Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ws_dr_rcla.pdf: 423358 bytes, checksum: e5627fe6f6e9fcc96286597aacd47b59 (MD5) / Adotando a premissa básica de que a sociedade depende, para o seu bem estar, de bons indicadores relacionados aos fatores ambientais em seu sentido amplo, esta Tese analisa o significado dos termos qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida sob o ponto de vista das Geociências e da ciência ambiental e propõe um novo índice que busca contemplar tais fatores de um modo mais abrangente, integrado e representativo da realidade. Para isto, discute o processo de formação da idéia sobre qualidade ambiental de vida, balizando-se em conceitos oferecidos por diversos estudiosos das questões que nela se incluem e destaca os principais indicadores que servem de parâmetros para a qualificação ambiental da vida, seu objeto precípuo, culminando na definição do Índice de Qualidade Ambiental de Vida IQAV, que pretende refletir a real situação dos locais objetos de sua aplicação. A Tese destaca o papel do adensamento humano como fator de queda da qualidade ambiental de vida, uma regra para todo lugar onde se pretenda aplicar este índice, e a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas nas áreas das Geociências e das Biociências para a efetiva aplicabilidade do índice proposto de um modo ideal. / Adopting the basic premise that the well-being of society depends on positive indicators related to environmental factors in the broadest sense, this Thesis analyzes the significance of the terms environmental quality and quality of life from the perspective of the Geosciences and environmental science, and proposes a new index which seeks to take into consideration such factors in a more comprehensive fashion, integrated with and representative of reality. With this in mind, it discusses the process of the formation of the concept of environmental quality of life, with reference to concepts offered by various researchers into such questions, and focuses on the principal indicators which serve as parameters for environmental qualifications of life, its primary objective, culminating in the definition of an Index for Environmental Quality of Life IEQL (Indice de Qualidade Ambiental de Vida IQAV), which intends to reflect the actual situation in each local regarded as a focus of its application. The Thesis emphasizes the role of population density as a factor in the loss of environmental quality of life, a constant for each local where the Index might be applied, and the necessity for the development of additional research in the areas of Geoscience and Bioscience for the effective application of the Index as proposed in an ideal manner.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-06-10Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802655.pdf: 1820828 bytes, checksum: 3373df1406db02c98218664ae72ee2f0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As áreas usadas para plantio de espécies florestais comerciais que foram submetidas às atividades de recuperação ambiental ainda constitui um cenário raro no Brasil e muito pouco se sabe em termos de indicadores ecológicos destas áreas após o início do processo de recuperação, especialmente sobre os aspectos forísticos, edáficos e climatológicos. Desta forma, compararam-se indicadores ecológicos em três áreas submetidas e diferentes métodos de recuperação ambiental (transposição de solo (TS), poleiros artificiais (POL) e bosque abandonado de eucalipto (EUC) e uma área com vegetação nativa utilizada como referência (REF). As quatro áreas localizam-se numa propriedade rural no município de Bofete-SP. Em cada área levantou-se informações sobre os atributos fitossociológicos, edáficos e microclimáticos. O solo é de textura arenosa e com inexpressiva variação na composição granulométrica e grau de compactação entre as áreas de estudo. Os parâmetros químicos indicaram fertilidade significativamente baixa nas áreas POL e REF, sendo o solo de área EUC, o mais fértil. Foram identificadas 50 espécies arbóreas, sendo 29 espécies na área REF, 28 na área EUC, 8 na TS e 7 na POL. Apenas uma espécie foi comum a todas as áreas de estudo (Siparuna guianensis). O índice de Shannon variou em 1,05 (REF), 1,17(EUC), 0,65 (TS) e 0,58 (POL). O índice de Jaccard foi maior que 50% apenas na comparação entre as áreas REF e EUC, demonstrando baixa similaridade entre a composição florística das áreas. Observou-se que as áreas onde os valores de incidência luminosa e velocidade do vento foram maiores (POL e TS), exibiram menor diversidade florística, sendo essa composta apenas por espécies de estágios iniciais de regeneração. Os métodos de recuperação TS e POL não evidenciaram até o momento, eficiência na recuperação das áreas degradadas. A ação mais promissora seria manter o bosque com... / Areas used for cultivation of commercial forest plant species subjected to environment recovery activities have constituted a rare scenário not yet well established in Brazil. Little information is provided in terms of ecological indicators where the recovery process has started in such areas, specially about the floristic, edaphic and climatologic features. In this study, the ecological indicators have been compared in areas where has been applied three methods of environmental restoration (soil transposition (ST), aritificial perches (PER), and areas with native vegetation (REF). The four areas are located in a rural one in Bofete, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data regarding phytosociological, edaphic and microclimatic attributes have been surveyed. The soil is sandy-textured with an inexpressive spatial variation of the particle-size distribution and degree of comparison on the soil. The chemical attributes have indicated fertility significantly low in the PER and REF, and the soil of the EUC plot has been the most fertile. It has