A represa de Guarapiranga faz parte da sub-bacia do alto Tietê e situa-se entre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e cidades vizinhas: Itapecerica da Serra e Embu-guaçu, SP (230 43\' S e 46° 32\' W). Sua bacia estende-se ainda pelos municípios de Embu e Cotia. Foi construída em 1906 pela barragem do rio Guarapiranga, com o objetivo de regularizar as vazões contribuintes e ampliar a produção de energia elétrica em Santana do Parnaíba. Em 1926 passou a servir ao abastecimento público e atualmente suas finalidades são: controle de enchentes, geração de energia, recreação e abastecimento. É responsável pelo atendimento da demanda hídrica de 60 por cento da população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, sendo o segundo sistema produtor da Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, suprindo 21 bairros da cidade de São Paulo e também Taboão da Serra, Osasco e Carapicuíba. Nas últimas décadas a qualidade de suas águas vem sendo submetida a séria deterioração, em virtude da intensa ocupação e usos inadequados do solo de sua bacia de drenagem, bem como dos crescentes aportes de esgotos, que incrementaram sua eutrofização e o desenvolvimento explosivo da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Este trabalho relata aspectos ecológicos, sanitários e indica ações para um manejo mais adequado da represa de Guarapiranga, a partir da análise da comunidade fitoplanctônica e suas relações com as variáveis ambientais, estudadas no período entre maio de 1991 e julho de 1992. Os dados foram obtidos em campanhas semanais de amostragem em dois pontos da área de água aberta superficial da represa. Neste estudo foram analisadas as características e flutuações da comunidade fitoplanctônica (riqueza, densidade, bioárea, biovolume, diversidade de espécies, uniformidade, estratégias adaptativas, bem como taxas de alteração). Propôs-se um método para avaliação da persistência dos grupos analisados, que mostrou-se eficiente, especialmente para a avaliação sanitária. Foram analisadas simultaneamente as características climatológicas e hidrológicas atuantes na represa e também os aspectos fisicos e químicos da qualidade da água (temperatura, profundidade, transparência, cor, turbidez, condutividade, potencial hidrogeniônico, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, alcalinidade, dureza, teor de sólidos totais em suspensão, fósforo solúvel reativo, fosfato total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, sulfato, cloreto, cálcio, potássio, silício, sódio, magnésio, manganês, cobre, alumínio, ferro e zinco). Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de 240 táxons, sendo que as clorococales e as zignemaficeas destacaram-se pela riqueza de espécies. A comunidade demonstrou os efeitos da eutrofização, através da alta produção algácea expressa pelas elevadas densidades e biovolumes, especialmente de espécies indicadoras de eutrofização. Os fatores climáticos e a influência antrópica (expressa pela eutrofização, operação hidráulica e controle algáceo) atuaram como as principais forçantes de alterações da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Os dados obtidos para a estação de coleta mais próxima da barragem e captação de água para abastecimento - denominado ponto 1- mostraram a influência da urbanização de suas margens, e os obtidos na estação mais a montante - ponto 4 - indicaram as influências de desmatamentos recentes. Observou-se que as chuvas promovem entrada de nutrientes e contaminantes, magnificando os resultados da degradação ambiental. Estes ingressos de nutrientes favorecem um maior desenvolvimento algáceo. Entre os efeitos da degradação na qualidade da água, o mais deletério é o ingresso de teores elevados de metais, entre estes o alumínio, citado na literatura médica por sua relação com doenças neurológicas crônicas como o mal de Alzheimer. O risco à saúde humana é discutido neste trabalho. O teor deste metal mostrou correlação negativa com densidade, bioárea e riqueza de espécies do fitoplâncton. A espécie que mais se destacou na represa, em densidade e biomassa, foi Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum. Criptoficeas e zignemaficeas mostraram maior taxa de alteração das comunidades, devido às aplicações de sulfato de cobre para o controle algáceo, realizadas na área de captação para abastecimento - ponto 1. Rhizosolenia eiriensis mostrou correlação negativa com o teor aplicado deste algicida, o que pode indicar sensibilidade desta espécie ao controle. Espécies de Mougeotia contribuíram expressivamente para a densidade e o biovolume total das algas em água aberta, durante as fases de maior movimentação, períodos estes de intensa pluviosidade. A estabilidade da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi espressa por algumas fases de equilíbrio verificadas apenas na estação de captação, bem como pela persistência de penales nesta estação e de volvocales na estação a montante. Diatomáceas atingiram seu auge nos períodos de inverno, clorococales e zignemaficeas, no verão. O aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes por aporte da bacia ou por senescência das algas, especialmente de clorococales e zignemaficeas no verão e a concentração de nutrientes durante a seca mais intensa, favoreceram o desenvolvimento de Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria como Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria e Pseudoanabaena. As florações de cianoficeas são discutidas sob o aspecto ecológico e sanitário, incluindo os riscos à saúde humana. As espécies que se destacaram em biovolume ou densidade são, em geral, relatadas na literatura como indicadoras de ambiente eutrofizado. Espécies oportunistas, r-estrategistas tiveram seu desenvolvimento favorecido no ambiente estudado, não sendo encontradas quantidades expressivas de espécies estritamente K-estrategistas. A teoria ecológica que mostrou-se mais adequada, provendo maior quantidade de informação foi a teoria do não equilíbrio, com a aplicação do teste da hipótese do distúrbio intermediário. A qualidade ambiental e em especial a da comunidade fitoplanctônica, foi analisada quanto às características sanitárias. A partir dos resultados obtidos e considerando-se também a realidade atual das forças econômicas, políticas e sociais atuantes, propõe-se medidas de melhoramento do manejo e qualidade ambiental, estabelecendo-se prioridades de curto, médio e longo prazo para sua aplicação. Este