because the issue is very complicated and comprises many social and economic aspects. Because of the struggling in the international negotiations is it necessary to analyze how the climate change issue is understood in different regions and countries of the world. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how actors within the climate policy sphere in China frame the climate change issue. In the near future, China will become the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide and with a population of 1.3 billion people; China is one of the key countries in the international climate negations. The thesis analyses how two key actor groups - decision makers and scientists connected to the Chinese climate change administration - frame the climate change issue in semi-structured interviews. The respondents frame the climate change issue as a large obstacle for a future Chinese development, both economically and socially. To address climate change in China the respondents think that technology innovations and transfer of technology from the developed countries will be very important. Therefore the respondents think it is vitally important to continue with the international climate negotiations in the future.</p>

In the international climate change negotiations it has been hard to find a sustainable agreement about how to address the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. This is because the issue is very complicated and comprises many social and economic aspects. Because of the struggling in the international negotiations is it necessary to analyze how the climate change issue is understood in different regions and countries of the world. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how actors within the climate policy sphere in China frame the climate change issue. In the near future, China will become the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide and with a population of 1.3 billion people; China is one of the key countries in the international climate negations. The thesis analyses how two key actor groups - decision makers and scientists connected to the Chinese climate change administration - frame the climate change issue in semi-structured interviews. The respondents frame the climate change issue as a large obstacle for a future Chinese development, both economically and socially. To address climate change in China the respondents think that technology innovations and transfer of technology from the developed countries will be very important. Therefore the respondents think it is vitally important to continue with the international climate negotiations in the future.

A agricultura foi responsável por transformar os modos de vida há milhares de anos atrás. Mais recentemente, a transformação desencadeada pela agricultura ocorreu através da modernização de seus processos produtivos. Em território brasileiro, a modernização agrícola possibilitou amplamente o cultivo de soja. A alta demanda e os bons preços no mercado internacional incitaram a promoção de políticas de incentivo ao cultivo de soja, principalmente no bioma Cerrado. Ademais os benefícios econômicos, a sojicultura realizada nos moldes da modernização agrícola brasileira, com grandes aportes mecânicos e químicos, e manutenção da estrutura fundiária causa impactos ambientais e sociais. Desmatamento, poluição de cursos d’água, erosão, compactação de solos, intoxicação e concentração de terra são alguns desses problemas. No presente trabalho, procurou-se traçar o perfil e verificar as percepções e práticas de um grupo de produtores de soja, isto é, sojicultores, atores sociais envolvidos com o cultivo de soja, em torno de sua atividade produtiva e do meio ambiente. A pesquisa se realizou no município maior produtor de soja de Goiás, Rio Verde, cuja vegetação nativa é típica de Cerrado. Também se procurou verificar a existência e a situação dos problemas ambientais mais percebidos pelo grupo de sojicultores em Rio Verde. Para alcançar tais objetivos, aplicou-se questionário a um grupo de 50 sojicultores em 3 grandes lojas revendedoras de produtos agropecuários de Rio Verde. Posteriormente, os dados foram processados pelo programa computacional EPI INFO e analisados. De forma geral, os questionários revelaram que o grupo pesquisado cultivava soja nos padrões verificados no Cerrado, isto é, em grandes propriedades e intensivo em mecanização e agrotóxicos. Em relação às percepções e às práticas, constatou-se que de uma forma geral, a percepção ambiental dos sojicultores entrevistados não necessariamente influenciava na adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis. A adoção do plantio direto, que apregoa a mitigação de impactos da agricultura no ambiente, é sinal de uma agricultura mais sustentável, apesar da exigência de maiores quantidades de herbicidas. Desmatamento, poluição