Agonistas colinérgicos (neostigmina), administrados por via espinhal, potencializam a analgesia dos opióides por aumentar a concentração de acetilcolina no líquido cérebro-espinhal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a duração e a eficácia analgésica, assim como a ocorrência de efeitos adversos, da neostigmina e morfina, isoladas ou associadas, administradas por via peridural em cães submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica nos membros pélvicos. Foram utilizados 30 cães de diferentes raças, machos ou fêmeas, de comportamento dócil submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica. Os cães foram prémedicados com meperidina (4 mg/kg IM); após 30 minutos, indução anestésica com propofol (5 mg/kg) e manutenção da anestesia com isofluorano. Após estabilização da anestesia, um cateter peridural era introduzido e a anestesia peridural foi realizada com lidocaína 2% (5 mg/kg). No final da cirurgia, os animais eram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de 10 e recebiam tratamento analgésico pelo cateter peridural como segue: grupo MOR, 0,1 mg/kg de morfina; grupo NEO, 5 µg/kg de neostigmina; e grupo MOR+NEO, associação de 0,1 mg/kg de morfina e 5 µg/kg de neostigmina. Soluções ajustadas com solução NaCl 0,9% até um volume total de 0,4 ml/kg, sendo o estudo caracterizado como prospectivo, clínico, tipo cego. Variáveis paramétricas mensuradas: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (T°C) e as pressões arteriais sistólica, média e diastólica (PAS, PAM e PAD). Analgesia pós-operatória verificada por meio da escala analógica visual (EAV) e escala numérica descritiva (END). Tempos de avaliação: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 e 24 horas após o final da cirurgia. Caso o animal recebesse nota maior ou igual a quatro para EAV ou END, era realizado resgate analgésico com morfina 0,2 mg/kg (IV), morfina 0,1 mg/kg (peridural) mais meloxican 0,2 mg/kg (IV). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto aos valores demográficos e às variáveis paramétricas. Realizou-se resgate analgésico em 7 animais do grupo NEO, 4 do grupo MOR e 2 do grupo MOR+NEO. O grupo MOR+NEO apresentou menores valores nos escores de dor (EAV) no tempo 1 h em relação ao grupo NEO e no tempo 4 h em relação ao grupo MOR. Quanto aos efeitos adversos, não houve diferenças entre os grupos. A neostigmina como agente isolado não foi eficaz para o tratamento da dor pósoperatória, e a associação de morfina e neostigmina apresentou benefícios sem aumentar a incidência dos efeitos adversos comumente observados quando comparado ao uso isolado da morfina. / The epidural administration of cholinesterase inhibitor drug (nesotigmine) improves morphine analgesia for increased acetylcholine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible analgesic effects of neostigmine and the possible potentiation of morphine analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopaedic pelvic limb surgery. Thirty healthy dogs, males or females, from several breeds were selected. They were sedated with meperidine (4 mg/kg IM). 30 minutes later, anestesia was induced with propofol (5 mg/kg IV) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. An epidural catheter was inserted and local anaesthesia was performed with lidocaine 2% (5 mg/kg). At the end of surgical operation, the animals were randomly distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and received the analgesic treatment via epidural catheter using a factorial design: MOR group received 0.1 mg/kg morphine, while NEO group received 5 µg/kg neostigmine and MOR+NEO group received the combination of 0.1 mg/kg of morphine plus 5 µg/kg of neostigmine. In all cases, drug administration was completed with 0.4 ml of 0,9% NaCl. The study was characterized as a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Parametric variables measured were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (T °C) and noninvasive estimation of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MAP). Postoperative analgesia was evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a descriptive numerical scale (DNS) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after the end of the surgery. When the VAS and DNS were equal or greater than four, postoperative analgesia was supplied with morphine 0.2 mg/kg (IV), morphine 0.1 mg/kg (epidural) plus meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg (IV). There were no statistically significant differences in demographic and parametric variables between the groups. Supplemental analgesia were administered in 7 animals of NEO group, 4 animals of MOR group and 2 animals of MOR+NEO group. Animals of MOR+NEO group showed lower values in pain scores (VAS) than animals of NEO group at time 1 hour and animals of MOR group at time 4 hours. The incidence of side effects was similar between the three treatment groups. In short, neostigmine alone was not effective in treatment postoperative pain in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. The analgesics effects of neostigmine plus morphine showed benefits without increasing the incidence of adverses events commonly observed when compared to the use of morphine alone.