been identified 52 plant species, with 29 species in REF area, 28 in EUC, 8, in ST and 7, in the PER parcels. Only one species has been common in all study areas (Siparuna guianensis). The Shannon index values are: 1.05 (REF), 1.17 (EUC), 0.65 (ST) and 0.58 (PER). The Jaccard index was higher than 50% between REF and EUC areas, evidencing low similarity among the floristic composition of such areas. It has been observed where the light incidence and wind velocity values were higher (PER e ST), the floristic diversity were smaller. The set of species has been mostly composed of species of initial stages of ecosystem regeneration. Up to now, the recovery methods ST and PER have evidenced low effectiveness in recovering the degraded areas. The most promising action might be to keep the eucalypts woodland alilve, selectively pruning them and keeping the wood and herbaceous understory in continous growth

The connection with the outdoor acoustic environment created by open windows has so far been one of the main impediments to the adoption of natural ventilation (NV), due to indoor noise levels easily exceeding design requirements. Starting from the apparent conflict between ventilation and acoustic comfort needs, and the potential offered by NV for low-energy cooling and ventilation, the study explores the opportunities for shaping healthy and supportive acoustic environments through sound transmitted via ventilation openings. The research question challenges the traditional approach to acoustic design, which assumes noise annoyance reduction by merely reducing decibel noise levels, drawing inspiration from the soundscape concept. Soundscape science characterises the human response to the acoustic environment in context and can help understand if and how NV may contribute to defining spaces that sound good to their occupants. The aim is to go beyond an exclusive focus on the ‘noise’ – ‘noise annoyance’ binomial, and to employ ‘wanted’ sounds as a design resource for creating acoustically pleasant environments. However, the soundscape framework, as described by ISO 12913 standard series, has been primarily developed for use in the context of urban planning. This has led to question (i) how the soundscape approach can be applied to the indoor built environment, (ii) what factors positively influence it and (iii) how it can be measured in residential buildings. A systematic literature review categorized the factors that positively influence acoustic perception in domestic environments, highlighting its strongly multi-factorial nature. Beyond noise level, a combination of acoustic and non-acoustic factors was found to affect acoustic perception, such as the urban context, house and person-related factors, socio-economic, situational, and environmental factors. The study benefited from a round of interview with experts in the field of urban soundscape, indoor soundscape, acoustic design, and public health and well-being. The collective discussion encompassed the characterization, management, and design of indoor (and indoor versus outdoor) soundscapes to identify current research gaps in the objective and subjective evaluation of the indoor acoustic environments. In response, based on a laboratory listening test, a model of perceived affective quality of indoor acoustic environments has been derived to guide the measurement and improvement of indoor residential soundscapes. During the test, 35 participants were asked to rate 20 different sound scenarios each. Scenarios were defined by combining four indoor sound sources and five urban environments, filtered through a window ajar, on 97 attribute scales. Comfort, content, and familiarity were extracted as the main perceptual dimensions explaining respectively 58%, 25% and 7% of the total variance in subjective ratings. A measurement system was proposed, based on a 2-D space defined by two orthogonal axes, comfort, and content, and two derivative axes, engagement and privacy – control, rotated 45° on the same plane. The model was tested in a large-scale online survey to assess the influences of different acoustic and non-acoustic factors on indoor soundscape dimensions, window-opening behavior, and occupant well-being. Evaluating the affective response to the indoor acoustic environment through the comfort – content model helped identifying the impacts that acoustical factors (e.g., sound typology), building (e.g., house size), urban (e.g., availability of a quiet side), situational (e.g., number of people at home), and person-related factors (e.g., noise sensitivity) determine on building occupants depending on the specific activity people are engaged with at home, reaching a more in-depth knowledge compared to appraisals based on annoyance evaluation alone. By disentangling the positive and negative contributions of sound stimuli according to people’s perception, it was possible to highlight the opportunity provided by NV to create a sense of place and enhance indoor soundscapes, providing useful masking opportunities in the presence of disturbing indoor noise sources. Results pointed to the existence of benefits from NV able to compensate for a reduced acoustic comfort in case of outdoor acoustic pollution. However, the availability of ‘positive’ urban soundscapes is essential for occupants’ well-being, and is linked primarily to access to natural sounds, but also to other commonly available urban sounds. The ‘quieter’ is therefore not always the better, but it really depends on the composition of indoor and outdoor sound types according to people’s preference and on the interaction with different domains (e.g., visual). Such evidence reinforces the role of acoustics in building and urban design, integrated with the other disciplines involved and based on multi-domain research. Overall, the doctoral study contributes to framing the ‘indoor soundscape’ concept, addressing scientific, industrial, social, and environmental implications, and suggesting future lines of research.