das águas, erosão e intoxicação foram os problemas ambientais mais percebidos pelos entrevistados. A verificação da existência e situação desses problemas ocorreu através de mapas de uso do solo de Rio Verde dos anos 1975, 1989 e 2005, dos autos de infração emitidos por órgãos de fiscalização ambiental, dos resultados das análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos na água destinada ao abastecimento público do município e dos casos de intoxicação por agrotóxico de uso agrícola no município. Por falta de dados não foi possível conferir a presença de erosão. A presença e gravidade do desmatamento, que ocorreu entre 1975 e 2005, puderam ser detectadas pelos dados analisados. Já os dados sobre intoxicação, por possivelmente estarem subnotificados, revelaram um problema de saúde pública. Concluiu-se a necessidade de ações pelo poder público para que haja uma verdadeira fiscalização ambiental em Rio Verde, a tomada de medidas que melhorem a notificação de casos de intoxicação, e a promoção de incentivos àqueles agricultores que respeitam as leis ambientais. Também se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas agrícolas mais sustentáveis dos pontos de vista econômico, produtivo, social e ambiental. / Agriculture was responsible for transforming the ways of life millions of years ago. More recently, the transformation promoted by agriculture happened through the modernization of its productive processes. In Brazilian territory, the agricultural modernization made possible soybean growing. The strong demand and the good prices at the international market motivated incentive policies for soybean growing, mainly at the Cerrado biome. Besides the economic benefits, soybean growing conducted through Brazilian agriculture modernization, with huge mechanical and chemical inputs, and the maintenance of the land distribution structure caused environmental and social impacts. Deforestation, pollution of waters, soil erosion and depletion, intoxication and land concentration are some of these problems. In the present work, the aim was to outline the profile and verify the perceptions and practices of a group of soybean-planters, social actors involved with the growing of soybean, along its productive activity and the environment. The research was done at the largest soybean grower municipality of Goiás, Rio Verde, with native vegetation typical of Cerrado. It also aimed to verify the existence and the situation of the most perceived environmental problems by the group of soybean-planters in Rio Verde. To reach those objectives, a questionnaire was applied to a group of 50 soybean-planters at 3 big agricultural products reselling stores of Rio Verde. Data obtained was processed by EPI INFO computer program and analyzed. Broadly speaking, the questionnaire revealed that the investigated group grew soybean into the Cerrado patterns, which means, on large properties with intensive use of mechanization and pesticides. About the perceptions and practices, it was verified that, broadly speaking, the environmental perception of the interviewed soybean-planters not necessarily influenced the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The no-till system adoption, that reduces agricultural impacts on the environment, is a signal of a more sustainable agriculture, although it demands greater amounts of herbicides. Deforestation, water pollution, soil erosion and intoxication were the most perceived environmental problems by the interviewees. The verification of the existence and situation of these problems was done through maps of Rio Verde’s land use of the years 1975, 1989 and 2005; by illegal deforestation infractions issued by environmental control offices, by the results of pesticides remains analyses in the drinking water of the city, and by the intoxication cases by pesticides of agricultural use at the municipality. Soil erosion couldn’t be checked due to lack of data. The deforestation presence, that took place between 1975 e 2005, and its seriousness, could be detected by the analyzed data. The intoxication data, that were probably under notified, revealed a public health problem. As conclusion it was emphasized the need of public actions in order to promote a better environmental control in Rio Verde, the adoption of measures that would improve the notification of intoxication cases, and the promotion of incentives for those planters that respect the environmental laws. It is also necessary to devise more sustainable agricultural techniques according to the economic, productive, social and environmental points of view.

<p>In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen.</p><p>The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.</p>

In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen. The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.