There is uncertainty regarding how much intravenous fluid should be given to women in the intrapartum period. There are no published protocols or guidelines available to address fluid management in labour to optimize care for women and their infants. The absence of an evidence-based approach to intrapartum fluid management may result in fluid overload, with consequent maternal and newborn morbidity. The FILL Trial sought to answer the question, for low risk women receiving epidural analgesia in labour, ‘what is the effect of a conservative protocol for fluid management versus usual care on breastfed newborns’ weight loss prior to hospital discharge? The FILL Trial was a single site randomized controlled trial comparing a conservative protocol of fluid management with usual care for low risk women receiving epidural analgesia in labour. Women in the conservative care group received an IV volume prior to epidural analgesia initiation of < 500 ml and an IV infusion rate of 110 ml per hour. Women in the usual care group received an IV volume prior to epidural analgesia initiation of >500 ml and an IV infusion rate of 200 ml per hour. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of breastfed infants who lost > 7% of their birth weight prior to discharge. Two hundred women participated, 100 in the conservative care group and 100 in the usual care group. Forty-four infants in the conservative care group and 48 infants in the usual care group lost > 7% of their birth weight, p=0.57. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for breastfeeding outcomes or measures of newborn well being. More babies in the conservative care group required initial admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for septic work up for maternal fever. No septic work ups of the babies yielded positive results. More instrumental vaginal deliveries occurred in the conservative care group. No change in current practice is warranted for intrapartum intravenous fluid volumes < 2500 ml. Future research should focus on the creation of more evidence regarding safe volumes of intravenous fluid during labour.

There is uncertainty regarding how much intravenous fluid should be given to women in the intrapartum period. There are no published protocols or guidelines available to address fluid management in labour to optimize care for women and their infants. The absence of an evidence-based approach to intrapartum fluid management may result in fluid overload, with consequent maternal and newborn morbidity. The FILL Trial sought to answer the question, for low risk women receiving epidural analgesia in labour, ‘what is the effect of a conservative protocol for fluid management versus usual care on breastfed newborns’ weight loss prior to hospital discharge? The FILL Trial was a single site randomized controlled trial comparing a conservative protocol of fluid management with usual care for low risk women receiving epidural analgesia in labour. Women in the conservative care group received an IV volume prior to epidural analgesia initiation of < 500 ml and an IV infusion rate of 110 ml per hour. Women in the usual care group received an IV volume prior to epidural analgesia initiation of >500 ml and an IV infusion rate of 200 ml per hour. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of breastfed infants who lost > 7% of their birth weight prior to discharge. Two hundred women participated, 100 in the conservative care group and 100 in the usual care group. Forty-four infants in the conservative care group and 48 infants in the usual care group lost > 7% of their birth weight, p=0.57. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for breastfeeding outcomes or measures of newborn well being. More babies in the conservative care group required initial admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for septic work up for maternal fever. No septic work ups of the babies yielded positive results. More instrumental vaginal deliveries occurred in the conservative care group. No change in current practice is warranted for intrapartum intravenous fluid volumes < 2500 ml. Future research should focus on the creation of more evidence regarding safe volumes of intravenous fluid during labour.

Agonistas colinérgicos (neostigmina), administrados por via espinhal, potencializam a analgesia dos opióides por aumentar a concentração de acetilcolina no líquido cérebro-espinhal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a duração e a eficácia analgésica, assim como a ocorrência de efeitos adversos, da neostigmina e morfina, isoladas ou associadas, administradas por via peridural em cães submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica nos membros pélvicos. Foram utilizados 30 cães de diferentes raças, machos ou fêmeas, de comportamento dócil submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica. Os cães foram prémedicados com meperidina (4 mg/kg IM); após 30 minutos, indução anestésica com propofol (5 mg/kg) e manutenção da anestesia com isofluorano. Após estabilização da anestesia, um cateter peridural era introduzido e a anestesia peridural foi realizada com lidocaína 2% (5 mg/kg). No final da cirurgia, os