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 minaki_c_me_prud.pdf: 11982736 bytes, checksum: 48d6e329731aaab2a5fe05c1735c800e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o intenso processo de urbanização vivido pelas cidades brasileiras, principalmente na segunda metade do século XX, tornou-se cada vez mais necessário o estudo dos problemas ambientais urbanos. Nesse sentido, a qualidade ambiental evoluiu como uma temática fundamental para a avaliação das condições que os espaços urbanos oferecem à população e para o desenvolvimento de um planejamento urbano mais eficaz em sua prática. Buscouse verificar essas condições ambientais urbanas em uma área de crescimento recente e com problemas relacionados à insuficiência de dados e do planejamento de seu ordenamento espacial. Guararapes, cidade de pequeno porte, localizada no noroeste paulista, apresenta algumas características do meio urbano que reforçam a necessidade desse estudo: uso do solo inadequado, atividades potencialmente poluidoras, áreas de risco de enchentes, áreas de maior aquecimento térmico, áreas com ausência ou insuficiência de cobertura vegetal arbórea, áreas com alta densidade de edificações e espaços livres de edificação sem cobertura vegetal. A partir do levantamento de campo desses indicadores negativos, fez-se o mapeamento de cartas individuais e, posteriormente, a sobreposição destes para a elaboração de uma carta síntese – a de qualidade ambiental urbana. Na sobreposição, todos os indicadores negativos receberam o mesmo peso e as áreas que obtiveram o maior número de sobreposição foram consideradas com tendência à queda da qualidade ambiental urbana. Trata-se da metodologia aplicada por Nucci (2001), adaptada para a área de estudo em questão... / The intense process of urbanization faced by Brazilian cities, especially in the middle of the twentieth century, made the study of urban environmental problems become more and more necessary. In this sense, the environment quality evolved as a fundamental issue for the evaluation of the conditions offered by urban spaces to population and for the development of a more efficient urban planning in practice. These urban environmental conditions were verified in an area of recent development and with problems related to the lack of data and planning its spatial organization. Guararapes, a little town located at the northeast area of the state of São Paulo, presents some characteristics of urban area which emphasize the necessity of this study: inadequate use of the land, potentially polluting services, risk areas of flood, areas of increasing thermal heating, areas with absence or insufficiency of arboreal vegetal covering, areas with high density of edification and free spaces of edification without vegetal covering. From the survey of these negative indicators, it was made the mapping of synthesis maps and then their superposition for the elaboration of a summary map – the one of urban environmental quality... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim / Banca: Encarnita Salas Martin / Banca: João Carlos Nucci / Resumo: Com o intenso processo de urbanização vivido pelas cidades brasileiras, principalmente na segunda metade do século XX, tornou-se cada vez mais necessário o estudo dos problemas ambientais urbanos. Nesse sentido, a qualidade ambiental evoluiu como uma temática fundamental para a avaliação das condições que os espaços urbanos oferecem à população e para o desenvolvimento de um planejamento urbano mais eficaz em sua prática. Buscouse verificar essas condições ambientais urbanas em uma área de crescimento recente e com problemas relacionados à insuficiência de dados e do planejamento de seu ordenamento espacial. Guararapes, cidade de pequeno porte, localizada no noroeste paulista, apresenta algumas características do meio urbano que reforçam a necessidade desse estudo: uso do solo inadequado, atividades potencialmente poluidoras, áreas de risco de enchentes, áreas de maior aquecimento térmico, áreas com ausência ou insuficiência de cobertura vegetal arbórea, áreas com alta densidade de edificações e espaços livres de edificação sem cobertura vegetal. A partir do levantamento de campo desses indicadores negativos, fez-se o mapeamento de cartas individuais e, posteriormente, a sobreposição destes para a elaboração de uma carta síntese - a de qualidade ambiental urbana. Na sobreposição, todos os indicadores negativos receberam o mesmo peso e as áreas que obtiveram o maior número de sobreposição foram consideradas com tendência à queda da qualidade ambiental urbana. Trata-se da metodologia aplicada por Nucci (2001), adaptada para a área de estudo em questão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The intense process of urbanization faced by Brazilian cities, especially in the middle of the twentieth century, made the study of urban environmental problems become more and more necessary. In this sense, the environment quality evolved as a fundamental issue for the evaluation of the conditions offered by urban spaces to population and for the development of a more efficient urban planning in practice. These urban environmental conditions were verified in an area of recent development and with problems related to the lack of data and planning its spatial organization. Guararapes, a little town located at the northeast area of the state of São Paulo, presents some characteristics of urban area which emphasize the necessity of this study: inadequate use of the land, potentially polluting services, risk areas of flood, areas of increasing thermal heating, areas with absence or insufficiency of arboreal vegetal covering, areas with high density of edification and free spaces of edification without vegetal covering. From the survey of these negative indicators, it was made the mapping of synthesis maps and then their superposition for the elaboration of a summary map - the one of urban environmental quality... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of buildings can have a strong influence on occupants’ productivity and health. Post occupancy evaluation (POE) is the first step in assessing IEQ, and typically relies on subjective surveys of thermal quality, air quality, visual quality, and acoustic quality. However, the practice of conducting POE, from data collection during field studies to data coding, analyses and visualization, is very labor intensive. In addition, there is often a significant discrepancy between major IEQ standards and actual human perception. The Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics (CBPD) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has expanded POE to include both objective IEQ measurements and records of the TABS that may affect indoor environment and user satisfaction. The suite of three tools including user satisfaction survey, technical attributes of building system and workstation IEQ measurements in the National Environmental Assessment Toolkit has been deployed in over 1600 workstations in 65 buildings, generating a rich database for statistical evaluation of the possible correlations between the physical attributes of workstations, measured environmental conditions, and user satisfaction. The database also supports a number of critical hypotheses relative to the complexity and depth of field data needed, the critical factors that must be collected, and the possibility that humans are indeed good sensors for many variables. The major statements that have been drawn from the research are as follows: (1) Because human health and performance outcomes are a result of an integration of indices, IEQ evaluation must include thermal, air, visual, and acoustic measures. (2) While POE with IEQ measurement is an ideal approach to assessing the full suite of environmental characteristics that impact human satisfaction, health and performance, field measurements are labor and cost intensive. (3) Building occupants can provide critical insights and even real measures of IEQ, and contribute to updating IEQ standards to reflect integrated realities. As such, this research revealed an integrated approach to POE +M by leveraging occupants as sensors to quickly capture IEQ conditions in a work environment. This approach can identify critical factors in the physical environment that impacts building occupant comfort and satisfaction. This approach provides practical IEQ assessment methods and procedures centered on the occupants’ perspective. The ultimate outcome of this research will contribute (1) correlations between occupant perception and measured data, (2) a refined survey method to assess building IEQ capable of robust prediction of building performance, and (3) metrics and guidelines for IEQ standards that capture new IEQ thresholds that impact building occupants’ comfort. The hypotheses tested in this thesis are summarized as follows: Hypothesis 1: Humans are effective sensors for POE+M. Combining occupant responses with key IEQ attributes can provide insight that is comparable to complex field instrumentation. Hypothesis 2: User satisfaction can inform design decisions. Comparing user satisfaction to instrumented IEQ measurements can inform acceptable thermal, air, visual, and acoustic design for occupant satisfaction. Hypothesis 3: Environmental thresholds are not adequate. Comparing user satisfaction to instrumented IEQ measurements can inform acceptable thermal, air, visual, and acoustic quality l conditions for occupant comfort. Multivariate regression, multiple correlation coefficient, and Pearson correlation statistical analysis of the database of 1600 workstations revealed the relationship between measured and perceived IEQ indices, interdependencies between IEQ indices and other satisfaction variables of significance. This research can contribute correlations between occupant perception and measured conditions, and metrics and guidelines for IEQ standards that capture new IEQ thresholds that impact building occupants’ comfort. The key findings of the IEQ data analysis are as follows: The result of the thermal quality revealed that smaller thermal zone, greater window quality, a level of control, measured air temperature at 60 cm from the floor, and radiant temperature asymmetry between exterior and interior walls are critical factors of temperature satisfaction. For air quality, operable windows, window quality, partition height, dedicated exhausts for printer and copy area, return air density are critical factors for overall air quality satisfaction. User satisfaction of the visual quality showed that seated view in the workstation is the most critical factor for user’s overall visual quality satisfaction. In addition, better ceiling fixture, ceiling lens type, window type and managing illuminance level on the work surface are important. Lastly, to ensure the acoustic quality satisfaction in both background noise and frequency from distraction from other people, bigger workstation, more partition sides, higher partitions and management of distributed noise source are critical for user comfort and perceived productivity. Overall, this thesis identified opportunities to improve the process of IEQ assessment by engaging occupants in POE, and define critical indicators for building occupant satisfaction. The results will contribute to the ongoing database of engaging humans as IEQ sensors. In the future, the findings and framework described here may be applied in different aspects of the building delivery process, such as building life cycle evaluation, building design, and the construction stage, to improve occupants’ thermal, air, visual, and acoustic conditions in the building.