estudo permitiu concluir que a represa de Guarapiranga é um ambiente de alta taxa de transferência de matéria e energia que as recebe, transforma em biomassa planctônica e as exporta, configurando-se desta forma uma reciclagem muito intensa. Esta reciclagem intensa e o elevado potencial de autodepuração permitem concluir que ações para o melhoramento da qualidade ambiental podem apresentar resultados favoráveis a curto prazo. A importância da eficiência destas ações relaciona-se ao melhoramento da qualidade da água fornecida à população humana, bem como da qualidade de vida dos usuários da represa. / Guarapiranga reservoir belongs to Tietê basin, is located at the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo City, surrounded by other neighbours small Cities as Itapecerica da Serra and Embuguaçu, SP (23° 43\'S and 46° 32\' W). There are two other towns in its basin, Embu and Cotia. The dam was built in 1906, in the Guarapiranga river, in order to provide electric power and to regulate the flow. It started to supply water to São Paulo City in 1926. Nowadays this reservoir which is the second one of São Paulo State\'s Basic Sanitary Company, provides water to 60 per cent of São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Region population, attending 21 districts of São Paulo and another towns, as Osasco and Carapicuiba. It has beeing also used for electric energy production and people recreation. The water quality decreased in the last decades, due to the intensive people migration from other states, attracted to São Paulo\'s economic development. This demographic growth increased the water\'s as well as the land uses and occupation, the degradation of the basin, and also the explosive development of the algae of its waters. This thesis discuss the ecological and sanitary aspects and indicate adequate management measures, supported by the analysis of the phytoplanktonic community and its relationships with the environmental variables, through data weekly sampled from may 1991 to july 1992. The analysis of the phytoplanktonic community characteristics and flutuations (richness, density, bioarea, biovolume, species diversity, eveness, survivor species strategies, alteration rates, and community stability - testing a new method to evaluate community persistance, which showed to be useful), as well as physical and chemical parameters to evaluate the water quality (temperature, depth, transparency, color, turbidity, conductivity, hidrogenionic potencial, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, alkalinity, hardness, total suspended solids, and PO4-3, TP, NH4+ NO3-, S04-2, CI-, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Zn) were carried out from two surface sampling stations in the open water. The analysis showed 240 species, detaching Chloroccocales and Zignemaphyceae by their richness. The community showed eutrofication effects through the high algae productivity, expressed by density and biovolume, specially of high trophic level indicator species. The climatic events and anthropic influences, showed by the eutrophication and hidraulic management, as well as showed by the algae control through copper sulphate were the major umpelling forces promoting phytoplanktonic community changes. Station 1, which was the closest station to the dam and intake for supply, showed the urbanization influence of the surrounding areas as well as of the copper sulphate applications, which were carried out only in this station. The station 4, upper in the reservoir, showed the effects of recent deforestation in its border region. Among these effects of the water quality degradation, the most deleterious one, is the input of elevated concentrations of heavy metals as aluminum, related in the medical literature, as responsible for Alzheimer\'s disease. These inputs occurred during high pluviosity periods, and they are related to a deforestation recently carried out at the basin. The rainy season, which promoted these nutrient and contaminant inputs, favoured also the intensive phytoplankton growth. Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum was the specie which showed the highest density and biovolume. Cryptophyceae and Zignemaphyceae showed higher alteration rates due to the copper sulphate, and Rhizosolenia eiriensis showed negative correlation with the applied concentration of this algicide. Mougeotia species contributed expressively to the density and biovolume in the open water, due to the intensive water movement during the higher pluviosity periods. The stability of the community was attained in some phases in the station 1, the lentic one but never in the station 4, the most lotic one. Pennales showed high persistance in the station 1, and Volvoccales in the station 4, throughout this study. Diatoms attained its higher values in cold-dry periods, in the winter and Chloroccocales and Zygnemaphyceae, during the warmer-wet periods in the summer. The inputs of nutrients from the basin and/or the senescence of the algae, specially Chlorococcales and Zygnemaphyceae in the summer and the ionic concentration during the most intensive dry periods favoured the growth of Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria like Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria and Pseudoanabaena spp. The species which showed the highest productivity are often mentioned in the literature as indicators of eutrophication. Oportunistic species, r-strategists had its development favoured in this environment. The ecological theory, which showed to be more useful and gave more information, was the \"non equilibrium\" theory, with the Hipothesis of the Intermmediate Disturbance test. The environmental and phytoplankton qualities and sanitary characteristics were analysed. The results obtained, as well as economic, political and social present forces were considered in order to propose management measures for improvement of the environmental quality, priorized to be applied in short, medium and long time. This study showed that Guarapiranga reservoir is an environment with high level of energy and material transference, receiving, changing it in living biomass, and exporting its contents to other environments, in this case, our homes. The recycling is very fast, therefore any improvement of the sanitary level at the basin and at the water will be reflected immediatly in the distributed water supply, as well as in the life quality of the users.