A agricultura foi responsável por transformar os modos de vida há milhares de anos atrás. Mais recentemente, a transformação desencadeada pela agricultura ocorreu através da modernização de seus processos produtivos. Em território brasileiro, a modernização agrícola possibilitou amplamente o cultivo de soja. A alta demanda e os bons preços no mercado internacional incitaram a promoção de políticas de incentivo ao cultivo de soja, principalmente no bioma Cerrado. Ademais os benefícios econômicos, a sojicultura realizada nos moldes da modernização agrícola brasileira, com grandes aportes mecânicos e químicos, e manutenção da estrutura fundiária causa impactos ambientais e sociais. Desmatamento, poluição de cursos d’água, erosão, compactação de solos, intoxicação e concentração de terra são alguns desses problemas. No presente trabalho, procurou-se traçar o perfil e verificar as percepções e práticas de um grupo de produtores de soja, isto é, sojicultores, atores sociais envolvidos com o cultivo de soja, em torno de sua atividade produtiva e do meio ambiente. A pesquisa se realizou no município maior produtor de soja de Goiás, Rio Verde, cuja vegetação nativa é típica de Cerrado. Também se procurou verificar a existência e a situação dos problemas ambientais mais percebidos pelo grupo de sojicultores em Rio Verde. Para alcançar tais objetivos, aplicou-se questionário a um grupo de 50 sojicultores em 3 grandes lojas revendedoras de produtos agropecuários de Rio Verde. Posteriormente, os dados foram processados pelo programa computacional EPI INFO e analisados. De forma geral, os questionários revelaram que o grupo pesquisado cultivava soja nos padrões verificados no Cerrado, isto é, em grandes propriedades e intensivo em mecanização e agrotóxicos. Em relação às percepções e às práticas, constatou-se que de uma forma geral, a percepção ambiental dos sojicultores entrevistados não necessariamente influenciava na adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis. A adoção do plantio direto, que apregoa a mitigação de impactos da agricultura no ambiente, é sinal de uma agricultura mais sustentável, apesar da exigência de maiores quantidades de herbicidas. Desmatamento, poluição das águas, erosão e intoxicação foram os problemas ambientais mais percebidos pelos entrevistados. A verificação da existência e situação desses problemas ocorreu através de mapas de uso do solo de Rio Verde dos anos 1975, 1989 e 2005, dos autos de infração emitidos por órgãos de fiscalização ambiental, dos resultados das análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos na água destinada ao abastecimento público do município e dos casos de intoxicação por agrotóxico de uso agrícola no município. Por falta de dados não foi possível conferir a presença de erosão. A presença e gravidade do desmatamento, que ocorreu entre 1975 e 2005, puderam ser detectadas pelos dados analisados. Já os dados sobre intoxicação, por possivelmente estarem subnotificados, revelaram um problema de saúde pública. Concluiu-se a necessidade de ações pelo poder público para que haja uma verdadeira fiscalização ambiental em Rio Verde, a tomada de medidas que melhorem a notificação de casos de intoxicação, e a promoção de incentivos àqueles agricultores que respeitam as leis ambientais. Também se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas agrícolas mais sustentáveis dos pontos de vista econômico, produtivo, social e ambiental. / Agriculture was responsible for transforming the ways of life millions of years ago. More recently, the transformation promoted by agriculture happened through the modernization of its productive processes. In Brazilian territory, the agricultural modernization made possible soybean growing. The strong demand and the good prices at the international market motivated incentive policies for soybean growing, mainly at the Cerrado biome. Besides the economic benefits, soybean growing conducted through Brazilian agriculture modernization, with huge mechanical and chemical inputs, and the maintenance of the land distribution structure caused environmental and social impacts. Deforestation, pollution of waters, soil erosion and depletion, intoxication and land concentration are some of these problems. In the present work, the aim was to outline the profile and verify the perceptions and practices of a group of soybean-planters, social actors involved with the growing of soybean, along its productive activity and the environment. The research was done at the largest soybean grower municipality of Goiás, Rio Verde, with native vegetation typical of Cerrado. It also aimed to verify the existence and the situation of the most perceived environmental problems by the group of soybean-planters in Rio Verde. To reach those objectives, a questionnaire was applied to a group of 50 soybean-planters at 3 big agricultural products reselling stores of Rio Verde. Data obtained was processed by EPI INFO computer program and analyzed. Broadly speaking, the questionnaire revealed that the investigated group grew soybean into the Cerrado patterns, which means, on large properties with intensive use of mechanization and pesticides. About the perceptions and practices, it was verified that, broadly speaking, the environmental perception of the interviewed soybean-planters not necessarily influenced the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The no-till system adoption, that reduces agricultural impacts on the environment, is a signal of a more sustainable agriculture, although it demands greater amounts of herbicides. Deforestation, water pollution, soil erosion and intoxication were the most perceived environmental problems by the interviewees. The verification of the existence and situation of these problems was done through maps of Rio Verde’s land use of the years 1975, 1989 and 2005; by illegal deforestation infractions issued by environmental control offices, by the results of pesticides remains analyses in the drinking water of the city, and by the intoxication cases by pesticides of agricultural use at the municipality. Soil erosion couldn’t be checked due to lack of data. The deforestation presence, that took place between 1975 e 2005, and its seriousness, could be detected by the analyzed data. The intoxication data, that were probably under notified, revealed a public health problem. As conclusion it was emphasized the need of public actions in order to promote a better environmental control in Rio Verde, the adoption of measures that would improve the notification of intoxication cases, and the promotion of incentives for those planters that respect the environmental laws. It is also necessary to devise more sustainable agricultural techniques according to the economic, productive, social and environmental points of view.