El lufenuron un insecticida del grupo de los benzilureas, el cual interfiere con la síntesis de la quitina que causa una inhibición en la muda de los insectos. Se evaluó el efecto tóxico del lufenuron sobre seis organismos bioindicadores de calidad ambiental. Se desarrollaron los bioensayos con el lufenuron sobre seis organismos bioindicadores de calidad ambiental: Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck, 1890), Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906), Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820), Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), Microorganismos de Suelo y Eisenia foetida (Savigny, 1826). Se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) con prueba de Tukey y con el Probit se calcularon los parámetros ecotoxicológicos. Los resultados son los siguientes, C. vulgaris (CI50<2,46 mg i.a.·L-1 a 96 h), A. franciscana (CL50= 11,41 μg i.a.·L-1 a 48 h), D. magna (CL50= 0,05 μg i.a.·L-1 a 48h), D. magna (NOEC= 0,00005 mg i.a.·L-1 / LOEC= 0,0001 mg i.a.·L-1 para el numero de crías vivas a 21 d), C. auratus (NOEC= 0, 061 mg i.a.·L-1/ LOEC= 0.122 mg i.a.·L-1 para el porcentaje de mortalidad acumulada a 26 d), Microorganismos de Suelo (NOEC= 1820 mg i.a.·g-1 / LOEC> 1820 mg i.a.·g-1) y E. foetida (DL50= 206,31 mg i.a.·Kg-1 a 14 d ; NOEC< 21,2 mg i.a.·Kg-1 / LOEC= 21,2 mg i.a.·Kg-1 a 14 d). Se observó la siguiente secuencia de ecotoxicidad decreciente mediado por los efectos letales y subletales producidos durante los bioensayos con los seis organismos: D. magna > A. franciscana > C. vulgaris > C. auratus > E. foetida > Microorganismos del suelo. Daphnia magna fue el organismo bioindicador más sensible al lufenuron y el más resistente fueron los microorganismos del suelo. El lufenuron presentó mayores porcentajes de mortalidad e inhibición en los organismos acuáticos que en los terrestres. Se concluyó que los seis organismos escogidos para evaluar los posibles daños ambientales del insecticida lufenuron, ayudaron a clarificar que este compuesto daña principalmente la cadena trófica acuática que la terrestre, siendo más sensibles los ecosistemas acuáticos que los terrestres que presentan riesgo bajo.Lufenuron is an insecticide from the group of benzylureas, which interferes with the synthesis of chitin causing inhibition of insect moulting. The toxic effect of lufenuron on six environmental quality bioindicator organisms was evaluated. Bioassays with lufenuron were developed on six environmental quality bioindicators: Chlorella vulgaris (Beijerinck, 1890), Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906), Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820), Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Eisenia foetida (Savigny, 1826). The analysis of variance (ANDEVA) was used with Tukey's test and with the Probit we calculated the ecotoxicological parameters. The results are as follows: C. vulgaris (IC50 <2,46 mg i.a.·L-1 at 96 h), A. franciscana (LC50 = 11,41 μg i.a.·L-1 at 48 h), D. magna LC50 = 0,05 μg i.a.·L-1 at 48 h), D. magna (NOEC = 0,00005 mg i.a.·L-1 / LOEC = 0,0001 mg i.a.·L-1 for the number of live offspring at 21 d), C. auratus (NOEC = 0,061 mg i.a.·L-1 / LOEC = 0.122 mg i.a.·L-1 for the percentage of accumulated Mortality at 26 d), Soil Microorganisms (NOEC = 1820 mg i.a.·g-1/ LOEC> 1820 mg i.a.·g-1) and E. foetida (LD50 = 206,31 mg i.a.·kg-1 at 14 d; NOEC <21,2 mg i.a.·kg-1 / LOEC = 21,2 mg i.a.·kg-1 at 14 d). The following sequence of decreasing ecotoxicity mediated by the lethal and sublethal effects produced during the bioassays with the six organisms was observed: D. magna> A. franciscana> C. vulgaris> C. auratus> E. foetida> Soil microorganisms. Daphnia magna was the most bioindicator organism of lufenuron, and the most resistant soil microorganisms. Lufenuron had higher rates of mortality and inhibition in aquatic organisms than in terrestrial organisms. It was concluded that the six organisms chosen to evaluate the possible environmental damages of the insecticide lufenuron, helped to clarify that this compound damages mainly the trophic chain aquatic that the terrestrial chain, being more sensitive aquatic ecosystems that the terrestrial ones.

Orientador: Sérgio Campos / Banca: Ellen Fittipaldi Brasillio Carrega / Banca: Fernanda Leite Ribeiro / Resumo: As ações antrópicas, o crescimento demográfico e o crescimento econômico podem causar deterioração da qualidade ambiental, devido à falta de planejamento no uso e ocupação do solo e a falta de adoção de práticas conservacionistas. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo principal determinar as classes de uso e ocupação do solo e seus respectivos conflitos nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente no entorno de nascentes e nas margens dos rios (cursos d'água) em função da legislação ambiental (Legislação Federal n°12.651 de 2012 com a nova redação determinada pela Lei n° 12.727 de 17 de outubro de 2012). A bacia hidrográfica está localizada no município de Igaraçu do Tietê (SP) e situa-se entre as coordenadas 48° 36' 12" a 48° 34' 3" de longitude W Gr. e 22° 35' 49" a 22° 30'38" de latitude S, totalizando uma área de 3338, 22 hectares. Foi usado o SIG IDRISI Selva para gerar os mapas de uso e ocupação do solo e seus respectivos conflitos em áreas de APP. Os resultados do mapeamento das áreas de uso e ocupação do solo totalizaram em seis classes de usos que são a cana de açúcar (2879,35 ha), mata (255,93 ha), pastagem (81,51 ha), Imóveis (19,35ha), Reservatório artificial (29,37 ha) e várzea (72,71 ha). A classe mais expressiva no uso do solo foi a cultura de cana-de-açúcar que ocupa 86,25 % do território e os conflitos em áreas de APP apresentados na bacia totalizaram de 76,45 ha, sendo a classe predominante a de cana de açúcar com 52,85 ha (69,13 %). / Abstract: The anthropogenic actions, the population growth and the economic growth may cause deterioration of environmental quality, due to the lack of planning on land use and land cover and the adoption of conservation practices. Thus this paper has as its main goal to determine the use classes and the land cover Permanent Preservation Area around the watersheds and streams according to the environmental law (Federal law n°12,651 from 2012 with a new text determined by law 12,727 from October 17th 2012). The watershed is located in Igaraçu do Tietê (SP) town, it lies between the coordinates 48° 36' 12" to 48° 34' 3" of longitude W Gr. and 22° 35' 49" to 22° 30'38" of latitude S, adding up to an area of 3338.22 hectares. It was used the Geographic Information System GIS IDRISI-Selva to generate land use and the land cover maps and its conflicts in the PPA areas. The mapping outcomes from land use and land cover added up to six use classes which are sugarcane (2879.35 ha), forest (255,93 ha), pasture (81.51 ha), real estates (19.35 ha), artificial reservoir (29.37 ha) and floodplain (72.71 ha). The most expressive in the land use was the sugarcane crops which occupies 86.25% of the territory and the conflicts in PPA areas presented in the watershed were 76.45 ha, being the sugarcane area the evidenced one adding up to an area of 52.85 ha (69.13%). / Mestre

A água é de grande importância para a sobrevivência da vida, o rio Corumbataí abastece as cidades de Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro, Piracicaba entre outras. A toxicologia ambiental vem sendo disseminada como ferramenta no monitoramento ambiental, pois através de bioensaios é possível avaliar a qualidade dágua. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do corpo hídrico em questão através de testes de toxicidade crônica, aplicação de protocolo rápido, determinação de metais em sedimento em suspensão e a toxicidade aguda de dois herbicidas (ametrina e glifosato) com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente no período de agosto/2009 à julho de 2010. Para as 12 coletas verificou-se que pelo menos um ou mais pontos apresentavam concentração de Fe acima do valor máximo permitido pelo CONAMA. A oscilação da pontuação do protocolo de avaliação rápida esteve diretamente relacionada com os aspectos visuais e olfativos. No ensaio crônico com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii houve variação na reprodução dos organismos e através de análises estatísticas foi possível observar que o pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, Zn, Ti e Ni influenciaram na toxicidade da amostra. Os herbicidas ametrina e glifosato apresentaram a CE50 (48h) respectivamente de 0,50 e 4,5 mg L-1. Conclui-se que a toxicidade crônica foi influenciada pelos parâmetros físico-químicos e metais durante os 12 meses de coleta.O protocolo de avaliação rápida complementa os resultados obtidos dos testes de toxicidade crônica. Através dos ensaios de toxicidade agudo verificou-se que a ametrina é nove vezes mais tóxica do que o glifosato / Water is very importance for survive of life, the Corumbataí river provides water for Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro and Piracicaba and others cities. The environmental toxicology has been disseminated how a tool in environmental monitoring, because through the bioassays is possible evaluate the quality of water body. The objective of this study was assess the quality of the water body in focus through chronic tests, rapid assessment protocols, determination of metals in suspended matter and acute toxicity of two herbicides (ametryn and gliphosate) with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. The water samples were collected monthly between august 2009 to july 2010. For the 12 samples verified at least one or more samples has more iron concentration than maximum value permitted of CONAMA. The oscillation of the rapid assessment protocols scores was directed associated with visual and olfactory aspects. In chronic assays with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii has the variation in the reproduction of the organisms and through the statics analyzes was possible observed that the pH, dissolved oxygen conductivity, Zn, Ti and Ni influenced in the toxicity of sample. The herbicides ametryn and glyphosate showed the EC50 (48h)respectively 0.50 and 4.5 mg L-1. It is conclude that the chronic toxicity was influenced by physics- chemistries parameters and metals during the 12 months. The rapid assessment protocol complete the results from chronic tests of toxicity. Through of acute toxicity assays verified that the ametryn is nine times more toxic than glyphosate.