A represa de Guarapiranga faz parte da sub-bacia do alto Tietê e situa-se entre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e cidades vizinhas: Itapecerica da Serra e Embu-guaçu, SP (230 43\' S e 46° 32\' W). Sua bacia estende-se ainda pelos municípios de Embu e Cotia. Foi construída em 1906 pela barragem do rio Guarapiranga, com o objetivo de regularizar as vazões contribuintes e ampliar a produção de energia elétrica em Santana do Parnaíba. Em 1926 passou a servir ao abastecimento público e atualmente suas finalidades são: controle de enchentes, geração de energia, recreação e abastecimento. É responsável pelo atendimento da demanda hídrica de 60 por cento da população da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, sendo o segundo sistema produtor da Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, suprindo 21 bairros da cidade de São Paulo e também Taboão da Serra, Osasco e Carapicuíba. Nas últimas décadas a qualidade de suas águas vem sendo submetida a séria deterioração, em virtude da intensa ocupação e usos inadequados do solo de sua bacia de drenagem, bem como dos crescentes aportes de esgotos, que incrementaram sua eutrofização e o desenvolvimento explosivo da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Este trabalho relata aspectos ecológicos, sanitários e indica ações para um manejo mais adequado da represa de Guarapiranga, a partir da análise da comunidade fitoplanctônica e suas relações com as variáveis ambientais, estudadas no período entre maio de 1991 e julho de 1992. Os dados foram obtidos em campanhas semanais de amostragem em dois pontos da área de água aberta superficial da represa. Neste estudo foram analisadas as características e flutuações da comunidade fitoplanctônica (riqueza, densidade, bioárea, biovolume, diversidade de espécies, uniformidade, estratégias adaptativas, bem como taxas de alteração). Propôs-se um método para avaliação da persistência dos grupos analisados, que mostrou-se eficiente, especialmente para a avaliação sanitária. Foram analisadas simultaneamente as características climatológicas e hidrológicas atuantes na represa e também os aspectos fisicos e químicos da qualidade da água (temperatura, profundidade, transparência, cor, turbidez, condutividade, potencial hidrogeniônico, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, alcalinidade, dureza, teor de sólidos totais em suspensão, fósforo solúvel reativo, fosfato total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, sulfato, cloreto, cálcio, potássio, silício, sódio, magnésio, manganês, cobre, alumínio, ferro e zinco). Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de 240 táxons, sendo que as clorococales e as zignemaficeas destacaram-se pela riqueza de espécies. A comunidade demonstrou os efeitos da eutrofização, através da alta produção algácea expressa pelas elevadas densidades e biovolumes, especialmente de espécies indicadoras de eutrofização. Os fatores climáticos e a influência antrópica (expressa pela eutrofização, operação hidráulica e controle algáceo) atuaram como as principais forçantes de alterações da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Os dados obtidos para a estação de coleta mais próxima da barragem e captação de água para abastecimento - denominado ponto 1- mostraram a influência da urbanização de suas margens, e os obtidos na estação mais a montante - ponto 4 - indicaram as influências de desmatamentos recentes. Observou-se que as chuvas promovem entrada de nutrientes e contaminantes, magnificando os resultados da degradação ambiental. Estes ingressos de nutrientes favorecem um maior desenvolvimento algáceo. Entre os efeitos da degradação na qualidade da água, o mais deletério é o ingresso de teores elevados de metais, entre estes o alumínio, citado na literatura médica por sua relação com doenças neurológicas crônicas como o mal de Alzheimer. O risco à saúde humana é discutido neste trabalho. O teor deste metal mostrou correlação negativa com densidade, bioárea e riqueza de espécies do fitoplâncton. A espécie que mais se destacou na represa, em densidade e biomassa, foi Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum. Criptoficeas e zignemaficeas mostraram maior taxa de alteração das comunidades, devido às aplicações de sulfato de cobre para o controle algáceo, realizadas na área de captação para abastecimento - ponto 1. Rhizosolenia eiriensis mostrou correlação negativa com o teor aplicado deste algicida, o que pode indicar sensibilidade desta espécie ao controle. Espécies de Mougeotia contribuíram expressivamente para a densidade e o biovolume total das algas em água aberta, durante as fases de maior movimentação, períodos estes de intensa pluviosidade. A estabilidade da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi espressa por algumas fases de equilíbrio verificadas apenas na estação de captação, bem como pela persistência de penales nesta estação e de volvocales na estação a montante. Diatomáceas atingiram seu auge nos períodos de inverno, clorococales e zignemaficeas, no verão. O aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes por aporte da bacia ou por senescência das algas, especialmente de clorococales e zignemaficeas no verão e a concentração de nutrientes durante a seca mais intensa, favoreceram o desenvolvimento de Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria como Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria e Pseudoanabaena. As florações de cianoficeas são discutidas sob o aspecto ecológico e sanitário, incluindo os riscos à saúde humana. As espécies que se destacaram em biovolume ou densidade são, em geral, relatadas na literatura como indicadoras de ambiente eutrofizado. Espécies oportunistas, r-estrategistas tiveram seu desenvolvimento favorecido no ambiente estudado, não sendo encontradas quantidades expressivas de espécies estritamente K-estrategistas. A teoria ecológica que mostrou-se mais adequada, provendo maior quantidade de informação foi a teoria do não equilíbrio, com a aplicação do teste da hipótese do distúrbio intermediário. A qualidade ambiental e em especial a da comunidade fitoplanctônica, foi analisada quanto às características sanitárias. A partir dos resultados obtidos e considerando-se também a realidade atual das forças econômicas, políticas e sociais atuantes, propõe-se medidas de melhoramento do manejo e qualidade ambiental, estabelecendo-se prioridades de curto, médio e longo prazo para