animais eram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de 10 e recebiam tratamento analgésico pelo cateter peridural como segue: grupo MOR, 0,1 mg/kg de morfina; grupo NEO, 5 &micro;g/kg de neostigmina; e grupo MOR+NEO, associação de 0,1 mg/kg de morfina e 5 &micro;g/kg de neostigmina. Soluções ajustadas com solução NaCl 0,9% até um volume total de 0,4 ml/kg, sendo o estudo caracterizado como prospectivo, clínico, tipo cego. Variáveis paramétricas mensuradas: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (T°C) e as pressões arteriais sistólica, média e diastólica (PAS, PAM e PAD). Analgesia pós-operatória verificada por meio da escala analógica visual (EAV) e escala numérica descritiva (END). Tempos de avaliação: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 e 24 horas após o final da cirurgia. Caso o animal recebesse nota maior ou igual a quatro para EAV ou END, era realizado resgate analgésico com morfina 0,2 mg/kg (IV), morfina 0,1 mg/kg (peridural) mais meloxican 0,2 mg/kg (IV). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto aos valores demográficos e às variáveis paramétricas. Realizou-se resgate analgésico em 7 animais do grupo NEO, 4 do grupo MOR e 2 do grupo MOR+NEO. O grupo MOR+NEO apresentou menores valores nos escores de dor (EAV) no tempo 1 h em relação ao grupo NEO e no tempo 4 h em relação ao grupo MOR. Quanto aos efeitos adversos, não houve diferenças entre os grupos. A neostigmina como agente isolado não foi eficaz para o tratamento da dor pósoperatória, e a associação de morfina e neostigmina apresentou benefícios sem aumentar a incidência dos efeitos adversos comumente observados quando comparado ao uso isolado da morfina. / The epidural administration of cholinesterase inhibitor drug (nesotigmine) improves morphine analgesia for increased acetylcholine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible analgesic effects of neostigmine and the possible potentiation of morphine analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopaedic pelvic limb surgery. Thirty healthy dogs, males or females, from several breeds were selected. They were sedated with meperidine (4 mg/kg IM). 30 minutes later, anestesia was induced with propofol (5 mg/kg IV) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. An epidural catheter was inserted and local anaesthesia was performed with lidocaine 2% (5 mg/kg). At the end of surgical operation, the animals were randomly distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and received the analgesic treatment via epidural catheter using a factorial design: MOR group received 0.1 mg/kg morphine, while NEO group received 5 &micro;g/kg neostigmine and MOR+NEO group received the combination of 0.1 mg/kg of morphine plus 5 &micro;g/kg of neostigmine. In all cases, drug administration was completed with 0.4 ml of 0,9% NaCl. The study was characterized as a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Parametric variables measured were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (T °C) and noninvasive estimation of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MAP). Postoperative analgesia was evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a descriptive numerical scale (DNS) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hours after the end of the surgery. When the VAS and DNS were equal or greater than four, postoperative analgesia was supplied with morphine 0.2 mg/kg (IV), morphine 0.1 mg/kg (epidural) plus meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg (IV). There were no statistically significant differences in demographic and parametric variables between the groups. Supplemental analgesia were administered in 7 animals of NEO group, 4 animals of MOR group and 2 animals of MOR+NEO group. Animals of MOR+NEO group showed lower values in pain scores (VAS) than animals of NEO group at time 1 hour and animals of MOR group at time 4 hours. The incidence of side effects was similar between the three treatment groups. In short, neostigmine alone was not effective in treatment postoperative pain in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. The analgesics effects of neostigmine plus morphine showed benefits without increasing the incidence of adverses events commonly observed when compared to the use of morphine alone.

Orientadores: Rosa Ines Costa Pereira, Jose Guilherme Cecatti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-07T13:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baciuk_EricaPassos_D.pdf: 6936092 bytes, checksum: c77ac78d2a89de858849dc1f9432dcce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Tocoginecologia