A represa de Guarapiranga faz parte da sub-bacia do alto Tietê e situa-se entre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e cidades vizinhas: Itapecerica da Serra e Embu-guaçu, SP (230 43\' S e 46° 32\' W). Sua bacia estende-se ainda pelos municípios de Embu e Cotia. Foi construída em 1906 pela barragem do rio Guarapiranga, com o objetivo de regularizar as vazões contribuintes e ampliar a produção de energia elétrica em Santana do Parnaíba. Em 1926 passou a servir ao abastecimento público e atualmente suas finalidades são: controle de enchentes, geração de energia, recreação e abastecimento. É responsável pelo atendimento da demanda hídrica de 60 por cento da população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, sendo o segundo sistema produtor da Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, suprindo 21 bairros da cidade de São Paulo e também Taboão da Serra, Osasco e Carapicuíba. Nas últimas décadas a qualidade de suas águas vem sendo submetida a séria deterioração, em virtude da intensa ocupação e usos inadequados do solo de sua bacia de drenagem, bem como dos crescentes aportes de esgotos, que incrementaram sua eutrofização e o desenvolvimento explosivo da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Este trabalho relata aspectos ecológicos, sanitários e indica ações para um manejo mais adequado da represa de Guarapiranga, a partir da análise da comunidade fitoplanctônica e suas relações com as variáveis ambientais, estudadas no período entre maio de 1991 e julho de 1992. Os dados foram obtidos em campanhas semanais de amostragem em dois pontos da área de água aberta superficial da represa. Neste estudo foram analisadas as características e flutuações da comunidade fitoplanctônica (riqueza, densidade, bioárea, biovolume, diversidade de espécies, uniformidade, estratégias adaptativas, bem como taxas de alteração). Propôs-se um método para avaliação da persistência dos grupos analisados, que mostrou-se eficiente, especialmente para a avaliação sanitária. Foram analisadas simultaneamente as características climatológicas e hidrológicas atuantes na represa e também os aspectos fisicos e químicos da qualidade da água (temperatura, profundidade, transparência, cor, turbidez, condutividade, potencial hidrogeniônico, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, alcalinidade, dureza, teor de sólidos totais em suspensão, fósforo solúvel reativo, fosfato total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, sulfato, cloreto, cálcio, potássio, silício, sódio, magnésio, manganês, cobre, alumínio, ferro e zinco). Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de 240 táxons, sendo que as clorococales e as zignemaficeas destacaram-se pela riqueza de espécies. A comunidade demonstrou os efeitos da eutrofização, através da alta produção algácea expressa pelas elevadas densidades e biovolumes, especialmente de espécies indicadoras de eutrofização. Os fatores climáticos e a influência antrópica (expressa pela eutrofização, operação hidráulica e controle algáceo) atuaram como as principais forçantes de alterações da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Os dados obtidos para a estação de coleta mais próxima da barragem e captação de água para abastecimento - denominado ponto 1- mostraram a influência da urbanização de suas margens, e os obtidos na estação mais a montante - ponto 4 - indicaram as influências de desmatamentos recentes. Observou-se que as chuvas promovem entrada de nutrientes e contaminantes, magnificando os resultados da degradação ambiental. Estes ingressos de nutrientes favorecem um maior desenvolvimento algáceo. Entre os efeitos da degradação na qualidade da água, o mais deletério é o ingresso de teores elevados de metais, entre estes o alumínio, citado na literatura médica por sua relação com doenças neurológicas crônicas como o mal de Alzheimer. O risco à saúde humana é discutido neste trabalho. O teor deste metal mostrou correlação negativa com densidade, bioárea e riqueza de espécies do fitoplâncton. A espécie que mais se destacou na represa, em densidade e biomassa, foi Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum. Criptoficeas e zignemaficeas mostraram maior taxa de alteração das comunidades, devido às aplicações de sulfato de cobre para o controle algáceo, realizadas na área de captação para abastecimento - ponto 1. Rhizosolenia eiriensis mostrou correlação negativa com o teor aplicado deste algicida, o que pode indicar sensibilidade desta espécie ao controle. Espécies de Mougeotia contribuíram expressivamente para a densidade e o biovolume total das algas em água aberta, durante as fases de maior movimentação, períodos estes de intensa pluviosidade. A estabilidade da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi espressa por algumas fases de equilíbrio verificadas apenas na estação de captação, bem como pela persistência de penales nesta estação e de volvocales na estação a montante. Diatomáceas atingiram seu auge nos períodos de inverno, clorococales e zignemaficeas, no verão. O aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes por aporte da bacia ou por senescência das algas, especialmente de clorococales e zignemaficeas no verão e a concentração de nutrientes durante a seca mais intensa, favoreceram o desenvolvimento de Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria como Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria e Pseudoanabaena. As florações de cianoficeas são discutidas sob o aspecto ecológico e sanitário, incluindo os riscos à saúde humana. As espécies que se destacaram em biovolume ou densidade são, em geral, relatadas na literatura como indicadoras de ambiente eutrofizado. Espécies oportunistas, r-estrategistas tiveram seu desenvolvimento favorecido no ambiente estudado, não sendo encontradas quantidades expressivas de espécies estritamente K-estrategistas. A teoria ecológica que mostrou-se mais adequada, provendo maior quantidade de informação foi a teoria do não equilíbrio, com a aplicação do teste da hipótese do distúrbio intermediário. A qualidade ambiental e em especial a da comunidade fitoplanctônica, foi analisada quanto às características sanitárias. A partir dos resultados obtidos e considerando-se também a realidade atual das forças econômicas, políticas e sociais atuantes, propõe-se medidas de melhoramento do manejo e qualidade ambiental, estabelecendo-se prioridades de curto, médio e longo prazo para sua aplicação. Este