sua aplicação. Este estudo permitiu concluir que a represa de Guarapiranga é um ambiente de alta taxa de transferência de matéria e energia que as recebe, transforma em biomassa planctônica e as exporta, configurando-se desta forma uma reciclagem muito intensa. Esta reciclagem intensa e o elevado potencial de autodepuração permitem concluir que ações para o melhoramento da qualidade ambiental podem apresentar resultados favoráveis a curto prazo. A importância da eficiência destas ações relaciona-se ao melhoramento da qualidade da água fornecida à população humana, bem como da qualidade de vida dos usuários da represa. / Guarapiranga reservoir belongs to Tietê basin, is located at the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo City, surrounded by other neighbours small Cities as Itapecerica da Serra and Embuguaçu, SP (23° 43\'S and 46° 32\' W). There are two other towns in its basin, Embu and Cotia. The dam was built in 1906, in the Guarapiranga river, in order to provide electric power and to regulate the flow. It started to supply water to São Paulo City in 1926. Nowadays this reservoir which is the second one of São Paulo State\'s Basic Sanitary Company, provides water to 60 per cent of São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Region population, attending 21 districts of São Paulo and another towns, as Osasco and Carapicuiba. It has beeing also used for electric energy production and people recreation. The water quality decreased in the last decades, due to the intensive people migration from other states, attracted to São Paulo\'s economic development. This demographic growth increased the water\'s as well as the land uses and occupation, the degradation of the basin, and also the explosive development of the algae of its waters. This thesis discuss the ecological and sanitary aspects and indicate adequate management measures, supported by the analysis of the phytoplanktonic community and its relationships with the environmental variables, through data weekly sampled from may 1991 to july 1992. The analysis of the phytoplanktonic community characteristics and flutuations (richness, density, bioarea, biovolume, species diversity, eveness, survivor species strategies, alteration rates, and community stability - testing a new method to evaluate community persistance, which showed to be useful), as well as physical and chemical parameters to evaluate the water quality (temperature, depth, transparency, color, turbidity, conductivity, hidrogenionic potencial, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, alkalinity, hardness, total suspended solids, and PO4-3, TP, NH4+ NO3-, S04-2, CI-, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si and Zn) were carried out from two surface sampling stations in the open water. The analysis showed 240 species, detaching Chloroccocales and Zignemaphyceae by their richness. The community showed eutrofication effects through the high algae productivity, expressed by density and biovolume, specially of high trophic level indicator species. The climatic events and anthropic influences, showed by the eutrophication and hidraulic management, as well as showed by the algae control through copper sulphate were the major umpelling forces promoting phytoplanktonic community changes. Station 1, which was the closest station to the dam and intake for supply, showed the urbanization influence of the surrounding areas as well as of the copper sulphate applications, which were carried out only in this station. The station 4, upper in the reservoir, showed the effects of recent deforestation in its border region. Among these effects of the water quality degradation, the most deleterious one, is the input of elevated concentrations of heavy metals as aluminum, related in the medical literature, as responsible for Alzheimer\'s disease. These inputs occurred during high pluviosity periods, and they are related to a deforestation recently carried out at the basin. The rainy season, which promoted these nutrient and contaminant inputs, favoured also the intensive phytoplankton growth. Dictyosphaerium ehrenberghianum was the specie which showed the highest density and biovolume. Cryptophyceae and Zignemaphyceae showed higher alteration rates due to the copper sulphate, and Rhizosolenia eiriensis showed negative correlation with the applied concentration of this algicide. Mougeotia species contributed expressively to the density and biovolume in the open water, due to the intensive water movement during the higher pluviosity periods. The stability of the community was attained in some phases in the station 1, the lentic one but never in the station 4, the most lotic one. Pennales showed high persistance in the station 1, and Volvoccales in the station 4, throughout this study. Diatoms attained its higher values in cold-dry periods, in the winter and Chloroccocales and Zygnemaphyceae, during the warmer-wet periods in the summer. The inputs of nutrients from the basin and/or the senescence of the algae, specially Chlorococcales and Zygnemaphyceae in the summer and the ionic concentration during the most intensive dry periods favoured the growth of Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria like Aphanocapsa, Synechoccocus, Oscillatoria and Pseudoanabaena spp. The species which showed the highest productivity are often mentioned in the literature as indicators of eutrophication. Oportunistic species, r-strategists had its development favoured in this environment. The ecological theory, which showed to be more useful and gave more information, was the \"non equilibrium\" theory, with the Hipothesis of the Intermmediate Disturbance test. The environmental and phytoplankton qualities and sanitary characteristics were analysed. The results obtained, as well as economic, political and social present forces were considered in order to propose management measures for improvement of the environmental quality, priorized to be applied in short, medium and long time. This study showed that Guarapiranga reservoir is an environment with high level of energy and material transference, receiving, changing it in living biomass, and exporting its contents to other environments, in this case, our homes. The recycling is very fast, therefore any improvement of the sanitary level at the basin and at the water will be reflected immediatly in the distributed water supply, as well as in the life quality of the users.