Ljusförorening är ett miljöproblem vilket inbegripes som ett nytt och globalt framväxande fenomen i samband med himlaglim. Miljöproblemet i Sverige erkänns i viss mån med det nuvarande kunskapsläge. Dock saknas det en del kunskap för att komplettera ontologin för att bidra till ökad legitimitet för miljöproblemet bland allmänheten och Sveriges instanser. Studiens teoretiska analysramverket bestod av allmänningens tragedi, biogeoastronomiska natten och legitimitet, som användes till att analysera empirin härlett från studiens intervjumetod. Metoden hade en kvalitativ fenomenografisk ansats som innefattade ett strategiskt urval som var Sveriges instanser. Där uppdagades bristen på opinionsbildning i Riksdagen och Regeringen, trots att det finns motioner som har framlagts som vill att ljusförorening ska uppmärksammas, men att problemet hanteras snarare som en trafikfråga istället för miljöfråga. En del av förklaringen till varför det påverkar samverkan mellan Sveriges instanser för att motverka miljöproblemet. Ljusföroreningar påverkar ekologin och alla dess arter, varav krävs det tydligare riktlinjer för kommuner i deras belysningsplaner gällande att minska deras miljöpåverkan (särskilt för de nattaktiva arter som drabbas) för att nå målet till en mer hållbar belysning; varav ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekter vävs samman. Varav satsningar att bevara och etablera mörkerreservat är en pusselbit, vilket kan genomföras i samklang med Miljöbalkens författningar. / Light pollution is an environmental problem which is part of a new and globally emerging phenomenon in connection with skyglow. The environmental problem in Sweden is recognized to some extent with the current state of knowledge. However, there is also a lack of knowledge to complete the ontology in order to contribute to increased legitimacy for the environmental problem among the public and within its instances. The study's theoretical analytical framework consisted of the tragedy of the commons, biogeoastronomical night and legitimacy, which were used to analyze the empirical data derived from the study's interview method. The method had a qualitative phenomenographic approach that included a strategic selection of Sweden's instances. Where the lack of opinion formation was discovered in the Parliament and the Government, despite the fact that there is a proposition that has been presented that wants to light pollution to be noticed, but the problem is handled rather as a traffic issue instead of an environmental issue. Part of the explanation for why it affects the collaboration between Sweden's instances to counteract the environmental problem. Light pollution affects the ecology and all its species, which requires clearer guidelines for municipalities in their lighting plans regarding reducing their environmental impact (especially for the nocturnal species affected) in order to achieve the goal of more sustainable lighting; whereof which ecological, economic, and social aspects are woven together. In which investments to preserve and establish the dark sanctuary is a piece of the puzzle, which can be carried out in accordance with the Swedish Environmental Code constitutions.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:09630040 研究代表者:江崎 光男 研究期間:1997-1999年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:10044148 研究代表者:飯田 孝夫 研究期間:1998-1999年度