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008-Douglas dos Santos e Castro.pdf: 335295 bytes, checksum: b504eb6279e1e52327a6a9bf05f4f955 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-17 / The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and duration of the analgesic tramadol to the morphine, administered by the epidural route in cats (Felis catus domesticus) For this, six females cats were used, without defined breed, weighing between three and four kilograms and age ranging from one to three years. After fasting food, in 12 hours and water, four hours, the animals were subjected to general anesthesia with isoflurane through an anesthetic box, in order to allow the completion of the epidural technique. Each animal received at random, in a blind study, three epidural route treatments at intervals of one week between them, with: saline solution to 0.9% in a volume equivalent to 0.22ml.kg-1 (Control Group), tramadol 1 mg.kg-1 diluted in saline solution and volume equivalent to 0.22 ml.kg-1 (Tramadol Group) and morphine 0.1mg.kg-1 diluted in saline solution and volume equivalent to 0.22ml.kg-1 (Morphine Group). One hour after administration of each drug and general anesthesia recovery, the animals were subjected to painful stimuli in three pre-defined places: in the dorsal tail basis, the side of the right and left thigh, giving continuity, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours respectively. The pain was qualified by the implementation of two Simple Descriptive Scales (SDS), a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), measurement of heart and respiratory rate. For qualitative variables used in the Latin Square design 3 x 3 with the Kruskal-Wallis test and for the quantitative variables used in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). There was no difference in relation to the time of anesthesia and respiratory frequency, However, the heart rate was significantly different (p<0.05) in hours two and four between control group and tramadol. In all scales used there were significant difference (p<0.05) in hours 8, 10 and 12. In these times the morphine produced more quality analgesia than the tramadol. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the tramadol administered in epidural route resulted a satisfactory analgesia, without an adverse effects, but poorer than the morphine analgesia administered by the same route. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a efic?cia e dura??o analg?sica do tramadol ?s da morfina, administrados por via epidural em gatos (Felis catus domesticus). Para tanto, utilizaram-se seis f?meas da esp?cie felina, sem ra?a definida, com peso entre tr?s a quatro quilos e idade variando de um a tr?s anos. Ap?s o jejum alimentar, de 12 horas e h?drico, de quatro horas, os animais foram submetidos ? anestesia geral com isoflurano por meio de uma c?mara anest?sica, com a finalidade de realizar a t?cnica epidural, evitando o estresse. Cada animal recebeu de forma aleat?ria, em um estudo cego, tr?s tratamentos por via epidural com intervalos de uma semana entre estes, com: solu??o salina a 0,9% num volume equivalente a 0,22ml.kg-1 (Grupo Controle), tramadol 1mg.kg-1 dilu?do em solu??o salina e volume equivalente a 0,22ml.kg-1 (Grupo Tramadol) e morfina 0,1mg.kg-1 dilu?do em solu??o salina e volume equivalente a 0,22ml.kg-1 (Grupo Morfina). Uma hora ap?s a administra??o de cada f?rmaco e o completo retorno da anestesia geral, os animais foram submetidos a est?mulos dolorosos em tr?s locais pr?-definidos: base da cauda, face lateral da coxa direita e esquerda, dando continuidade, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas respectivamente. A dor foi qualificada pela implementa??o de duas Escalas Simples Descritivas (SDS), uma Escala Anal?gica Visual (VAS), mensura??o da freq??ncia card?aca e respirat?ria. Para as vari?veis qualitativas utilizou-se o delineamento em Quadrado Latino 3 x 3 com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e para as quantitativas a An?lise de Vari?ncias (ANOVA). N?o houve diferen?a em rela??o ao tempo de anestesia e freq??ncia respirat?ria, entretanto, houve diferen?a estat?stica significante (p<0,05) na freq??ncia card?aca nas horas dois e quatro entre os animais do grupo controle e do tramadol. Em todas as escalas utilizadas houve diferen?a significante (p<0,05) nas horas 8, 10 e 12, sendo que a morfina apresentou qualidade analg?sica superior ao do tramadol nesses momentos. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o tramadol administrado por via epidural resultou analgesia satisfat?ria, isenta de efeitos adversos, por?m inferior ? analgesia da morfina, administrada pela mesma via.

Σύγκριση τεχνικών για την αντιμετώπιση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου μετά από χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή για τη θεραπεία της νοσογόνου παχυσαρκίας, με τη χορήγηση επισκληριδίου αναλγησίας με τοπικό αναισθητικό (λεβοβουπιβακαΐνη) και οπιοειδές (μορφίνη). Εισαγωγή – Σκοπός : Η αντιμετώπιση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους θα πρέπει να στοχεύει στον αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου, στην πρώιμη επαναλειτουργία του εντέρου και στην ταχύτερη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών, χωρίς να διακινδυνεύεται η μετεγχειρητική αναπνευστική λειτουργία, καθώς είναι υψηλό το ποσοστό των παχύσαρκων ασθενών με Αποφρακτική Άπνοια στον Ύπνο (OSA). Μέχρι σήμερα δεν υπάρχουν επαρκή δεδομένα σχετικά με τη διαχείριση της μετεγχειρητικής αναλγησίας σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε ανοικτά χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους, ιδιαίτερα με την εφαρμογή θωρακικής επισκληριδίου αναλγησίας με μορφίνη και