MAIA, Judária Augusta. Análise Geoecológica das Paisagens e Planejamento Ambiental da Bacia do Rio Maranguapinho, Ceará, Brasil. 2015. 192 f. Tese (Doutorado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T18:32:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jamaia.pdf: 12888079 bytes, checksum: 90ed1b0a3eceffd92030e30fa10ceb0a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-06-14T23:20:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jamaia.pdf: 12888079 bytes, checksum: 90ed1b0a3eceffd92030e30fa10ceb0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T23:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jamaia.pdf: 12888079 bytes, checksum: 90ed1b0a3eceffd92030e30fa10ceb0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Urban planning is presented as a management tool, designed primarily for the control and use of natural resources. The implementation of interventions in urban rivers for environmental rehabilitation purposes is increasingly common. Modifications of natural spaces give way to urban structures and the occurrence of positive and negative effects in the short term is notorious. Thus, this thesis proposes to examine whether urban interventions serve the purpose of recovering the environmental quality of urban watersheds through an integrated analysis of geoecology landscapes, where the Maranguapinho River basin. Located in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza - RMF, Ceará, the basin has many environmental problems, and the disorderly occupation on the banks of the main channel. The river Maranguapinho is marked by a variety of uses, such as: human consumption, irrigation and agriculture, industry, recreation, mineral extraction, livestock and animal consumption, solid waste disposal, domestic sewage discharge and dilution and removal of dumps. These problems are a direct result of the illegal occupation, the lack of urban planning and environmental management actions and land use. The methodology of Geoecology of Landscapes was adopted as a method to support the analysis of environmental and evolutionary context of the Maranguapinho river landscapes. The methodology used in its integrated analysis showed that the implementation of an urbanization project in the river can contribute to recovery of environmental quality. However, the implementation of the works without actions that include participative management, ultimately makes the redevelopment project in a mere urban intervention. it is clear that the actions of environmental restoration and land use planning to be effective, they must be associated with the implementation of strategies of environmental education policies and actions. / O planejamento urbano se apresenta como instrumento de gestão, projetado principalmente para o controle e uso dos recursos naturais. A implantação de intervenções em rios urbanos para fins de requalificação ambiental é cada vez mais frequente. As modificações dos espaços naturais vão dando lugar às estruturas urbanas e a ocorrência de efeitos negativos e positivos em curto prazo é notória. Assim, a presente tese propõe analisar se as intervenções urbanas atendem a finalidade de recuperar a qualidade ambiental de bacias hidrográficas urbanas através de uma análise integrada da geoecologia das paisagens, no caso a bacia do rio Maranguapinho. Localizada na Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza – RMF, Ceará, a bacia apresenta diversos problemas socioambientais, além da ocupação desordenada às margens do canal principal. O rio Maranguapinho é marcado por diversos tipos de usos, tais como: abastecimento humano, irrigação e agricultura, indústria, lazer, extrativismo mineral, pecuária e dessedentação animal, disposição de resíduos sólidos, lançamento de efluentes domésticos e diluição e afastamento de despejos. Esses problemas são resultados diretos da ocupação irregular, da ausência de um planejamento urbano e de ações de gestão ambiental e ordenamento territorial. A metodologia da Geoecologia das Paisagens foi adotada como um método para subsidiar a análise do contexto ambiental e evolutivo das paisagens do rio Maranguapinho. A metodologia utilizada mostrou em sua análise integrada que a implantação de um projeto de urbanização nas margens do rio pode contribuir para recuperação da qualidade ambiental do mesmo. Contudo, a implantação das obras, sem ações que contemplam uma gestão participativa, acaba por tornar o projeto de requalificação em uma mera intervenção urbanística. Evidencia-se que as ações de recuperação ambiental e ordenamento territorial para serem efetivas, devem ser associadas a estratégias de implantação de políticas e ações de educação ambiental.

<div>Excessive phosphorus (P) is a threat to water quality and aquatic life, and one of the governing causes of eutrophication in water systems. It has been the object of much research that led to the implementation of P best management practices, aimed at curbing P export from agricultural and urban landscapes. However, these efforts are somewhat insufficient to mitigate and control dissolved P transport, a P pool 100% bioavailable for aquatic biota. Recent developments in nutrient management research highlight the ability of P removal structures to sequester dissolved P from flowing water, e.g., runoff and subsurface drainage, before it reaches water bodies. Phosphorus removal is accomplished through the use of reactive filter media, which are either manufactured, mined, or industrial by-products. These media, also referred to as P sorption materials (PSMs), vary in P removal ability, due to their origin, chemical and physical properties, or the conditions under which they operate. Consequently, there is a need to fully distinguish the characteristics of PSMs and their behavior in P removal structures that result in a superior P removal performance. In this study, six different types of PSMs were characterized according to their chemical and physical nature, and PSM-P interactions. To evaluate the variability of P removal capacity of steel slag, a series of flow-through experiments were conducted, using 18 different samples from different origins and generation processes. Phosphorus removal was evaluated on uncoated and aluminum(Al)-coated steel slag samples under two residence times. After chemically characterizing the samples, we found that, for the uncoated steel slags, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, particle density and magnesium (Mg) content could explain around 70% of the variability of P removal. Steel slags showed a high variability in their P removal ability, but such variability could be considerably decreased when coating the slags with Aluminum (Al). The Al-coating also allowed a significantly better P removal performance under shorter residence times. Flow-through experiments were also conducted to evaluate the ability to regenerate the P removal capacity of iron(Fe)- and Al-rich PSMs across two cycles of sorption-desorption with potassium hydroxide (KOH). This study found an average P recovery of 81%, 79% and 7% for Alcan, Biomax and PhosRedeem, Fe/Al-rich PSMs commercialized for contaminant removal. The most effective regeneration treatment was characterized by the largest KOH volume (20 pore volumes) and no recirculation, with up to 100\% reported P recovery, although a more economical/feasible use of 5 pore volumes of 1M KOH with recirculation was also found to perform well. The results suggested that the use of Al/Fe-dominated PSMs in P removal structures can be extended through the demonstrated regeneration technique. Iron-rich PSMs were further evaluated in regards to their behavior under anoxic conditions, a scenario that can be found in P removal structures