estudo permitiu concluir que a represa de Guarapiranga é um ambiente de alta taxa de transferência de matéria e energia que as recebe, transforma em biomassa planctônica e as exporta, configurando-se desta forma uma reciclagem muito intensa. Esta reciclagem intensa e o elevado potencial de autodepuração permitem concluir que ações para o melhoramento da qualidade ambiental podem apresentar resultados favoráveis a curto prazo. A importância da eficiência destas ações relaciona-se ao melhoramento da qualidade da água fornecida à população humana, bem como da qualidade de vida dos usuários da represa. / Guarapiranga reservoir belongs to Tietê basin, is located at the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo City, surrounded by other neighbours small Cities as Itapecerica da Serra and Embuguaçu, SP (23° 43\'S and 46° 32\' W). There are two other towns in its basin, Embu and Cotia. The dam was built in 1906, in the Guarapiranga river, in order to provide electric power and to regulate the flow. It started to supply water to São Paulo City in 1926. Nowadays this reservoir which is the second one of São Paulo State\'s Basic Sanitary Company, provides water to 60 per cent of São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Region population, attending 21 districts of São Paulo and another towns, as Osasco and Carapicuiba. It has beeing also used for electric energy production and people recreation. The water quality decreased in the last decades, due to the intensive people migration from other states, attracted to São Paulo\'s economic development. This demographic growth increased the water\'s as well as the land uses and occupation, the degradation of the basin, and also the explosive development of the algae of its waters. This thesis discuss the ecological and sanitary aspects and indicate adequate management measures, supported by the analysis of the phytoplanktonic community and its relationships with the environmental variables, through data weekly sampled from may 1991 to july 1992. The analysis of the phytoplanktonic community characteristics and flutuations (richness, density, bioarea, biovolume, species diversity, eveness, survivor species strategies, alteration rates, and community stability - testing a new method to evaluate community persistance, which showed to be useful), as well as physical and chemical parameters to evaluate the water quality (temperature, depth, transparency, color, turbidity, conductivity, hidrogenionic potencial, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, alkalinity, hardness, total suspended solids, and PO4-3, TP, NH4+ NO3-, S04-2, CI-, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Zn) were carried out from two surface sampling stations in the open water. The analysis showed 240 species, detaching Chloroccocales and Zignemaphyceae by their richness. The community showed eutrofication effects through the high algae productivity, expressed by density and biovolume, specially of high trophic level indicator species. The climatic events and anthropic influences, showed by the eutrophication and hidraulic management, as well as showed by the algae control through copper sulphate were the major umpelling forces promoting phytoplanktonic community changes. Station 1, which was the closest station to the dam and intake for supply, showed the urbanization influence of the surrounding areas as well as of the copper sulphate applications, which were carried out only in this station. The station 4, upper in the reservoir, showed the effects of recent deforestation in its border region. Among these effects of the water quality degradation, the most deleterious one, is the input of elevated concentrations of heavy metals as aluminum, related in the medical literature, as responsible for Alzheimer\'s disease. These inputs occurred during high pluviosity periods, and they are related to a deforestation recently carried out at the basin. The rainy season, which promoted these nutrient and contaminant inputs, favoured also the intensive phytoplankton growth. Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum was the specie which showed the highest density and biovolume. Cryptophyceae and Zignemaphyceae showed higher alteration rates due to the copper sulphate, and Rhizosolenia eiriensis showed negative correlation with the applied concentration of this algicide. Mougeotia species contributed expressively to the density and biovolume in the open water, due to the intensive water movement during the higher pluviosity periods. The stability of the community was attained in some phases in the station 1, the lentic one but never in the station 4, the most lotic one. Pennales showed high persistance in the station 1, and Volvoccales in the station 4, throughout this study. Diatoms attained its higher values in cold-dry periods, in the winter and Chloroccocales and Zygnemaphyceae, during the warmer-wet periods in the summer. The inputs of nutrients from the basin and/or the senescence of the algae, specially Chlorococcales and Zygnemaphyceae in the summer and the ionic concentration during the most intensive dry periods favoured the growth of Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria like Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria and Pseudoanabaena spp. The species which showed the highest productivity are often mentioned in the literature as indicators of eutrophication. Oportunistic species, r-strategists had its development favoured in this environment. The ecological theory, which showed to be more useful and gave more information, was the \"non equilibrium\" theory, with the Hipothesis of the Intermmediate Disturbance test. The environmental and phytoplankton qualities and sanitary characteristics were analysed. The results obtained, as well as economic, political and social present forces were considered in order to propose management measures for improvement of the environmental quality, priorized to be applied in short, medium and long time. This study showed that Guarapiranga reservoir is an environment with high level of energy and material transference, receiving, changing it in living biomass, and exporting its contents to other environments, in this case, our homes. The recycling is very fast, therefore any improvement of the sanitary level at the basin and at the water will be reflected immediatly in the distributed water supply, as well as in the life quality of the users.