λεβοβουπιβακαΐνη. Υλικό – Μέθοδος : Στην παρούσα προοπτική, τυχαιοποιημένη, διπλή τυφλή μελέτη, 96 ασθενείς με super νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία (BMI ≥ 50kg/m2) και φυσική κατάσταση κατά ASA II-III, που υποβλήθηκαν σε χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή με Roux-En-Y γαστρική παράκαμψη, τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε 6 ομάδες (ομάδες Α-F με 16 ασθενείς ανά ομάδα). Όλες οι ομάδες έλαβαν μετεγχειρητικά θωρακική επισκληρίδιο αναλγησία με συνεχή έγχυση μορφίνης 0,2mg/h σε συνδυασμό με άπαξ δόσεις λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης μέσω PCEA : στις ομάδες A,B και C χορηγήθηκε χαμηλή συγκέντρωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,1%, ενώ στις ομάδες D, E και F χορηγήθηκε υψηλή συγκέντρωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,2%. Οι ομάδες A και D δεν έλαβαν διεγχειρητικά δόση εφόδου μορφίνης, ενώ οι ομάδες B και Ε έλαβαν 1mg και οι ομάδες C και F 2mg μορφίνης επισκληριδίως, αντίστοιχα. Κατά την μετεγχειρητική περίοδο εκτιμήθηκε η ένταση του πόνου στην ηρεμία και στο βήχα με βάση την κλίμακα VAS, η συνολική κατανάλωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης, η αναπνευστική λειτουργία, οι αιμοδυναμικές μεταβολές, ο χρόνος κινητοποίησης του εντέρου και ο χρόνος κινητοποίησης των ασθενών. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία έγινε με τη χρήση ANOVA ακολουθούμενη από post-hoc δοκιμασίες, με τη μέθοδο χ2, και με μη παραμετρικές μεθόδους για πολλαπλές ομάδες. Αποτελέσματα : Η ένταση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου δεν διέφερε μεταξύ των ομάδων. Διπλασιάζοντας τη συγκέντρωση της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης από 0,1% (ομάδες A, B και C) σε 0,2% (ομάδες D, E και F) αυξήθηκε σημαντικά η συνολική κατανάλωση της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης (P < 0,001), χωρίς να βελτιωθεί η αναλγησία. Η αύξηση της περιεγχειρητικής χορήγησης μορφίνης με τη χορήγηση δόσης εφόδου (ομάδες B,C,E,F) και της συγκέντρωσης της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης (ομάδες D, E, F) οδήγησε σε παράταση του χρόνου επαναλειτουργίας του εντέρου (P < 0.05 to 0.01) και καθυστέρηση στη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών (P < 0.05 to 0.01). Παρά την υψηλή συχνότητα των παχυσάρκων ασθενών με OSA (69% - 81%) μεταξύ των ομάδων, δεν παρατηρήθηκε κανένα επεισόδιο αναπνευστικής καταστολής. Οι αιμοδυναμικές παράμετροι και η μετεγχειρητική αναπνευστική λειτουργία, διατηρήθηκαν σε ασφαλή όρια και δεν διέφεραν μεταξύ των ομάδων. Συμπεράσματα : Η θωρακική επισκληρίδιος αναλγησία με τη χορήγηση άπαξ δόσεων λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,1% μέσω PCEA σε συνδυασμό με συνεχή έγχυση μορφίνης 0,2mg/h, χωρίς δόση εφόδου, είναι ένας αποτελεσματικός και ασφαλής τρόπος μετεγχειρητικής αναλγησίας σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε ανοικτά χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους, καθώς αντιμετωπίζει αποτελεσματικά τον μετεγχειρητικό πόνο, οδηγεί σε πρώιμη επαναλειτουργία του εντέρου, σε ταχύτερη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών, χωρίς να διακυβεύεται η αναπνευστική λειτουργία, ακόμα και στους παχύσαρκους ασθενείς με OSA. / Comparison of techniques for postoperative analgesia management after a weight loss surgery (Βiliary Pancreatic Diversion with Roux-En-Y) by administration of epidural analgesia with local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) and opioid (morphine) Background: Postoperative pain control in morbidly obese patients should aim early mobilization and return of bowel function, without respiratory compromise, as there is a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Up to date, not sufficient data exist regarding postoperative analgesic management of morbid super-obese (MSO) patients undergoing open bariatric surgery, especially with thoracic epidural levobupivacaine combined with morphine. Methods: In a prospective double blind randomised controlled trial, 96 ASA II-III MSO patients undergoing open BPD-RYGBP, were randomly allocated to six groups (n=16). All groups received postoperatively a continuous epidural morphine infusion of 0.2 mg h-1, while groups A - C received additionally 0.1% levobupivacaine and groups D - F 0.2% levobupivacaine via PCEA, respectively. Groups A and D did not receive intraoperative epidural morphine loading, while groups B, E received additionally 1mg and groups C and F 2 mg morphine bolus intra-operatively respectively. VAS at rest and on cough, PCEA drug consumption, haemodynamic profile, pulmonary function, time to return of bowel function and ambulation, were recorded for 48h. Results: Pain scores did not differ among groups. Doubling the concentration of levobupivacaine increased considerably its consumption (P < 0.001), without improving analgesia. The increase in perioperative morphine (groups B,C,E,F) and levobupivacaine doses (groups D-F) led to prolonged time to bowel function (P < 0.05 to 0.01) and ambulation (P < 0.05 to 0.01), respectively. Although obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) prevalence was 69% to 81% among groups, no incidence of respiratory depression was observed. Haemodynamic profile and pulmonary function were well preserved and did not differ among groups. Conclusions: Thoracic PCEA with 0.1% levobupivacaine combined with a continuous daily epidural morphine dose of 0.2 mg h-1, without morphine loading, is an effective approach regarding adequate pain control, early mobilization and return of bowel function in MSO patients, especially in those with OSA.