with bottom-upward flow regimes. To evaluate the interference of redox-induced changes on P removal, PSM samples were incubated in a biogeochemical reactor in the presence of tile drainage water. Measurements of Eh throughout the incubation period indicated that PSMs, similar to soils, developed anoxic conditions. After incubation, the dissolved P concentrations in P-loaded and original PSMs were equally low, demonstrating the stability of P retention of PSMs under anoxic conditions. Additionally, the P removal ability of the original PSMs was not significantly altered by undergoing anoxic conditions, as determined from flow-through experiments following incubation. Anoxic-induced changes did not result in any limitations to the implementation of P removal structures with bottom-upward flow. These studies demonstrated the variability in P removal capacity of PSMs as a function of chemical and physical properties, the dominant P removal mechanism, and the operational characteristics of the P removal structure. The experimental data suggests that P removal structures are an effective and environmentally safe best management practice (BMP) that, in conjunction with traditional BMPs, are critical for the mitigation of dissolved P export to water systems. </div>

<p dir="ltr">Excess nitrogen loading to surface waters and groundwater from intensive agriculture threatens human and ecosystem health and economic prosperity within and downstream of the Mississippi River Basin. Restoring wetlands and floodplains reduces nitrogen export, but nitrogen export from the Mississippi River Basin remains elevated. Engineering restored wetlands and floodplains to have higher areal denitrification rates is necessary to advance toward nitrogen reduction goals. Environmental controls of denitrification in restored ecosystems must be further investigated to determine under what conditions denitrification is highest and to link these optimal conditions to restoration approaches. Yet, restoration efforts to reduce nitrogen export may inadvertently increase phosphorus export and greenhouse gas emissions. We evaluated different restoration design approaches and identified environmental controls of denitrification, phosphorus release, and greenhouse gas production to advance knowledge of how floodplain and wetland restorations can be designed and managed to maximize denitrification while also constraining phosphorus release and greenhouse gas production. Comparisons of different restoration design approaches in the Wabash River Basin in Indiana, U.S.A., demonstrated that a hydrologically connected floodplain with row crop agriculture provides limited N treatment. Floodplain restorations that involved structural modifications to enhance hydrologic connectivity supported higher denitrification than restorations that only reestablished native vegetation. Investigations of the plot- and field-scale drivers of denitrification indicated that enhanced hydrologic connectivity and specific native wetland and prairie vegetation types were associated with soil conditions that supported high denitrification potential, mainly sufficient soil moisture and bioavailable organic matter. These same soil conditions were associated with increased risks of phosphorus release and greenhouse gas production. However, artificial flooding experiments showed that preventing prolonged flooding has a strong potential to reduce phosphorus export from floodplains with limited impacts on nitrogen treatment. Microcosm experiments with plant litter and wetland soils indicated that certain wetland vegetation types may reduce greenhouse gas production without sacrificing nitrogen removal capacity based on differences in plant biomass composition.</p>

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O planejamento urbano se apresenta como instrumento de gestÃo, projetado principalmente para o controle e uso dos recursos naturais. A implantaÃÃo de intervenÃÃes em rios urbanos para fins de requalificaÃÃo ambiental à cada vez mais frequente. As modificaÃÃes dos espaÃos naturais vÃo dando lugar Ãs estruturas urbanas e a ocorrÃncia de efeitos negativos e positivos em curto prazo à notÃria. Assim, a presente tese propÃe analisar se as intervenÃÃes urbanas atendem a finalidade de recuperar a qualidade ambiental de bacias hidrogrÃficas urbanas atravÃs de uma anÃlise integrada da geoecologia das paisagens, no caso a bacia do rio Maranguapinho. Localizada na RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza â RMF, CearÃ, a bacia apresenta diversos problemas socioambientais, alÃm da ocupaÃÃo desordenada Ãs margens do canal principal. O rio Maranguapinho à marcado por diversos tipos de usos, tais como: abastecimento humano, irrigaÃÃo e agricultura, indÃstria, lazer, extrativismo mineral, pecuÃria e dessedentaÃÃo animal, disposiÃÃo de resÃduos sÃlidos, lanÃamento de efluentes domÃsticos e diluiÃÃo e afastamento de despejos. Esses problemas sÃo resultados diretos da ocupaÃÃo irregular, da ausÃncia de um planejamento urbano e de aÃÃes de gestÃo ambiental e ordenamento territorial. A metodologia da Geoecologia das Paisagens foi adotada como um mÃtodo para subsidiar a anÃlise do contexto ambiental e evolutivo das paisagens do rio Maranguapinho. A metodologia utilizada mostrou em sua anÃlise integrada que a implantaÃÃo de um projeto de urbanizaÃÃo nas margens do rio pode contribuir para recuperaÃÃo da qualidade ambiental do mesmo. Contudo, a implantaÃÃo das obras, sem aÃÃes que contemplam uma gestÃo participativa, acaba por tornar o projeto de requalificaÃÃo em uma mera intervenÃÃo urbanÃstica. Evidencia-se que as aÃÃes de recuperaÃÃo ambiental e ordenamento territorial para serem efetivas, devem ser associadas a estratÃgias de implantaÃÃo de polÃticas e aÃÃes de educaÃÃo ambiental. / Urban planning is presented as a management tool, designed primarily for the control and use of natural resources. The implementation of interventions in urban rivers for environmental rehabilitation purposes is increasingly common. Modifications of natural spaces give way to urban structures and the occurrence of positive and negative effects in the short term is notorious. Thus, this thesis proposes to examine whether urban interventions serve the purpose of recovering the environmental quality of urban watersheds through an integrated analysis of geoecology landscapes, where the Maranguapinho River basin. Located in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza - RMF, CearÃ, the basin has many environmental problems, and the disorderly occupation on the banks of the main channel. The river Maranguapinho is marked by a variety of uses, such as: human consumption, irrigation and agriculture, industry, recreation, mineral extraction, livestock and animal consumption, solid waste disposal, domestic sewage discharge and dilution and removal of dumps. These problems are a direct result of the illegal occupation, the lack of urban planning and environmental management actions and land use. The methodology of Geoecology of Landscapes was adopted as a method to support the analysis of environmental and evolutionary context of the Maranguapinho river landscapes. The methodology used in its integrated analysis showed that the implementation of an urbanization project in the river can contribute to recovery of environmental quality. However, the implementation of the works without actions that include participative management, ultimately makes the redevelopment project in a mere urban intervention. it is clear that the actions of environmental restoration and land use planning to be effective, they must be associated with the implementation of strategies of environmental education policies and actions.

<p dir="ltr">Coastal ecosystems are critically important habitats for the services they provide on a global and local scale. Maritime forests are found within the southern Atlantic coast, and they serve as a boundary between the ocean and land. These forests stabilize coastlines, recharge groundwater, and provide a protective buffer against storm damage. Southern live oak (<i>Quercus virginiana</i>) was historically the dominant canopy species in maritime forests; however, previous land conversions to loblolly pine (<i>Pinus taeda</i>) plantations have shifted the abundance of loblolly pine to become the dominant canopy tree in maritime forests. Loblolly pines are fast growing, and they regenerate vigorously but they are not well adapted to coastal stressor. In recent decades, outbreaks of southern pine beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>) have provided restoration practitioners an opportunity to clear tracts of pine dominated maritime forest to restore live oak to the canopy. This research project is comprised of two experiments studying the performance of planted <i>Q. virginiana</i> seedlings on maritime forest restoration sites in coastal Georgia. The first experiment evaluated planting density (1-meter, 2-meters, 3-meters), mulch (with or without), and fertilizer (with or without). Overall seedling survival was 99% after four years. The application of fertilizer had an initial positive effect on seedling diameter after the first growing season. The application of mulch increased seedling height in the second to fourth growing seasons, diameter in third and fourth, and crown width in the fourth growing season. Planting density had no consistent effect over the first four years, and no biological significance was observed for foliar nutrient content. The second experiment examined eight different groupings of intra- and interspecific competition between <i>Q. virginiana</i> and <i>P. taeda</i> including: oak or pine alone; oak surrounded by oak, pine, or oak/pine; pine surrounded by pine, oak, or pine/oak at 0.5-m spacing between all seedlings. Two years after outplanting, survival did not vary by treatment. Oak centered competition plots were positively impacted by border tree height and diameter in year one and border height positively affected the center tree height in year two. Pine centered competition plots were positively impacted by border tree height in year one and year two. Oak centered competition plots with a mix of oak and pine on the border had significantly lower osmotic potential than other pine centric treatments after two years. Overall, oak centered treatments had lower osmotic potential than pine centered treatments. Ectomycorrhizal (EMF) species composition changed, and relative abundance increased from the initial planting to two years later but there was no variation between treatments and most EMF species were generalists. These results highlight the importance of mulch and fertilizer to reduce transplant shock and how competing seedlings can train seedlings to allocate photosynthate to shoot growth to help promote aboveground growth.</p>

<p>Field-edge buffers are a promising way to address nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff, but concentrated runoff flow often renders standard fixed-width linear buffers ineffective. AgBufferBuilder (ABB) is a tool within ESRI ArcMap Geographic Information Systems software that designs and evaluates targeted, nonlinear buffers based on hydrologic modeling and other field-specific parameters. We tested ABB on n=45 Areas of Interest (AOIs) stratified based on estimated sediment loading across three sub-watersheds within Michigan’s Saginaw Bay watershed to evaluate the effectiveness of ABB relative to existing practices across a wide range of landscape conditions. We modeled tractor movement around ABB buffer designs to assess more realistic versions of the likely final designs. ABB regularly failed to deliver the desired 75% sediment capture rate using default 9 m x 9 m output raster resolution, with Proposed buffers capturing from 0% to 68.49% of sediment within a given AOI (mean=37.56%). Differences in sediment capture between Proposed and Existing buffers (measured as Proposed – Existing) ranged from -48% to 66.81% of sediment (mean=24.70%). Proposed buffers were estimated to capture more sediment than Existing buffers in 37 of 45 AOIs, representing potential for real improvements over Existing buffers across the wider landscape. In 13 of 45 AOIs, ABB buffers modified for tractor movement captured more sediment than Existing buffers using less total buffer area. We conducted a collaborative design process with three Saginaw Bay watershed farmers to assess their willingness to implement ABB designs. Feedback indicated farmers may prefer in-field erosion control practices like cover cropping and grassed waterways over field-edge ABB designs. More farmer input is needed to better assess farmer perspectives on ABB buffers and to identify preferred data-based design alternatives. Engineered drainage systems with raised ditch berms and upslope catch basins piped underground directly into ditches were encountered several times during site visits. ABB only models surface flow and does not recognize drain output flow entering waterways. Modified ABB functionality that models buffers around drain inlets would greatly improve its functionality on drained sites. This may be accomplishable through modification of user-entered AOI margins but requires further investigation. Unfortunately, the existing tool is built for outdated software and is not widely accessible to non-expert users. We suggest that an update of this tool with additional functionality and user accessibility would be a useful addition in the toolbox of conservation professionals in agricultural landscapes.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Non-native biological invasions are one of the leading concerns for global biodiversity. The establishment of invasive species reduces local biodiversity, shifts species composition, changes successional trajectories, and alters ecosystem functions. This thesis examines two aspects of invasive plants: (1) the distribution and the most important climatic and anthropogenic drivers of invasive trees across the eastern United States, and (2) an evaluation of invasive plant removal and herbaceous recovery from a government cost-share program that provides financial support for invasive plant management by private landowners.