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pain control of synovitis is important in the reduction of stress responses, suffering and occurrence of laminitis on the contralateral limb. The use of epidural opioids stands out for its analgesic quality, reduction of doses of the drugs used, reduction of their side effects and prolonged period of action. The study aimed to evaluate the physiological and the analgesic effects of epidural administration of 0.1 mg/kg of morphine or 5 μg/kg of buprenorphine in ponies submitted to synovitis induced with E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS) in the radiocarpal articulation. Six healthy ponies weighing 131.3 kg and age between 3.5 to 9 years were used and divided randomly in 3 groups and arranged in a Latin Square. The control group (GC) received 0.15 mL/kg of 0.9% NaCl solution, morphine group (GM) received 0.1 mg/kg of morphine and buprenorphine group (GB) 5 μg/kg of buprenorphine via epidural and dilluted in 0.9% NaCl solution, using a stardard total volume of 0.15 mL/kg and time of administration of 10 seconds/mL. After general and specific clinical examination, they were sedated and the carpal synovitis was induced with 0.5 ng of LPS administered to the radiocarpal articulation. Subsequently, an epidural catheter was introduced in the epidural space, so that the treatments would be placed in the thoracolumbar region. 6 hours after LPS, the animals were submitted to a new general and specific clinical exam (time 0) and assigned to one of the treatments. The general physical examination (HR, RR, SAP, CRT, color of mucous membranes, TºC and intestinal motility) and specific (pain on palpation, maximum angle of carpal flexion, pain on maximum flexion, grade of articulation movement, stride lenght and lameness degree) were carried out 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours after epidural administration of the assigned treatment by a blind examinator. Parametric variables were analyzed with ANOVA, followed by Dunnett test for intra group and Tukey test between groups. For the non-parametric variable Wilcoxon test was used. Differences was considered significant when P<0.05. The synovitis induction model produced changes in the lameness degree, pain on palpation and angle of flexion, maintaining present pain on maximum flexion and reduced grade of articulation movement, but it did not cause changes in the physiological parameters. The control group showed changes in lameness in relation to physiological parameters up to 12 hours. Lameness degree was reduced in GM and GB for 30 minutes up to 12 hours and 6 up to 12 hours, respectively. Regarding physiological parameters, alterations were observed in the intestinal motility, where hypomotility occurred at 1 hour in GM and for 30 minutes up to 1 hour in GB; and body temperature, which was maintained higher in GM and GB up to 10 hours. The intra-articular synovitis induction model with the use of LPS was efficient for 12 hours. Morphine provided analgesia starting at 30 minutes and lasting for 12 hours after its administration, whereas buprenorphine was effective only after 6 hours, lasting for another 6 hours. / O controle da dor da sinovite é importante na diminuição das respostas ao estresse, do sofrimento e da ocorrência de laminite no membro contralateral. O uso de opióides pela via epidural destaca-se pela qualidade analgésica, redução da dose dos fármacos empregados e redução de efeitos colaterais e prolongado período de ação. O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos e analgésicos da administração epidural de 0,1 mg/kg de morfina ou 5 μg/kg de buprenorfina em pôneis submetidos à sinovite induzida com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de E. coli na articulação radiocarpiana. Foram utilizados 6 pôneis hígidos, divididos em 3 grupos autocontrole e dispostos em um Quadrado Latino. O controle (GC) recebeu 0,15 mL/kg de solução de NaCl 0,9%, o grupo morfina (GM) recebeu 0,1 mg/kg de morfina e o grupo buprenorfina (GB) 5 μg/kg de buprenorfina, ambos pela via epidural e diluídos em solução de NaCl 0,9%, padronizando-se um volume final de 0,15 mL/kg e tempo de administração de 10 segundos/mL. Após avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos basais, os animais foram sedados e submetidos ao modelo de indução da sinovite, administrando-se 0,5 ng de LPS na articulação radiocarpiana. Ato contínuo foi introduzido um cateter epidural no referido espaço, até a região tóraco-lombar. 