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Our first study focused on identifying the distribution of invasive trees, and the factors associated with their distribution. This is essential to predicting spread and planning subsequent management. Using USDA Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data and random forest modeling, we examined the distribution, and variables associated with the distribution, of invasive tree species. Invasive trees were found in 10,511 out of 299,387 FIA plots. Invasive species basal area and density (trees per ha; TPH) were highest within the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, Michigan, the Northeast, and the southern Coastal Plain of the United States. A random forest model of invasive species basal area (R²= 0.47, RMSE = 0.47) and density (R²=0.46, RMSE=0.50) vs. environmental variables found that both invasive basal area and density were most strongly associated with human footprint, followed by various climatic variables. An equivalent model of native tree basal (R²=0.53, RMSE=9.25) and TPH (R²=0.47, RMSE=8.64) found that native tree basal area and density were most strongly associated with aridity followed by various climatic variables. As human footprint increased, invasive tree basal area and density increased. These results suggest that the distribution of invasive trees is reliant on human alterations to forests.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Our second study focused on Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), a federal cost-share program that has provided $25 billion of financial assistance to farmers and non-industrial private forest owners. Few studies have examined whether this program facilitates the recovery of the herbaceous layer while decreasing the dominance of invasive plant species. We surveyed the herbaceous layer of EQIP-treated and untreated (reference) forests across three physiographic regions of Indiana. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and linear mixed effects models, we evaluated the species composition, richness, diversity, evenness, floristic quality index, and herbaceous-layer cover of EQIP and reference sites. We also used linear mixed models to evaluate how EQIP site treatment affected the diversity of native plant species. Sites treated with EQIP contracts typically had significantly higher native species richness, Shannon’s diversity, and floristic quality than reference sites. There were significant separations in species composition between EQIP treated and reference forests state-wide and in the southern non-glaciated region of Indiana, although composition overlapped between EQIP and reference forests. Our study suggests that EQIP-funded treatments promote increased species richness and diversity. However, the persistent overlap in species composition we observed may signify biotic homogenization due to a long-shared history of anthropogenic disturbances between EQIP and reference sites. Therefore, active restoration of the herbaceous layer might be needed to allow a full recovery after invasive removal.</p>

<p>Human society is presently beset by an array of anthropogenic social-ecological crises that threaten the sustainability of the social-ecological systems that sustain our livelihoods. While research alone will not rectify these issues, it can help to answer key questions that must be addressed to develop effective solutions. To address such questions in a cohesive, compelling manner, social-ecological research can be bounded, structured, and distilled through innumerable organizing principles or theoretical frameworks. For this dissertation, I focused on the geographic region of Tierra del Fuego and sought to draw from the array of disciplines and methods that use sound as a lens for biological, ecological, and/or social inquiry. I also endeavored to consider various temporal, spatial, and organizational scales while investigating a selection of topics with a) specific importance in the social-ecological systems of Tierra del Fuego and b) general relevance to global social-ecological challenges. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the dissertation, and Chapter 6 serves as a conclusion.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>The objective of Chapter 2, “Biogeographical and analytical implications of temporal variability in geographically diverse soundscapes”, was to provide some guidance to passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) practitioners on how to design appropriate temporal sampling schemes based on the temporal variability of the sounds one wishes to measure and the power and storage limitations of acoustic recorders. We first quantified the temporal variability of several soundscape measurements and compared that variability across sites and times of day. We also simulated a wide range of temporal sampling schemes in order to model their representativeness relative to continuous sampling.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>For Chapter 3, “Sentinels for sentinels: passive acoustic and camera trap monitoring of sensitive penguin populations”, we tested the utility of PAM to monitor behavior and abundance of Magellanic (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>) and southern rockhopper penguins (<i>Eudyptes chrysocome</i>) at different spatial and temporal scales. We conducted <i>in situ</i> observations of the acoustic behavior of each species, and we compared acoustic metrics with penguin counts from narrowly focused camera traps and larger-extent observations of colony density. </p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>Chapter 4, “Acoustic monitoring shows invasive beavers (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) increase avian diversity in Tierra del Fuego”, is focused on impacts of the invasive North American beaver (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) on Fuegian bird communities. We sought to determine how bird communities might differ between intact riparian forests, beaver ponds, and beaver meadows created by pond drainage. We conducted PAM and classic avian point counts under each of these conditions across seasons to test for differences between impact conditions and to compare the two methodologies.</p><p><br></p><p> </p>For Chapter 5, “Human-nature connection and soundscape perception: insights from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina”, we evaluated the relationship between soundscape perception and nature relatedness by conducting surveys and soliciting responses to soundscape audio prompts. We also examined the potential for any demographic influences on nature relatedness or soundscape perception in the context of local social tensions.