6 horas após a administração do LPS, os animais foram submetidos a um novo exame clínico geral e específico (tempo 0) e administrados um dos tratamentos. Os exames clínicos geral (FC, f, PAS, TPC, coloração das mucosas, TºC e motilidade intestinal) e específico (dor à palpação, ângulo de flexão máxima do carpo, dor à flexão máxima, grau de movimentação da articulação, comprimento do passo e grau de claudicação) foram realizados aos 30 minutos e 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 e 24 horas após a administração epidural, por um observador cego aos tratamentos. Para as variáveis paramétricas utilizou-se análise de variância para amostras pareadas, com posterior teste de Dunnett. Para comparações entre os grupos, realizou-se análise de variância, seguido de teste de Tukey. Para as variáveis não-paramétricas utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas. As diferenças foram consideradas significantes quando P<0,05. O modelo de indução da sinovite produziu alterações no grau de claudicação, dor à palpação e ângulo de flexão, mantendo presentes dor à flexão máxima e reduzido grau de movimentação da articulação, mas não causou alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos. O GC apresentou diferença na análise da claudicação em relação aos parâmetros basais até 12 horas. GM e GB apresentaram redução de claudicação entre 30 minutos e 12 horas, e 6 e 12 horas, respectivamente. Dentre os parâmetros fisiológicos, observaram-se alterações na motilidade intestinal, ocorrendo hipomotilidade aos 30 minutos no GM e entre 30 minutos e 1 hora no GB; e na temperatura corporal, que se manteve elevada até 10 horas em GM e GB. O modelo de indução da sinovite foi eficiente por 12 horas. A morfina proporcionou analgesia entre 30 minutos e 12 horas após a sua administração, enquanto que a buprenorfina apresentou esse efeito somente após 6 horas, permanecendo por mais 6 horas.

A fim de investigar a associação entre alterações do tônus uterino e a ocorrência de anormalidades da freqüência cardíaca fetal (FCF) após analgesia obstétrica, em especial após o bloqueio combinado raqui-peridural, foi conduzido estudo prospectivo randomizado e encoberto, com setenta e sete parturientes que solicitaram analgesia regional durante o trabalho de parto. As pacientes do grupo estudo (41 casos) receberam duplo bloqueio com sufentanil e bupivacaína e as do grupo controle (36 casos) foram submetidas à peridural com as mesmas drogas. Monitorizou-se o tônus uterino por meio de cateter intra-amniótico de aferição da pressão intra-uterina e a freqüência cardíaca fetal durante 15 minutos antes e 30 minutos após a indução da analgesia. Pesquisaram-se os seguintes desfechos após a administração da analgesia: ocorrência de aumento do tônus uterino superior ou igual a 10mmHg em relação aos valores pré-analgesia e presença de desacelerações prolongadas da FCF ou bradicardia. Foram ainda quantificados os escores maternos de dor, a pressão arterial materna e o uso de ocitocina, antes e após o bloqueio. Observou-se associação significativa tanto do aumento de tônus uterino quanto das alterações da FCF com a analgesia combinada, nos primeiros 15 minutos após sua administração. O aumento de tônus foi encontrado em 17 de 41 casos no grupo estudo e em 6 de 36 pacientes nos controles (p=0,02). Alterações da FCF foram vistas em 11 dos 17 casos de aumento de tônus nas parturientes que receberam analgesia combinada, versus 1 de 6 no grupo peridural (p<0,001) A análise de regressão logística apontou o tipo de analgesia como fator independentemente associado ao aumento de tônus uterino, mesmo inserindo-se o uso de ocitocina como covariável. Também revelou o aumento de tônus como único fator independentemente associado ao desenvolvimento de anormalidades da FCF, mesmo com a hipotensão materna como covariável. Demonstrou-se ainda correlação entre o rápido declínio da dor com a técnica combinada e a probabilidade estimada de ocorrência simultânea de aumento do tônus e alterações da FCF. Os presentes achados reforçam a teoria de que o duplo bloqueio pode levar a aumento transitório de tônus uterino e culminar em anormalidades da FCF / In order to investigate the association between uterine tone elevation and fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities following labor analgesia - mainly with combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique - a prospective double-blinded randomized study was conducted with seventy seven parturients who requested labor analgesia. Study group (41 cases) received CSE with sufentanil and bupivacaine and control group (36 cases) received epidural analgesia with the same drugs. Intra-uterine pressure was monitored with intra-amniotic pressure device and FHR with external transducer, both for at least 15 minutes before and 30 minutes after analgesia induction. The primary outcomes were the occurrence of an elevation of 10mmHg or more on uterine tone compared to the values before analgesia and the presence of prolonged fetal heart rate decelerations or fetal bradycardia. Maternal pain scores, blood pressure and use of oxytocin were also computed. A significant association was noticed between elevation of uterine tone and fetal heart rate abnormalities with combined spinal-epidural analgesia, at the first 15 minutes of administration. Uterine tone elevation was observed in 17 out of 41 CSE subjects and only 6 out of 36 controls (p=0.02). Fetal heart rate abnormalities were seen in 11 out of 17 cases that had hypertonus with combined analgesia and in only one of the 6 epidural patients (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed the mode of analgesia as the independent factor for the elevation of uterine tone, even with oxytocin use as a covariate. It also pointed out the uterine tone elevation as the only independent factor related to the development of fetal heart rate abnormalities, even with maternal hipotension as a covariate. A correlation was found between the fast onset pain relief provided by CSE analgesia and the estimated probability of uterine tone elevation and simultaneous fetal heart rate abnormalities. The present results strengthen the hypothesis that CSE analgesia can lead to a transient increase in uterine tone, leading to fetal bradycardia

A fim de investigar a associação entre alterações do tônus uterino e a ocorrência de anormalidades da freqüência cardíaca fetal (FCF) após analgesia obstétrica, em especial após o bloqueio combinado raqui-peridural, foi conduzido estudo prospectivo randomizado e encoberto, com setenta e sete parturientes que solicitaram analgesia regional durante o trabalho de parto. As pacientes do grupo estudo (41 casos) receberam duplo bloqueio com sufentanil e bupivacaína e as do grupo controle (36 casos) foram submetidas à peridural com as mesmas drogas. Monitorizou-se o tônus uterino por meio de cateter intra-amniótico de aferição da pressão intra-uterina e a freqüência cardíaca fetal durante 15 minutos antes e 30 minutos após a indução da analgesia. Pesquisaram-se os seguintes desfechos após a administração da analgesia: ocorrência de aumento do tônus uterino superior ou igual a 10mmHg em relação aos valores pré-analgesia e presença de desacelerações prolongadas da FCF ou bradicardia. Foram ainda quantificados os escores maternos de dor, a pressão arterial materna e o uso de ocitocina, antes e após o bloqueio. Observou-se associação significativa tanto do aumento de tônus uterino quanto das alterações da FCF com a analgesia combinada, nos primeiros 15 minutos após sua administração. O aumento de tônus foi encontrado em 17 de 41 casos no grupo estudo e em 6 de 36 pacientes nos controles (p=0,02). Alterações da FCF foram vistas em 11 dos 17 casos de aumento de tônus nas parturientes que receberam analgesia combinada, versus 1 de 6 no grupo peridural (p<0,001) A análise de regressão logística apontou o tipo de analgesia como fator independentemente associado ao aumento de tônus uterino, mesmo inserindo-se o uso de ocitocina como covariável. Também revelou o aumento de tônus como único fator independentemente associado ao desenvolvimento de anormalidades da FCF, mesmo com a hipotensão materna como covariável. Demonstrou-se ainda correlação entre o rápido declínio da dor com a técnica combinada e a probabilidade estimada de ocorrência simultânea de aumento do tônus e alterações da FCF. Os presentes achados reforçam a teoria de que o duplo bloqueio pode levar a aumento transitório de tônus uterino e culminar em anormalidades da FCF / In order to investigate the association between uterine tone elevation and fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities following labor analgesia - mainly with combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique - a prospective double-blinded randomized study was conducted with seventy seven parturients who requested labor analgesia. Study group (41 cases) received CSE with sufentanil and bupivacaine and control group (36 cases) received epidural analgesia with the same drugs. Intra-uterine pressure was monitored with intra-amniotic pressure device and FHR with external transducer, both for at least 15 minutes before and 30 minutes after analgesia induction. The primary outcomes were the occurrence of an elevation of 10mmHg or more on uterine tone compared to the values before analgesia and the presence of prolonged fetal heart rate decelerations or fetal bradycardia. Maternal pain scores, blood pressure and use of oxytocin were also computed. A significant association was noticed between elevation of uterine tone and fetal heart rate abnormalities with combined spinal-epidural analgesia, at the first 15 minutes of administration. Uterine tone elevation was observed in 17 out of 41 CSE subjects and only 6 out of 36 controls (p=0.02). Fetal heart rate abnormalities were seen in 11 out of 17 cases that had hypertonus with combined analgesia and in only one of the 6 epidural patients (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed the mode of analgesia as the independent factor for the elevation of uterine tone, even with oxytocin use as a covariate. It also pointed out the uterine tone elevation as the only independent factor related to the development of fetal heart rate abnormalities, even with maternal hipotension as a covariate. A correlation was found between the fast onset pain relief provided by CSE analgesia and the estimated probability of uterine tone elevation and simultaneous fetal heart rate abnormalities. The present results strengthen the hypothesis that CSE analgesia can lead to a transient increase in uterine tone, leading to fetal bradycardia